fruit; the fruit of C. frígida and C. affinis, in particular, being produced in great abundance, and, being of an intense scarlet colour, have a very splendid appearance, and remain on the trees the greater part of the winter. The cotoneasters are all readily propagated by seeds, cuttings, layers, or grafting on C. vulgàris, on the common quince, or on the hawthorn. Though the greater part of the species are natives of Asia, yet in Britain they are found to be as hardy as if they were indigenous to the north of Europe, most especially those of them that are true evergreens. This is a fact well worthy of being noticed, as proving the positive advantages likely to accrue to any one country from introducing into it the productions of every other country, however different some of these countries may be in civil and geographical circumstances. It affords a fine illustration of that law of Providence, by which man is enabled, by labour, knowledge, and research, to add greatly to his stock of enjoyment and happiness. i. Leaves deciduous. Shrubs. 1. C. VULGARIS Lindl. The common Cotoneaster. Identification. Lindl. in Lin. Soc. Trans., 13. p. 101.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 632.; Don's Mill, 2. p. 603. Synonymes. Méspilus Cotoneaster Lin. Sp., 686., Ed. Fl. Dan., t. 112.; Nélier cotonneux, Fr.; Quitten-Mispel, Ger. 620 Engravings. Ed. Fl. Dan., t. 112.; Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2713.; and our fig. 620. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate, rounded at the base. Peduncles and calyxes glabrous. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 632.) A native of sunny parts of subalpine hills of Europe and of Siberia. It has been in cultivation in British gardens since 1656, and was always considered a foreign plant, till it was lately found, in a wild state, at Orme's Head, in Caernarvonshire. (See Smith's Eng. Flora, vol. iv. p. 268.; and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vi. p. 55, 56.) In its wild state, this species forms a shrub from 2 ft. to 3 ft. high; but in cultivation it attains the height of 4 ft. or 5 ft.; and, grafted standard high on the hawthorn or the mountain ash, it forms a very curious, round-headed, pendent-branched tree, as may be seen in the Garden of the Horticultural Society, and in the Hammersmith Nursery. It flowers in April and May, and ripens its fruit in July and August. Varieties. The following three forms of this species are to be met with, both in a wild state, and in gardens: C. v. 1 erythrocárpa Led. Fl. Alt., ii. p. 219., has the fruit red when ripe. C. v. 2 melanocárpa Led.; Méspilus Cotoneaster Pall. Fl. Ross., i. p. 30. t. 14.; M. melanocárpa Fisch.; C. melanocarpa Lod. Cat.; has the fruit black when ripe. C. v. 3 depressa Fries Nov. Suec., p. 9., Dec. Prod., ii. p. 632., is rather spiny, with lanceolate acutish leaves, and fruit including 4 carpels. It is a native of the rocks of Sweden near Warberg. 2. C. (v.) TOMENTO'SA Lindl. The tomentose, or woolly, Cotoneaster. Identification. Lindl. in Lin. Soc. Trans., 13. p. 101.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 632.; Don's Mill, 2. p. 603. Synonymes. Méspilus tomentosa Willd. Sp., 2. p. 1012., not Lam.; M. eriocárpa Dec. Fl. Fr. Synops. and Suppl., No. 3691. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves elliptical, obtuse at both ends. Peduncles and calyxes woolly. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 632.) A shrub, like the preceding species, of which it appears to us to be only a variety, found wild on the rocks of Jura, and in other parts of the Alps of Switzerland; and in cultivation in British gardens since 1759. 3. C. (v.) LAXIFLO`RA Jacq. The loose-flowered Cotoneaster. Identification. Jacq. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 1305.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 604. 621 Spec. Char., &c. Leaves oblong, obtuse at both 622 ii. Subevergreen or deciduous. Tall Shrubs, or low Trees. Identification. Wall. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 1229.; and Don's Mill., 2. p. 604. Spec. Char., &c. Branchlets woolly. Leaves elliptical, mucronate, coriaceous, crenulated, glabrous, woolly beneath when young. Corymbs paniculate, terminal, white and woolly. Pomes spherical. