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but they may be also carried into effect in summer, at the ordinary season. In Dauphiné, young plants in the nurseries are budded chiefly by the above modes, which succeed best the closer the operation is performed to the collar of the plant. It has also become customary, of late, in that part of France, to cover the branches of old trees with buds. For this purpose, the branches are shortened in the month of October, or in May, to within 8 ft. or 10 ft. of where they proceed from the trunk, in order that they may throw out a number of young shoots. The spring afterwards, when the sap is in motion, from 50 to 100 of these shoots are made choice of, and budded either in the common manner, or in the flute or ring method. The two latter modes are preferred, as being more certain of success, and less likely to have the young shoots blown off by the wind. When the common method is practised, the young shoots are pinched in once or twice in the course of the season, to prevent them from elongating to such an extent as to endanger their being blown off. In England, the walnut is very seldom either budded or grafted; and, though Boutcher recommends inarching, we believe it has been practised only on a very limited scale. In Jersey, we are informed by Mr. Saunders, nurseryman there, the walnut and the sweet chestnut are sometimes, but very rarely, grafted; and that, to insure success, the operation must be performed while the stock is young, and the scion must be about the same size as the stock. The graft should be made close to the ground, and not till late in the spring, when the sap is in full motion. Mr. Knight succeeded in budding the walnut by making use of those minute buds which are found at the base of the annual shoots of the walnut and other trees, "which are almost concealed in the bark, and which rarely, if ever, vegetate, but in the event of the destruction of the large prominent buds which occupy the middle and opposite ends of the annual wood." Mr. Knight inserted in the stock these minute buds, in the usual manner, in several instances, and found them invariably succeed; but it is necessary to state that the operation was performed on yearling stocks, which grew in pots that had been placed, during the spring and early part of the summer, in a shady situation under a north wall, in order to retard them; and which were removed, late in July, to a forcing-house, and instantly budded with buds, which, as before observed, had been taken from the base of the current year's shoots. M. Bosc, noticing this mode of Mr. Knight's, says that he has long remarked that buds placed immediately on the collars of the roots always succeed; which he attributes to the shade and the humidity which that situation affords. It appears to us that Bosc's mode, provided flute or ring budding were substituted for the common method, and each graft were covered with a hand-glass, is the one most likely to be successfully practised in the climate of Britain. Layering or inarching might, doubtless, be adopted with success in the case of the common walnut, as they are found to succeed with Pterocàrya caucásica Kunth (Juglans fraxinifòlia Lam.) and the cutleaved walnut. Indeed, whip grafting is successfully practised with the cutleaved variety, in Sedy's Nursery, at Lyons, and in other gardens in the south of France.

Grafting the Walnut. This operation has been successfully performed by T. A. Knight, Esq. 'Young, or last year's, wood is employed both as the scion and as the stock; and both scion and stock are allowed to unfold their buds, and grow for a week or ten days, before the operation of grafting is performed. Previously to doing this, the young shoots and foliage are rubbed off. Out of 28 instances, 22 grew well, many producing shoots of nearly a yard long, and of very great strength. The scions were attached to the young (annual) wood of stocks, which were between 6 ft. and 8 ft. high, and in all cases they were placed to stand astride the stocks, one division of the scion being in some instances introduced between the bark and the wood;

and both divisions being, in others, fitted to the wood and bark in the ordinary way. Both modes of operating were equally successful. In each of these methods of grafting, it is advantageous to pare away almost all the wood of both the divisions of the scions; and, therefore, the wide dimensions of the medulla, in the young shoots of the walnut tree, do not present any inconvenience to the grafter.' (Trans. Hort. Soc., 2d ser., vol. i. p. 216.)"

