Ethics of scientific research

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ISSUES IN ACADEMIC ETHICS; Title Page; Copyright Page; Acknowledgments; Issues in Academic Ethics; Table of Contents; 1

The Importance of Research Ethics: History and Introduction; What is Research Ethics?; Scientific Research, Harm, and Free Informed Consent; Scientific Research, Conflicts of Interest, and Intellectual Property Rights; Scientific Research and the Environment; Scientific Research and Biases Such as Sexism and Racism; Overview; 2

Professional Codes and the Duty to Do Scientific Research; Research-Related Duties and the Public Good. The Duty Not to Do Certain Scientific ResearchScientific Research and Professional Codes of Ethics; Codes and Conflicts Among Research-Related Principles; Conclusion; 3

Basic Principles of Research Ethics: Objectivity; Two Stages of Ethical Analysis; Principles of Research Ethics: The First Stage of Analysis; The Principle of Objectivity: Avoiding Biased Results/Reports; Objectivity and Value Judgments in Research; Another Principle of Objectivity: Promoting Unbiased Use of Results/Reports; Epistemic Objectivity and Ethical Objectivity. The Ethics of Belief and the Second Principle of Research Ethics4

Basic Principles: Promoting the Public Good; Justification for the Third Principle: Promoting the Public Good; Promoting the Public Good: Disseminating Research Results and Avoiding Paternalism; Promoting the Public Good: Whistleblowing; 5

Handling Conflicts Through Stage-Two Ethical Analysis: Giving Priority to the Common Good; The Need for Analysis of Specific Duties, Consequences, and Circumstances; The End Does Not Justify the Means; Duties, Consequences, and Third-Party Priority: Rethinking Objectivity. Third-Party Priority and Freedom to Choose Research6

Research and Uncertainty; Scientific Responses to Uncertainty; Experts and Laypersons Deal Differently with Uncertainty; Ethical Principles for Controlling Research Risk to the Public; Uncertainty, Research Risks, and Types I and 11 Error; Many Researchers Minimize Type-I Error; Why We Should Minimize Type-II Errors in Applied Research; Conclusion: Give Priority to the Public; 7

A Case Study in Conservation Research: Uncertain Science in Controversial and Litigious Times; Applying Research Ethics to Four Specific Cases: Overview. Research and the Florida Panther: BackgroundEthics, Economics, and Panther Preservation; Researchers and Credibility; Public Good, Ethical Rationality, and Epistemic Rationality; 8

Gender and Racial Biases in Scientific Research; Constitutive and Cultural Values; Research Practices Shaped by Race and Gender Ideologies; Research Questions Shaped by Race and Gender Ideologies; Research Data Shaped by Race and Gender Ideologies; Specific Research Assumptions Shaped by Race and Gender Ideologies; Global Research Assumptions Shaped by Race and Gender Ideologies; Conclusion. 9

Engineering Design Research and Social Responsibility