Whoever has visited the Gardens, will, if he can afford it, do well to purchase these elegant volumes, which contain an admirable delineation of the most interesting species, sufficiently scientific for general readers, and illustrated by wood-cuts, from drawings taken from individual specimens in the Society's Menagerie. These are beautifully executed, and are commendable alike for accuracy and expression, being actual likenesses. In short, we must say, that we have been extremely pleased with the entire manner in which these volumes have been got up. Great pains have evidently been taken to render them worthy of the sanction of the Council, and of the still higher sanction of the public. As a specimen of the talent, assiduous research, and accuracy displayed in the zoological descriptions, we shall select part of the long and highly interesting article on the Llama.

THE BROWN LLAMA.--Auchenia Glama. ILLIG.

The study of the mutual relations of organs and of functions, not only of such as are obviously connected with each other, but of those between which there appears at the first glance to be no bond of connexion whatever, is one of the most curious that can occupy the attention of the zoologist. It has been remarked by M. Cuvier, that no process of reasoning a priori could have led to the conclusion that a parted hoof necessarily implied the existence of ruminating stomachs; but the universality of the fact, ascertained by observation, compels us to admit that this mutual dependence of parts having no immediate relationship with each other is the work of an overruling power, acting upon a uniform system, and in pursuance of a definite design. The form and structure of the horny appendages which terminate the feet of quadrupeds bear indeed, in most cases, a determinate relation to the quality of their food, and to their means of procuring it; and there are few instances in which the experienced anatomist would not be enabled, from the examination of the nail, the claw, or the hoof alone, to indicate at least the general characters of the intestinal canal of the animals to which they might respectively belong.

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There are, however, few general laws that do not admit of some exceptions; and an ingenious writer of the present day has fancied that he has found one to the rule in question in the Hogs, which, in common with the older naturalists, he considers as quadrupeda bisulca non ruminantia." But the slightest examination of the seorgans will suffice to prove that the hoofs of the Hogs differ as essentially from those of Ruminant Quadrupeds as their stomachs; and that these animals form in both respects the passage between the Ruminating and Pachydermatous tribes, although they are much more closely allied to the latter. We believe that there does not exist an instance in which the true parted hoof is found independent of rumination; although the converse of this proposition cannot be maintained with equal strictness.

The exceptions to which we now allude are found in the Llamas and the Camels, which alone of all the Ruminants have their hoofs

formed on a different plan from that which generally pervades the tribe. Instead of having short and abruptly truncated toes, completely enveloped in large hoofs, flattened internally, and forming the sole basis on which the animal rests in progression, these groups have their toes elongated forwards and terminating in small horny appendages, surrounding the last phalanx alone, rounded above and on either side, and somewhat curved, while the under surface of the foot on which they tread is covered only by a thickened callous skin. This striking deviation from the typical form is not, however, unaccompanied by differences in the structure of the stomachs, which, although truly and essentially ruminant, have in this case an additional developement of a very remarkable character. One of the most useful peculiarities of the Camel, its power of passing many days without drinking, has long since been recognised as dependent on a cellular apparatus connected with the first and second stomachs, and capable, to quote the expressions of M. Cuvier, "of retaining water or of continually producing it." But the existence of a similar apparatus in the stomach of the Llamas has been repeatedly denied: Feuillée, in his minute account of the anatomy of this organ, takes no notice of such an appendage, and Sir Everard Home expressly states that the corresponding pits in the stomach of the Llama "have no depth, are only superficial cells, and have no muscular apparatus to close their mouths." From an external examination of the stomach of a Llama we had been induced to believe that its cells were of considerable depth; and Dr. Knox has recently confirmed this opinion in a paper published in the Edinburgh Journal of Natural and Geographical Science, where he has shown that the actual differences between the stomachs of the Llama and the Camel are much less than had previously been imagined. Hence we are authorized in inferring that the Llamas, which are known to possess a similar capability of resisting thirst, are furnished with the same means of providing against its effects.

