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Remarks.

"The best seed is the Egyptian. Called also Napy, Thaspi, and Saurion." Plin.

"In Egypt, the wild endive is called Cichorium ; the garden endive, Seris."

Plin.

"The Egyptian is the best quality after the Cretan. Plin.

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(Helenium (according to Dioscorides), a native of Egypt. This and four other species of Teucrium now grow there.)

Plin.

"What is called by Diocles, and the Sicilians,
Amaracus, is known in Egypt and Syria as the
Sampsuchum." "An oil made from it."
Athenæus (xv. p. 676) says, "the Amaracus
abounds in Egypt;" and in lib. v, he mentions
"Amaracine ointment."

"Grows every where." Plin.

If by "In Ægypto sine odore hæc omnia," Pliny means that all the flowers mentioned in this chapter are Egyptian, many others might be here introduced.

the

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Plin.

"Fruit Leaf of

Growing in the Nile:"" one of the wild plants,
which abound so plentifully in Egypt."
Athen. iii. p. 72. Strabo, xvii. p. 550.
"Grows some distance from the Nile."
like a medlar, without husk or kernel.
the Cyperus. No other use but for food." Plin.
Some suppose it the Cyperus esculentus, which
is very doubtful.

"Also eaten in Egypt. Few leaves; large root."
Plin. Theophrastus says, it has a long root,
gathered at the time of the inundation, and used
for crowning the altars. Lib. i. c. 1. 11.
"These two have spreading and numerous roots;
but no leaf, nor anything above the ground."
Plin.

Lettuce?

Caucalis daucoïdes?

Caucalis anthriscus.

e'shaytán.)

Tragopogon picro-
ïdes?

(Arab. Edthbáh?)

Matricaria Parthe-
nium, or M. Cha-
momilla.

All esculent plants.

Solanum Dulcamara, or Solanum nigrum. (Arab. Eneb e' deeb.)

"Leaves like a crocus.'
"Plin. The Edthbáh is of
the order Syngenesia, and the flower is of a pur-
plish colour.

Dioscorides describes its flower with a white cir-
cuit and yellow within.

"Used in Egypt for chaplets: the leaves like ivy:
of two kinds; one has red berries (in a sort of
bladder) full of grains, and is called Halicacabus,
or Callion, and, in Italy, Vesicaria: the third
kind is very poisonous.' Nightshade.

"

Viola, Violet

VOL. II.

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"Flowers all the winter and spring, till the sum-
mer." Plin. Dandelion.

"The Egyptians grow the Acinos for making
chaplets and for food. It appears the same as
the Ocimum, but its leaves and stalks are more
hirsute.' Plin.

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"Never flowers."

Plin. Some editions of Pliny
make this and the Acinos the same; but they
are generally believed to be different.
Supposed to be the Carthamus. "Unknown in
Italy. Oil extracted from the seeds, and of
Two kinds; the wild and the cul-
great value.
tivated; and two species of the former. Remedy
against the poison of scorpions and other rep-
tiles.' Plin. It is supposed that the Cnicus
and Atractylis are not the same plant.

"Grows about the Nile in marshes, and is eaten.
Leaf like the elm." Plin.

"Eaten by other people, as by the Egyptians." "Grows on walls and tiles of houses." Plin.

Tribulus

Pirdicium

Ornithogale

Juncus

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21

16

Trapa natans?

22 10

21 17

?

22

17

21

17

21

18

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Juncus acutus

(Arab. Sumár.)

Gladiolus communis.

"Sieves made of it in Egypt." Plin.

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"Gods crowned with it; a custom particularly ob-
served by Ptolemy, King of Egypt." Plin.
"Grown in gardens in Egypt, for making chap-
lets." Plin.

Coming from the garden lotos, from whose seed,
like millet, the Egyptian bakers make bread."

Plin.
("Rhus leaves like myrtle, used for dressing
skins."
Though Pliny does not mention it as
an Egyptian plant, it is indigenous in the desert,
and the leaves and wood are used by the Arabs
for tanning.)

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Mostly produced in Egypt." Plin.

"About Elephantina." Plin.

"Only in Egypt during the inundation of the Nile." Plin.

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"Homer attributes the glory of herbs to Egypt. He mentions many given to Helen by the wife of the Egyptian King, particularly the Nepenthes, which caused oblivion of sorrow." Plin. "The best at Taposiris in Egypt: a bunch of it carried at the fête of Isis.' Plin. "The Egyptians believe that if, on the 27th day of Thiatis (Thoth), which answers nearly to our August, any one anoints himself with its juice before he speaks in the morning, he will be free from weakness of the eyes all that year.' Plin.

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Egyptian Clematis, or Daphnoides, or Polygonoides.

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2225

24 17

24 18

21 21

Absinthium marinum, or Seriphium.

Myosotis.

The trees of ancient Egypt represented on the monuments are the date, dôm, sycamore, pomegranate, persea, tamarisk, and Periploca Secamone: and the fruit, seeds, or leaves of the nebk, vine, fig, olive, Mokhayt (Cordia Myxa), Kharoob or locust-tree, palma Christi or cici, Sont or acanthus, bay, and Egleeg or balanites, have been found in the tombs of Thebes; as well as of the Areca, Tamarind, Myrobalanus, and others, which are the produce either of India, or the interior of Africa. And though these last are not the actual productions of Egypt, they are interesting, as they show the constant intercourse maintained with those distant countries. One instance has been met with of the pine apple, in glazed pottery. The sculptures also represent various flowers, some of which may be recognised; while others are less clearly defined, and might puzzle the most expert botanist.

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Figs. 1 to 6, inclusive, from the tomb of Remeses III.
Figs. 1 and 5 perhaps the same as the two flowers in fig. 10, woodcut 260.

Little attention is paid by the inhabitants of modern Egypt to the cultivation of plants, beyond those used for the purpose of food, or to the growth of trees, excepting the palm, large groves of which are met with in every part of the country; and if the statement of Strabo be true, that, "in all (Lower) Egypt the palm was sterile, or bore an uneatable fruit, though of excellent

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