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 634.) A native of the higher mountains of the northern region of Nepal, at Gossainthan; and introduced into England in 1824. It is a remarkably robustgrowing, subevergreen, low tree, producing shoots 3 ft. or 4 ft. long every season, when young; and, in 3 or 4 years from the seed, becoming very prolific in flowers and fruit. "Snow white with blossoms," Dr. Lindley says, "during April and May, and crimsoned with bunches of bright red haws in September and October." (Bot. Reg., t. 1229.) As the fruit, with the greater part of the leaves, remain on all the winter, the tree makes a splendid appearance at that season; and, in sheltered situations, in the neighbourhood of London, it may be considered as an evergreen. It is very hardy; the specific name of frígida being given to it on account of the coldness of the locality in which it was found. It is propagated by grafting on the common hawthorn. Plants, in the London nurseries, cost, at present, 2s. 6d. each; but, from the facility with which they may be raised from seeds, or by grafting, whenever there is a demand for them, they will, no doubt, fall to the usual price of grafted Rosàceæ, § Pòmeæ. * ↑ 5. C. (F.) AFFI`NIS Lindl. The related (to C. frígida) Cotoneaster. Identification. Lindl. in Lin. Soc. Trans., 13. p. 101.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 632.; and Don's Mill., 2. A Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate, with a small mucro at the tip, and tapered at the base. Peduncles and calyxes woolly. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 632.) native of Chittong, a town of Lower Nepal; introduced in 1828, and forming a robust shrub, or low tree, in general habit and appearance so like the preceding sort, as to induce us to think that they are only different forms of the same species. They are, however, different in foliage, and on that account worth keeping distinct. In the arboretum of the Messrs. Loddiges there is a plant under the name of C. kumàna, which, from the shape of the leaf, and general appearance of the plant, may possibly be a variety of this species. As, however, it has not yet flowered in this country, we are unable to state anything certain respecting it. 6. C. ACUMINATA Lindl. The acuminated-leaved Cotoneaster. Identification. Lindl. in Lin. Soc. Trans., 13. p. 101.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 632.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 603. Synonyme. Méspilus acuminata Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 919. Engravings. Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 919.; Lin. Soc. Trans., 13. t. 9.; and the plate of this species in Vol. II. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate, acuminated, rather pilose on both surfaces. Peduncles glabrous, 1-2, rather reflexed, shorter than those of C. vulgaris, C. tomentosa, or of C. affinis. Calyxes glabrous. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 632.) A native of Nepal; introduced in 1820, and forming a vigorous-growing, fastigiate, leathery-leaved shrub, or very handsome subevergreen low tree. It flowers in April and May, and the flowers are succeeded by abundance of scarlet fruit, which remain on all the winter. It is a very distinct, and a most desirable, species. Plants, in the London nurseries, are ls. 6d. each; and at Bollwyller, 1 franc and 50 cents. 7. C. NUMMULA RIA Lindl. The money-like-leaved Cotoneaster. Identification. Lindl. in Hort. Trans., 6. p. 396. Derivation. Probably from the roundness of the leaf, resembling the general form of coins. Spec. Char., &c. Disk of leaf flat, orbicular, or elliptical, ending in a mucro, in some instances emarginate. Petiole of about the length of the stipules, which are linear-lanceolate, membranous, and soon fall off. Bark, buds, flower buds, stipules, petiole, the under surface of the disk of the leaf and part of the upper surface of the midrib, tomentosely hairy, while in a young state; the bark, petioles, midrib on its upper surface, and calyx, become glabrous when old. Flowers in axillary cymes, few in a cyme. Style and carpel, which has a bony shell, mostly solitary. Erect, branched in a spreading manner; branchlets straight, slender. An elegant low tree, a native of the mountain region of Nepal, introduced in 1824, growing about 15 ft. high, and producing its white flowers in April and May. iii. Leaves evergreen, leathery. Low Shrubs, with prostrate Branches; Trailers, but not properly Creepers. 