Culture. The nuts may be sown as soon as gathered, if there is no danger from vermin; but, if there is, it is better to defer sowing till February. The most convenient mode is to deposit the seed in drills, 2 ft. apart from each other, placing the seeds at from 3 in. to 6 in. apart in the drills. The advantage of sowing in drills is, that the plants, being all at some distance from one another, come up with greater vigour, and their taproots may be shortened about midsummer, by inserting a spade on each side of the drill in a slanting direction, so as to cut off their points. In France, in some cases, the nuts are germinated in a heap before sowing; and the points of the taproots are pinched off with the finger and thumb, as is done with almonds. (See p. 678.) Whether the nuts are sown in drills or broad-cast, almost the only attention required in their culture while in the nursery is, to shorten once a year their tap, or main, roots, in order to induce them to throw out fibres, for the purpose of facilitating their transplantation. No tree requires less pruning than the walnut, either in a young or in a mature state; though there can be no doubt that in the case of this tree, as in that of all others, thinning out some of the shoots will add vigour to the leaves and fruit of those which remain. Evelyn mentions, that he had been told by an industrious and very experienced husbandman, that, if walnut trees be transplanted as big as one's middle, it may be done safer than when younger; and Bosc, in the Nouveau Cours d'Agriculture, recommends them not to be removed from the nursery till the stems have attained the height of 5 ft. or 6 ft. from the ground, and are 5 in. or 6 in. in diameter. Pits, he says, ought to be previously dug for the trees, 8 ft. in diameter, and 3 ft. deep, and the soil exposed to the air some months before the time of transplanting. When the planting is performed in autumn, all the branches may be left on till spring; because the severity of the winter would injure the wounds made by cutting them off. Early in spring, before the sap begins to rise, the head of the tree is entirely cut off, leaving only a main stem terminating in the stumps of the principal branches. The wounds in these stumps are carefully covered with plaster composed of loam and cowdung, or grafting clay, secured from the weather by straw and cords, or by a board nailed over the plaster, and cemented on the edges; because the wood of the walnut, especially that of the young trees, is so spongy and porous, that it is more easily injured by the weather than that of most other trees. The nails, being driven into the heart-wood, do no kind of injury to the tree, that wood having lost its vitality. Trees headed down and treated in this manner, in France, push out shoots of great vigour the first year; and these being thinned out, or rubbed off, the remainder soon form a head, the branches of which so completely obliterate the wounds made by the decapitation which took place at transplanting, as to render it next to impossible to discover where they were situated. This, indeed, takes place with all the road-side trees in France, which are headed down in a similar manner when they are transplanted. As the winters in England are less severe than they are in the greater part of the Continent, or, at least, are attended by a moister atmosphere, large wounds are less liable to become cracked or otherwise injured by severe frost. Hence, when walnut trees, or any other trees, of very large dimensions, are transplanted in Britain, they may be headed down immediately on removal, without any fear of the consequences. This will give the trees the advantage of the winter for the preparation, or swelling, of the buds which are to form the next year's shoots; because it must not be forgotten, that in trees, as in all other plants, the sap is in motion, to a certain extent, during the whole winter.

Soil and Situation. The walnut tree attains the largest size in a deep loamy

soil, dry rather than moist; but the fruit has the best flavour, and produces most oil, when the tree is grown in calcareous soils, or among calcareous rocks in a wet-bottomed soil, whatever may be the character of the surface, it will not thrive. The walnut is not a social tree, and neither produces good timber nor fruit when planted in masses. Both on the Continent and in England, it succeeds well as an avenue or road-side tree; and it forms an excellent shelter for orchards and kitchen-gardens, when planted at such a distance as not to injure them by its roots or by its shade. In ornamental grounds, the somewhat light yellowish and shining green foliage of the walnut forms a fine contrast with that of other trees, throughout the greater part of the season; and the symmetrical form of the head accords well with buildings.

