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Large preparations made for the expedition.
Page
215
Review of these preliminary proceedings to the Sicilian expedition 216
Advice and influence of Nikias..................
Advice and influence of Alkibiadês
217
..... 218
Athens believed herself entitled to be mistress of the islands as well
as of the sea
220
CHAPTER LVIII.
From the Resolution of the Athenians to attack Syracuse, down
to the First Winter after their Arrival in Sicily.
Preparations for the expedition against Sicily-general enthusiasm
and sanguine hopes at Athens
223
Abundance in the Athenian treasury-display of wealth as well as
of force in the armament ....
225
Mutilation of the Hermæ at Athens. Numbers and sanctity of
the Hermæ........................
227
Violent excitement and religious alarm produced by the act at
Athens
229
Various parties suspected-great probability beforehand that it
would induce the Athenians to abandon or postpone the expe-
dition .....
The authors of the act unknown-but it was certainly done by
design and conspiracy
233
...........
234
The political enemies of Alkibiadês take advantage of the reigning
excitement to try and ruin him
Anxiety of the Athenians to detect and punish the conspirators—
rewards offered for information
235
236
Informations given in-commissioners of inquiry appointed........ 237
First accusation of Alkibiadês, of having profaned and divulged
the Eleusinian mysteries
239
Violent speeches in the assembly against Alkibiadês unfavourably
received.............................
..... 240
He denies the charge and demands immediate trial-his demand is
eluded by his enemies....
241
Departure of the armament from Peiræus-splendour and exciting
character of the spectacle..........
Solemnities of parting, on ship-board and on the water's edge...... 245
Full muster of the armament at Korkyra
Progress to Rhegium-cold reception by the Italian cities
Feeling at Syracuse as to the approaching armament-disposition
to undervalue its magnitude, and even to question its intended
coming .....
Strenuous exhortations of Hermokratês, to be prepared
...... 248
......... 249
Temper and parties in the Syracusan assembly
Reply of Athenagoras, the popular orator
251
.... 252
Interposition of the Strategi to moderate the violence of the debate 255
Relative position of Athenagoras and other parties at Syracuse 256
Pacific dispositions of Athenagoras
...
His general denunciations against the oligarchical youth were well-
founded.........
Active preparations at Syracuse on the approach of the Athenian
armament
257
258
..... 259
Discouragement of the Athenians at Rhegium on learning the
truth respecting the poverty of Egesta
The Athenian generals discuss their plan of action-opinion of
Nikias........
Opinion of Alkibiadês
Opinion of Lamachus
ib.
260
261
.... ib.
Superior discernment of Lamachus-plan of Alkibiadês preferred 262
Alkibiadês at Messênê-Naxos joins the Athenians. Empty dis-
play of the armament
264
Alkibiadês at Katana-the Athenians masters of Katana-they
establish their station there. Refusal of Kamarina
Alkibiadês is summoned home to take his trial ........................
265
266
Feelings and proceedings at Athens since the departure of the
267
Number of citizens imprisoned on suspicion-increased agony of
More prisoners arrested-increased terror in the city-Andokidês
among the persons imprisoned.......................
273
Andokidês is solicited by his fellow-prisoners to stand forward and
give information—he complies.........
276
Andokidês designates the authors of the mutilation of the Hermæ
-consequence of his revelations......................
278
Questionable authority of Andokidês, as to what he himself really stated in information..........
Belief of the Athenians in his information-its tranquillising effects 280
Anxiety and alarm revived, respecting the persons concerned in the
profanation of the Eleusinian mysteries....
Revival of the accusation against Alkibiadês
Indictment presented by Thessalus, son of Kimon, against Alkibiadês 286
Resolution to send for Alkibiadês home from Sicily to be tried 287
Alkibiadês quits the army as if to come home: makes his escape at Thurii, and retires to Peloponnesus
Conduct of the Athenian public in reference to Alkibiadês-how
far blameable. Conduct of his enemies....
Mischief to Athens from the banishment of Alkibiadês. Languid
operations of the Sicilian armament under Nikias........
Increase of confidence and preparations at Syracuse, arising from
the delays of Nikias
294
296
Manœuvre of Nikias from Katana-he lands his forces in the Great
Harbour of Syracuse......
298
Return of the Syracusan army from Katana to the Great Harbour
-preparations for fighting Nikias
299
Feelings of the ancient soldier.-Harangue of Nikias
Battle near the Olympieion-victory of the Athenians.....
Unabated confidence of the Syracusans-they garrison the Olym-
pieion-Nikias re-embarks his army, and returns to Katana ... 302
He determines to take up his winter quarters at Katana, and sends
to Athens for reinforcements of horse......... 303
His failure at Messênê, through the betrayal by Alkibiadês....................... 304
Salutary lesson to the Syracusans, arising out of the recent defeat -mischiefs to the Athenians from the delay of Nikias ............ ib.