8. C. ROTUNDIFOLIA Wall. The round-leaved Cotoneaster. Identification. Wall. Cat.; Lindl. Bot. Reg., 1229. Synonymes. C. microphylla 3 Uva-úrsi Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 1187.; C. Uva-úrsi Hort.; the Bearberry-leaved Nepal Cotoneaster. Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1187.; and our figs. 623. and 624. p. 604.) A shrub, growing to the height of 3 ft. or 4 ft.; a native of Gossainthan; and introduced in 1825. Dr. Lindley says that "native specimens have convinced him that this is a distinct species from C. microphýlla" (Bot. Reg., t. 1229.); from which it differs, he says, "in being a plant of more vigorous growth; in having somewhat larger and flatter leaves; and in bearing flowers more frequently in twos and threes than singly. (Ibid., t. 1187.) The shoots are rigid, and thickly clothed with leathery evergreen leaves; and the flowers, which are numerous, are succeeded by bright scarlet fruit, which remain on the plant all the year. It is a most desirable shrub for a small garden, for clothing a naked wall, covering rockwork, or grafting standard high, so as to form a pendent evergreen tree. Dwarf plants, in the London nurseries, are 2s. 6d. each; standards, from 5s. to 7s. The specific name of rotundifòlia is rather unfortunate for this species, C. nummulària hav ing leaves more decidedly round: microphylla is better; but U`va-úrsi, we think, would be best, both because it resembles Arctostaphylos U'va-úrsi in appearance and habit, and because, though a native of Asia, it is equally hardy with that plant. It might be grafted standard high in every hawthorn hedge in the north of Scotland. 9. C. (R.) MICROPHY'LLA Wall. The small-leaved Cotoneaster. Identification. Wall. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 1114.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 604. Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1114.; and our fig. 625. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves oblong, obtuse, pubescent beneath, evergreen. Peduncles usually 1-flowered. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 604.) Flowers white, and produced in May and June. Introduced in 1824. Notwithstanding the high authority of Dr. Lindley, we cannot help considering this only a variety of the preceding species. It is exceedingly hardy, and forms a fine plant on rockwork, or on a lawn, where it has room to extend itself." Its deep glossy foliage, which no cold will impair, is, when the plant is in blossom, strewed with snow-white flowers, which, reposing on a rich couch of green, have so brilliant an appearance, that a poet would compare them to diamonds lying on a bed of emeralds." (Lindl.) "It is deserving of notice, that the peculiar flavour, which, in Rosàceæ, is attributed to the presence of prussic acid, is so strong in this plant, that, before flowering, it would be taken for a Prùnus; a remarkable fact in a tribe of plants which are reputed to possess, exclusively, malic instead of prussic acid." (Idem.) A plant of C. microphylla, at High Clere, of about 10 years growth, was, in 1835, 6 ft. high, and formed a dense bush, covering a space 21 ft. in diameter. Its branches are strong and rigid; its foliage of an intense green, lucid, with scarcely any veins, and of leathery texture; and it is never without a profusion of scarlet berries. Grafted standard high on the thorn, or any of its congeners, this shrub forms a singular and beautiful evergreen drooping tree: or it will cover a naked wall nearly as rapidly as ivy; and it possesses a decided advantage over that plant, and particularly over the variety called the giant ivy, in its shoots, which may be prevented from extending many inches from the face of the wall, and, consequently, being not likely to injure the plants growing near it. Were the practice of training trees and shrubs in architectural or sculptural shapes again to come into fashion, there are few plants better adapted for the purpose than this and the preceding sort of Cotoneaster. To some, it may appear in bad taste to revive the idea of verdant sculptures; but such is the ardent desire of the human mind for novelty, that we have no doubt clipped trees and shrubs will, at no distant period, be occasionally reintroduced in gardens. The contrast produced by beauties of this kind, in the midst of a profusion of natural and natural-like scenery, is delightful. 10. C. (R.) BUXIFO`LIA Wall. The Box-leaved Cotoneaster. Identification. Wall. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg, t. 1229.