Gathering and keeping the Fruit. The fruit of the walnut, both in France and in England, is commonly knocked down from the tree by thrashing the extremities of the branches (on which alone it is produced) with long poles. By this process, Mr. Rogers observes, "many of the points of the branches are broken, which causes the production of many spurlike shoots, that afterwards bear flowers and fruit. Hence the custom of beating a barren tree to make it bear." (Fruit Cult., p. 380.) Bosc considers that beating down the fruit with poles is injurious to the tree; but, in France, he adds, as the trees are not in enclosures, this barbarous practice is altogether unavoidable. If the trees were enclosed, he continues, or if property exposed by the road sides were sufficiently respected, it would be unnecessary to beat down the nuts at all, as the wind alone, when the fruit is completely matured, would be quite sufficient to detach it from the tree. This has suggested to us the idea of using long rods, with a contrivance at their extremities for taking fast hold of the branches, so as to admit of shaking them powerfully, and thus obtaining by art the effect of a violent wind. In gathering up the fruit which has been either beaten down, or fallen naturally, those nuts which have separated from the husks are kept by themselves, taken home, and spread out on a boarded floor in an airy shed or granary, to the depth of 3 in. Here they are turned over daily, till they become perfectly dry. Those fruits from which the husks have not separated in falling are placed in little heaps on the ground, but still under cover; and turned over, and gently beaten, till the husk separates. In France care is taken to prevent these heaps from fermenting, or sweating, as it is called; because that occasions a change in the kernel, and gives a taste to the oil. When the nuts have been thoroughly dried, those not wanted to crush for oil are laid by, often in wooden boxes or chests, where they are not subject to the vicissitudes of the atmosphere; in which state they will retain all their good qualities for about twelve months. In Britain, the nuts of the walnut may be preserved fresh and fit for the table, or for sowing, for a year; either by burying them in dry soil or sand, so deep as not to be reached by frost, by the heat of the sun, or by rain; or by placing them in dry cellars, and covering them with straw. The latter mode is that most commonly adopted by the growers of this nut for the London market. Walnuts, Rogers observes, should not be gathered till the outer covering parts readily from the shell, which is before that covering becomes mealy. There is a critical time at which the covering leaves the shell without staining it, which it is apt to do if allowed to remain on till it becomes soft. After being shelled, the nuts should be well dried in the sun for a day or two, and then stored away, either on shelves in an airy room, or packed in jars or boxes, among dry white sand, which improves the colour of the shell, and keeps the kernel more moist. When the nut is to be preserved through the winter, for the purpose of planting in the following spring, it should be laid in a rot-heap as soon as gathered, with the husk on; and the heap should be turned over frequently in the course of the winter. We have entered into greater details respecting the various uses of the timber and fruit of the walnut, partly because they are less generally known in Britain than those of most other fruit-bearing

timber trees; but chiefly, because we think the tree well adapted for cultivation in Australia.

Statistics. Juglans règia in the Environs of London. At Ham House, Essex, it is 72 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 3 ft. 3 in., and of the head 68 ft.; at Chiswick, it is 65 ft. high; and in various gardens about Isleworth and Twickenham, from 60 ft. to 80 ft.

Juglans regia South of London. In Devonshire, at Killerton, it is 55 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 96 ft.; at Cothelstone, it is 64 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 64 ft., and of the bead 97 ft. In Dorsetshire, at Melbury Park, 200 years old, it is 66 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and of the head 58 ft. In Hampshire, at Testwood, 70 years old, it is 40 ft. high, diameter of the top 5 ft, and of the head 59 ft. In Kent, at Cobham Hall, is a walnut tree with a fine spreading head and immensely large limbs, the diameter of the trunk 5 ft., and of the head 90 ft. In Somersetshire, at Nettlecombe, 40 years planted, it is 38 ft. high; at Brockley Hall, two trees, 70 ft. high, diameter of the trunk of one 5 ft. and of the other 4 ft. 7 in. In Sussex, at Cowdray, diameter of the trunk 5 ft., and of the head 40 ft. In Wiltshire, at Wardour Castle, 100 years old, it is 60 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 4 ft. 8 in., and of the head 49 ft.; at Longford Castle, it is 60 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 4 ft., and of the head 75 ft.

Juglans regia North of London.