The Camels and the Llamas differ from the rest of the Ruminants in several other striking particulars. They are entirely destitute of horns, an exemption which they share with the genus Moschus, as at present constituted, and which, according to some writers, is compensated by the presence of two incisor teeth in the upper jaw, which they alone possess, and by the greater developement of the canine teeth in the same jaw, which they exhibit in common with many others of the tribe. Their dentition is in fact peculiar to themselves. The real character of the incisors of the upper jaw is indicated only by their position in the intermaxillary bone, for they are placed at some distance from each other and have exactly the shape of canines; the true canines are considerably larger; and the cheek-teeth form a regular series like those of the generality of Ruminants, but consisting of only two false and three true molars. In the lower jaw there are but six incisors, the two outermost of the series having all the character of canines, and being fully as large as those of the upper; and the cheek-teeth consist of but one false molar and three true ones. The Camels have in addition a small rudimentary false molar, having the conical form of the canines, and placed in the interval between the latter and the cheek-teeth, on each side of either jaw.

Of the remaining characters common to the Camels and the Llamas the most important are the length of the neck; the comparatively small size of the head; the prolongation and mobility of the upper lip, which is deeply divided by a vertical fissure; and the want of a naked muzzle, the openings of the nostrils forming merely two transverse fissures in the skin, capable of being closed at pleasure. The distinguishing characters between the two groups are chiefly founded on the difference in dentition just noticed; on the presence of a broad callous sole connecting the toes of the Camels beneath, which is wanting in the Llamas, whose toes are completely separated from each other; and on the existence of one or more large fatty humps on the backs of the Camels, while the Llamas have the line of their backs perfectly straight, or at the utmost forming a slight protuberance above the shoulders. The first and the last of these differences are not, it is true, of primary importance; but the second is closely connected with the habits of the animals, rendering the one group peculiarly fitted for traversing the sandy deserts of its native land, and the other for mounting and descending the lofty precipices among which its abode is fixed. It may therefore be considered without hesitation sufficiently essential for the establishment of a generic distinction, where the laws of geographical distribution have drawn so broad a line of demarcation, confining the one group to the arid deserts of the East, and fixing the other on the ridges of the mountain chain that traverses the southern division of the Western Hemisphere. They deserve this distinction at least as well as the Hogs and the Peccaries, or as several other genera which have been admitted by common consent as distinguishing the animals of the Old World and of the New.

In general appearance the Llamas present a striking contrast to their eastern representatives. Their slender and well formed legs bear a much more equal proportion to the size and form of their body, which cannot be better compared than to that of the Common Stag. Their necks, although in stooping they descend into a deep concavity on the upper side, are more habitually maintained in an upright position, and support much smaller and more graceful heads. Their cars are long, pointed, and extremely moveable; their eyes large, prominent, and brilliant; and the whole expression of their physiognomy conveys a degree of intelligence and vivacity for which we should look in vain in the heavy, stupid, indolent, and unexpressive features of the Camel or Dromedary. Their motions too are infinitely more graceful, their manners more frank and confiding, and their tempers, generally speaking, more docile and familiar. Such at least is the case with those which have been long retained in a state of domestication the wild ones are at first more shy and exhibit occasional symptoms of violence, but good treatment soon reduces them to an almost equal tameness with their fellows. This facility of domestication, according to the theory of M. F. Cuvier, is dependent on their propensity for associating in herds, which may undoubtedly constitute a principal reason for the fact; but even in such animals, and of the Ruminant order, there is too much diversity in this respect to allow of our regarding the instinct of association as the only cause of their familiarity with man.' pp. 273--278.

NOTICES.

Art. VII. The Entire Works of the Rev. Robert Hall, A.M. with a Brief Memoir of his Life, and a Critical Estimate of his Writings. Published under the Superintendance of Olinthus Gregory, LL.D. F.R.A.S. Professor of Mathematics in the Royal Military Academy. Vol. I. Sermons, Charges, and Circular Letters. 8vo. pp. 524. Price 12s. London. 1831.