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 604. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate, woolly beneath, evergreen. Peduncles 3flowered, woolly. Flowers white. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 604.) A native of Neelgherry; introduced in 1824; and apparently a variety of C. rotundifolia, from which it differs in having the peduncles 2 and 3-flowered, but scarcely in any thing else. App. i. Species of Cotoneaster not yet introduced. C. bacillaris Wall. ined. Lindl. in Bot. Reg., t. 1229., has obovate leaves and many-flowered cymes. It is a native of Kamaon. C. obtusa Wall. ined. Lindl, in Bot. Reg., t. 1229., is a native of the mountains of Nepal and Kamaon, with many-flowered, crowded, glabrous cymes. As there is every probability that all the cotoneasters, even though natives of Asia, are quite hardy, the introduction of new species or varieties is ardently to be desired by every lover of ligneous plants. GENUS XVI. AMELANCHIER Med. THE AMELANCHIER. Di-Pentagýnia. Lin. Syst. Icosándria Identification. Med. Gesch., 1793.; Lindl. in Lin. Soc. Trans., 13. p. 100.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 652.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 604. Synonymes. Mespilus L.; Pyrus W.; Arònia Pers. Derivation. According to Clusius, Amelancier is the old Savoy name for A. vulgaris. (E. of Pl.) Amelanchier is the Savoy name for the medlar. Description, &c. Small trees, natives of Europe and North America, with simple, serrated, deciduous leaves, white flowers in racemes, and linearlanceolate deciduous bracteas. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 632.) In British gardens, they are cultivated for their flowers, which are white, abundant, showy, and produced early in the season; for their fruit, which ripens in June; and for the deep red, or rich yellow hue, which their foliage assumes in autumn. They are propagated by grafting on the hawthorn or the quince; or the weaker on the stronger-growing species of the genus. 1. A. VULGARIS Manch. The common Amelanchier. Identification. Moench Meth., 682.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 632.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 604. 626 Engravings. Jacq. Fl. Austr., t. 300.; Bot. Mag., t. 2430.; our fig. 626.; and the plate in Vol. II. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves roundish-oval, bluntish, downy beneath, afterwards glabrous. Fruit dark blue. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 632.) A native of mountainous woods, among rocks, in different parts of + the Continent of Europe; the Alps, the Pyrenees, and at Fontainbleau; and in cultivation in England since 1596. It forms a most desirable low tree, on account of its early and numerous flowers, which cover the tree like a white sheet, about the middle of April, and, in very mild seasons, even in March. The fruit is round, soft, and eatable: it ripens in July, and soon drops off, or is eaten by the birds. There are trees of this species at Syon, from 15 ft. to 20 ft. in height. 2. A. (v.) BOTRYA PIUM Dec. The Grape-Pear, or Snowy-blossomed Amelanchier. Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 632.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 202.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 604. Synonymes. Méspilus canadensis Lin. Sp., 185.; M. arborea Michx. Arb., 2. t. 66.; Crataegus race mòsa Lam. Dict., 1. p. 84.; Pyrus Botryàpium Lin. fil. Suppl., p. 255.; Arònia Botryàpium Pers. Syn., 2. p. 39.; the Canadian Medlar, Snowy Mespilus, June Berry, wild Pear Tree; Alisier de Choisy, Amelanchier de Choisy, Alisier à Grappes, Fr.; Traubenbirne, Ger. Engravings. Schm. Arb., t. 8.; Wild. Abbild., t. 79.; Krause, t. 56.; the plates of this species, in a young and an old state, in Vol. II.; our fig. 629., from a specimen taken from the tree in the Horticultural Society's Garden, with the leaves + and flowers fully expanded; and figs. 627. and 628., copied from Michaux's North American Sylva; fig. 627. showing the plant in spring before the flowers are fully opened; and fig. 628. showing the plant in fruit. Both differ in some respects from fig. 629. See Sir W. J. Hooker's remarks under 4. ovális, No. 4. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves oblong-elliptical, cuspidate, somewhat villous when young, afterwards glabrous. Native of Virginia and Canada. (Dec. Prod., |