In Bedfordshire, at Woburn Abbey, it is 40 ft high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and of the head 80 ft.; at Ampthill, in Gibbs's Nursery, on deep sandy soil, it is 70 ft. high, diameter of the head 60 ft. In Buckinghamshire, at Temple House, 40 years old, it is 30 ft. high. In Cheshire, at Kinmel Park, it is 45 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and of the head 35 ft. In Denbighshire, at Llanbede Hall, 50 years planted, it is 55 ft high. In Gloucestershire, at Doddington, it is 50 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 2ft. 4 in., and of the head 59 ft. In Hertfordshire, at Cheshunt, 6 years planted, it is 18 ft. high. In Leicestershire, at Donnington, 100 years old, it is 65 ft. high. In Oxfordshire, in the stable-yard of the president of St. John's College, Oxford, it is 50 ft. high, diameter of the trunk, at 1 ft. from the ground, and also at 10 ft. or 12 ft., in height, 4 ft 4 in., and the diameter of the head 90 ft. In Pembrokeshire, at Stackpole Court, 55 years planted, it is 40 ft. high. In Radnorshire, at Maeslaugh Castle, it is 60 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 8 in., and of the head 71 ft. In Rutlandshire, at Belvoir Castle, 4 years planted, it is 20 ft high. In Suffolk, at Finborough Hall, 100 years old, it is 90 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 4 ft. 10 in., and of the head 70 ft. In Worcestershire, at Hadzor House, 17 years planted, it is 32 ft. high. In Yorkshire, at Hackness, 40 years old, it is 35 ft. high.

Juglans règia in the Environs of Edinburgh. At Hopetoun House, it is 40 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 42 ft.

Juglans regia South of Edinburgh. In Ayrshire, at Rozelle, it is 38 ft. high; at Fullerton, it is 67 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 4ft., and of the head 78 ft. In Berwickshire, at the Hirsel, 10 years planted, it is 18 ft. high. In Kirkcudbrightshire, at St. Mary's Isle, it is 48 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head S6 ft. In Haddingtonshire, at Tynningham, it is 46 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 2ft. 3 in., and of the top 33 ft. In Renfrewshire, at Bothwell Castle, it is 57 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 4 ft., and of the head 90 ft.

Juglans regia North of Edinburgh. In Aberdeenshire, at Thainston, 20 years planted, it is 15 ft. high. In Banffshire, at Gordon Castle, it is 66 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 3 ft. 2 in., and of the head 77 ft. In Clackmannanshire, in the garden of the Dollar Institution, 9 years planted, it is 16 ft high. In Forfarshire, at Monboddo, 24 years planted, it is 15 ft. high. In Fifeshire, at Danibristle Park, it is 60 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 34 ft., and of the head 69 ft.; at Largo House, it is 40 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 8 in., and of the head 42 ft. In Forfarshire, at Courtachy Castle, 120 years old, diameter of the trunk 2 ft, and of the head 40 ft. In Perthshire, at Taymouth, 30 years planted, it is 70 ft. high. In Ross-shire, at Brahan Castle, 50 years old, it is 45 ft. high.

Juglans règia in the Environs of Dublin. In the Glasnevin Botanic Garden, 33 years old, it is 30 ft high; at Cypress Grove, it is 70 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and of the head 96 ft.; at Terenure, 20 years old, it 25 ft. high.

Juglans règia South of Dublin. In King's County, at Charleville Forest, 45 years old, it is 50 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 3 ft. 8 in., and of the head 50 ft.

Juglans règia North of Dublin. In Fermanagh, at Florence Court, 50 years planted, it is 40 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 21., and that of the top 36 ft. In Galway, at Cool, 35 ft. high, diameter of the trunk ft. 4 in., and of the head 50 ft. In Sligo, at Makree Castle, it is 65 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 39 ft.

Juglans règia in France. Near Paris, in the Jardin des Plantes, 60 years planted, it is 61 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. At Nantes, in the Nursery of M. De Nerrières, 80 years old, it is 79 ft. high, with a trunk 2 ft. in diameter.

Juglans règia in Germany. In Austria, at Vienna, in the University Botanic Garden, 45 years planted, it is 36 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 8in., and of the head 15 ft.; at Kopenzel, 30 years planted, it is 25 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 10 in., and of the head 16ft.; at Hadersdorf, in the garden of Baron Loudon, 40 years planted, it is 30 ft. high, the diaineter of the trunk 8 in., and of the head 12 ft.

Juglans règia in Russia. It is remarkable that this tree is so much injured by the climate of Odessa, as not to be considered by M. Descemet as acclimatised there; though J. nigra grows freely, and matures its fruit.