Confidence of the Athenians at home in Nikias-their good tem-
per-they send to him the reinforcements demanded
Determined feeling at Syracuse-improved measures of defence—
recommendations of Hermokratês
300
301
306
309
Enlargement of the fortifications of Syracuse. Improvement of
their situation. Increase of the difficulties of Nikias
Hermokrates and Euphêmus-counter-envoys at Kamarina
Speech of Euphêmus ....
310
312
314
The Kamarinæans maintain practical neutrality........
Winter proceedings of Nikias from his quarters at Katana
Syracusan envoys sent to solicit aid from Corinth and Sparta ...... ib.
Alkibiadês at Sparta-his intense hostility to Athens
Speech of Alkibiadês in the Lacedæmonian assembly
Great effect of his speech on the Peloponnesians
Misrepresentations contained in the speech
Resolutions of the Spartans........
.......
The Lacedæmonians send Gylippus to Syracuse
CHAPTER LIX.
320
321
326
328
329
330
From the commencement of the Siege of Syracuse by Nikias-
down to the Second Athenian Expedition under Demosthenês,
and the Resumption of the General War.
Movements of Nikias in the early spring
332
Local condition and fortifications of Syracuse, at the time when
Nikias arrived.--Inner and Outer City
333
.
335
Localities without the wall of the outer city-Epipola............... 334
Possibilities of the siege when Nikias first arrived in Sicily-in-
crease of difficulties through his delay
Increased importance of the upper ground of Epipolæ. Intention
of the Syracusans to occupy the summit of Epipolæ............................
The summit is surprised by the Athenians....
337
338
The success of this surprise was essential to the effective future
prosecution of the siege
339
First operations of the siege-Central work of the Athenians on
Epipolæ, called The Circle
340
First counter-wall of the Syracusans
341
344
Its direction, south of the Athenian Circle-its completion......... 343
It is stormed, taken, and destroyed, by the Athenians .................
Nikias occupies the southern cliff-and prosecutes his line of
blockade south of the Circle.........
...... 346
Second counter-work of the Syracusans-reaching across the marsh,
south of Epipolæ, to the river Anapus
347
This counter-work attacked and taken by Lamachus-general
battle-death of Lamachus
Danger of the Athenian Circle and of Nikias-victory of the Athe-
nians
Entrance of the Athenian fleet into the Great Harbour ......
The southern portion of the wall of blockade, across the marsh to
the Great Harbour, is prosecuted and nearly finished ........ 351
The Syracusans offer no farther obstruction-despondency at Syra-
cuse-increasing closeness of the siege.....
348
349
350
352
Order of the besieging operations successively undertaken by the
Athenians
353
Triumphant prospects of the Athenians. Disposition among the
Sikels and Italian Greeks to favour them
Conduct of Nikias-his correspondents in the interior of Syracuse 355
Confidence of Nikias-comparative languor of his operations...... ib.
Approach of Gylippus-he despairs of relieving Syracuse ......
Progress of Gylippus, in spite of discouraging reports
Approach of Gylippus is made known to Nikias. Facility of pre-
venting his farther advance-Nikias despises him, and leaves
him to come unobstructed. He lands at Himera in Sicily 360
Blindness of Nikias-egregious mistake of letting in Gylippus...... 361
Gylippus levies an army and marches across Sicily from Himera to
The Corinthian Gongylus reaches Syracuse before Gylippus—just
in time to hinder the town from capitulating.
363
Gylippus with his new-levied force enters Syracuse unopposed...... 364
Unaccountable inaction of Nikias
Vigorous and aggressive measures of Gylippus, immediately on
arriving ....
367
Gylippus surprises and captures the Athenian fort of Labdalum... 368
He begins the construction of a third counter-wall, on the north
side of the Athenian Circle
Nikias fortifies Cape Plemmyrium ....
369
........ 371
Inconveniences of Plemmyrium as a maritime station-mischief
which ensues to the Athenian naval strength
Operations of Gylippus in the field-his defeat.......
His decisive victory-the Athenians are shut up within their lines.
The Syracusan counter-wall is carried on so far as to cut the
Athenian line of blockade.........
Farther defences provided by Gylippus, joining the higher part of
Epipole with the city-wall
..........
372
......
374
Confidence of Gylippus and the Syracusans-aggressive plans
against the Athenians, even on the sea
Discouragement of Nikias and the Athenians
375
376
Nikias sends home a despatch to Athens, soliciting reinforcements 377
Despatch of Nikias to the Athenian people
Resolution of the Athenians to send Demosthenês with a second
Hostilities from Sparta certain and impending ....
Resolution of Sparta to invade Attica forthwith, and to send farther
reinforcements to Sicily
391
............. 393
CHAPTER LX.
From the Resumption of direct Hostilities between Athens and
Sparta down to the Destruction of the Athenian Armament in
Sicily.
Active warlike preparations throughout Greece during the winter
of 414-413 B.C.
....... 394
Invasion of Attica by Agis and the Peloponnesian force-fortifica-
tion of Dekeleia
395
Second expedition from Athens against Syracuse, under Demo-
sthenês .....
Operations of Gylippus at Syracuse. He determines to attack the
Athenians at sea
..... 396
398