We can merely notice, in our present Number, the publication of this volume, comprising a series of the finest pulpit orations in the English language. The Contents are: the Sermon on Modern Infidelity; Reflections on War; Sentiments proper to the present Crisis'; Advantages of Knowledge to the Lower Classes'; Discouragements and Supports of the Christian Ministry'; Address to the Rev. Eustace Carey; Sermon on the Death of H. R. H. the Princess Charlotte of Wales; Funeral Sermon for Dr. Ryland; Circular Letter on the Excellency of the Christian Dispensation;-on the Work of the Spirit ;-on Hearing the Word; and a highly valuable and characteristic Sermon (now first published) on the Doctrine of Substitution, founded on Isaiah liii. 8, preached at Luton in 1822. The volume is most carefully edited and elegantly printed; and having stated this, we need not add a word in recommendation of the volume, beyond the intimation, that the interests of Mr. Hall's family have been fully secured by a very liberal arrangement on the part of the publishers of this entire and uniform edition of his works and remains. In a brief and hurried announcement, we cannot trust ourselves to express our admiration of the merits of Mr. Hall as a theological writer, or to characterize these productions of his pen. A future and better opportunity will be afforded to us, on the appearance of the subsequent volumes, for attempting an extended review of his writings.

Art. VIII. Eminent Piety essential to Eminent Usefulness. A Discourse preached at the Anniversary of the London Missionary Society, May 11, 1831, at Surrey Chapel. By Andrew Reed. Third Edition. 8vo. pp. 64. Price 1s. 6d. London, 1831.

WE are not surprised, but rejoiced that this highly impressive and admonitory discourse has already reached a third edition. Its extensive circulation cannot fail to be of important benefit to the Christian Church at this eventful crisis, and to the cause of holy benevolence. The leading idea of the discourse is, that the position we occupy in the field of Christian service, and the choice we have made of the most eminent object of pursuit, bind us to a proportionate eminence of character'; that exalted piety will alone enable the Church to preserve the high and sacred ground she has been called to take; that, in proportion as this prevails, true charity and unity of spirit will be found to prevail; and that to eminence in piety alone, efficient success will be granted. We had intended to extract one or two of the very striking

paragraphs with which the discourse abounds; but our limits forbid; and we must content ourselves with earnestly enjoining upon our readers the serious and repeated perusal of one of the most eloquent effusions of pulpit oratory that we have seen from the pen of any writer now living.

ART. IX. LITERARY INTELLIGENCE.

We understand that Lord Dover, who, under the name of the Hon. George Agar Ellis, was well known in the literary world as the Author of the popular "History of the Iron Mask," of the "Historical Inquiries respecting the Character of Lord Clarendon," and as Editor and Author of some other publications, among which may be mentioned The Ellis Correspondence," has just completed a Life of Frederic the Great, King of Prussia, a Work which has been long wanted in our Literature. It is expected that this Work will appear in the course of the Autumn.

In the press, The Modern Sabbath Examined, one Volume 8vo. Nearly ready, Eternity Realized, or a Guide to the Thoughtful. By R. Philip, Author of a " Guide to the Devotional."

Holdsworth and Ball have in the press a Volume of Sermons, by the late Dr. Payson of Portland, United States.

ART. X. WORKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED.

BIOGRAPHY.

Brief Memorials of William Hurn, late Minister at the Chapel, Woodbridge, and formerly Vicar of Debenham, Suffolk. By Esther Cooke and Ellen Rouse. The profits to be given to the London and Baptist Missionary Societies.

THEOLOGY.

The entire Works of the Rev. Robert Hall, A.M. with a brief Memoir of his Life, and a critical Estimate of his Character and Writings, under the superintendence of Olinthus Gregory, LL.D. F.R.A.S. Professor of Mathematics in the Royal Military Academy. In six volumes 8vo. Vol. I. 12s.

Three Hundred Hymns on Select Texts of Scripture, adapted to public worship. By James Small, late Tutor at the Western Theological Academy, and Author of Sermons to Young People, &c. 12mo. 5s., cloth.

Bampton Lectures for 1831.

The Popular Evidence of Christianity Stated and Examined: in eight Discourses, preached before the University of Oxford, in the year 1831, at the Lecture founded by the late Rev. John Bampton, M.A., Canon of Salisbury. By Thomas William Lancaster, M.A. Vicar of Banbury, and formerly Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford. 8vo. 12s. boards.

The Protestant Dissenters' Catechism: with an Appendix and a Preface by Dr. Newman. The twentieth edition, including an Account of the Repeal of the Test Act, and many other improvements. 12mo. 1s.

TOPOGRAPHY.

Planta's New Picture of Paris, 16th edition, enlarged and improved, embellished with Maps and numerous Views of the Public Buildings, 9s. boards; or with the Costumes, 12s. boards.