Juglans règia in Italy. In Lombardy, at Monza, 80 years planted, it is 46 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 60 ft.

Commercial Statistics. Price of plants, in the London nurseries, seedlings, 5s. per hundred; transplanted plants, from 2 ft. to 5 ft. high, 25s. per hundred; from 6 ft. to 8 ft. high, Is. each; from 10 ft. to 20 ft. high, 2s. 6d. each. Nuts, 8s. per bushel. At Bollwyller, plants are 1 franc each; at New York, 40 dollars per hundred, or 50 cents each.

12. J. NIGRA L. The black-wooded Walnut Tree.

Identification. Lin. Hort. Cliff., p. 449.; Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 456.; Michx. Arb., 1. p. 157. t. 1; Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 1. p. 153. t. 30.; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 636.; Mill. Dict., No. 2.'; Lodd, Cat. ed. 1836.

Synonymes. The black Walnut, the black Hickory Nut, N. Amer.; Noyer noir, Fr.

Engravings. Michx. Arb., 1. t. 1.; Michx. North Amer. Sylva, t. 30.; Jacq. Ic. Rar. 1. t. 191.; Wangh.

Amer., t. 8. f. 20; Catesh. Car., 1. t. 67.; Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 158; our fig. 1260., and the plate of this tree in our last Volume.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaflets, in a leaf, 13-17; cordate-acuminate, unequal at the base, serrated, somewhat downy; lateral ones upon short petiolules. Fruit globose, roughish with minute prominent points, situated upon a short inflexible peduncle. Nut globose, somewhat compressed at the sides, ridged and furrowed. (Michx. North Amer. Sylva, i. p. 153.) A native of fertile soil in woods in North America, from New England to Florida. Introduced in 1656, and growing to the height of from 60 ft. to 100 ft.; flowering in April or May, and ripening its fruit in October.

Description, &c. The black walnut, in the United States is often seen from 60 ft. to 70 ft. in height, with trunks of from 3 ft. to 4 ft. in diameter; and occasionally much higher, with trunks of from 6 ft. to 7 ft. in diameter. According to Michaux, when it stands insulated, its branches extend themselves horizontally to a great distance, and spread into a spacious head, which gives the tree a very majestic appear

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ance. The leaves are about 18 in. in length, composed of 6, 7, or 8 pairs of opposite leaflets, with an odd one. They are acuminate, serrated, and somewhat downy; and, when bruised, they emit a strong aromatic odour. The male catkins are simple, pendulous, and cylindrical; unlike those of the hickories, which are always compound. The fruit is round, odoriferous, and of rather an uneven surface: it is sometimes 7 in. or 8 in. in circumference when fully grown; and it always appears at the extremity of the branches. The husk is thick, and is not, as in the hickories, divided into sections; but, when ripe, it softens and gradually decays. The nut is hard, somewhat compressed at the sides, and furrowed. The kernel is divided by firm ligneous partitions. According to Michaux, it is of a sweet and agreeable taste; but Catesby says that it is very oily and rank; and, when fallen from the tree for some months, or gathered and laid by, is only eaten by squirrels or Indians. The wood is of a dark colour, approaching to black. In Kentucky, the nut is nearly as large as the European walnut; but in Genessee, where the climate is colder, it is not above half the size. Michaux says that the differences in the moulding of the fruit are so various, as to induce Europeans to consider the variations, in this respect, as indicating distinct species. In England, the tree attains as great a height as in North America, but the fruit is not quite so large. In the garden at the palace at Fulham, abundance of fruit is produced every year; and the nuts are sent to table, but scarcely considered eatable. The growth of the tree is remarkably quick, more so than that of the European walnut: the leaves come out, in Pennsylvania, in the second week of May; and, in England, about the beginning of June, before those of the common walnut. At 8 or 10 years of age, J. nigra begins to bear, and age increases its fertility. No tree will grow under its shade, and even grass is injured by it. In 40 years it will attain the height of from 50 ft. to 60 ft.

Geography. This tree is found in all parts of the United States, as far