other name to C. sinensis Willd. Schultes has given it that of Willdenoviana. There being no plant bearing the name of C. Willdenoviana in the London gardens, we can say nothing about it. ↑ 6. C. OCCIDENTALIS L. The western Celtis, or North American Nettle Tree. Identification. Lin. Sp. Pl., 1478.; Mill. Diet., No. 2., and Ic., t. 88.; Michx. Arb., 3. p. 226. t. 8., North Amer. Sylva, 3. p. 45. t. 114.; Du Roi Harbk., 1. p. 141.; Willd. Arb., 57., Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 994.; Lam. Encycl., 4. p. 137.; Du Ham. Arb., ed. I., t. 53.; N. Du Ham., 2. p. 36 t. 9; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 200., Ram, et Schult. Syst. Veg., 6. p. 306.; Wats. Dendr. Brit., t. 147.; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.

Synonymes. C. fructu obscuro purpurascente Tourn. Inst., 612.; C. obliqua Manch; Nettle Tree, Sugar Berry, Amer.; Bois inconnu, Illinois; Micocoulier de Virginie, Fr.

Engravings, Mill. Ic., t. 88.; Du Ham. Arb., ed. 1., 1. t. 53., ed. nov., 2. t. 9.; Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 3. t. 114.; Wats. Dendr. Brit., t. 147.; T. Nees ab Esenbeck Gen. Pl. Fl. Germ., fasc. 3. t. 4.; and the plates of this species in our last Volume.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate-acuminate, unequal at the base, serrate, rough on the upper surface, hairy on the under one. Fruit dull red. (Michx. N. A. S.) Fruit dark purple. (Pursh Fl. A. S.) Similar in foliage and general appearance to C. austràlis. Flowers solitary. (Michaux.) Leaves serrate, with equal teeth. Flowers, in the lower part of the branch, 3 in an axil; in the upper part, 1 only in an axil. Fruit obscurely purplish. (Rom. et Schult. Syst. Veg.) Very closely akin to C. austràlis. Leaves, when young, ovate-lanceolate, a little downy; when adult, broad-ovate, acuminate; in the acuminate part, and at the base, entire; in the interval on each side, serrate, glabrous, veined with conspicuous veins; the hinder portion of the base as narrow again as the other one. (Linn., quoted in Rom. et Schult. S. V.) C. occidentalis differs from C. austràlis, in having its leaves much broader in proportion to their length, and of an oval-acuminate form. (Lam. Encycl., iv. p. 137.) Disk of leaf 3—4 in. long. (Ræm. et Schult. S. V.) Indigenous, in woods and near rivers, from Canada to Carolina, where it flowers in May. (Pursh.) Introduced in 1656. Varieties.

† C. o. 2 cordata Willd. Wild. Baumz., p. 82.- Leaves subcordate at the base, very acuminate; above, less rough; beneath, more veiny. disk 3-4 in. long. (Willd. W. Baumz., and Rœm. et Schult. Syst. Veg.)

† C. o. 3 scabriúscula Willd. Sp. Pl., iv. p. 995., Lam. Encycl., iii. p. 137.; C. austràlis Willd. Arb., 56.; C. ?o. ß tenuifòlia Pers. Syn., 1. p. 292.; C. áspera Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836; C. orientàlis Hort.-Leaves shorter, more slender, less acuminate; roughish above, in some instances glabrous; but it can scarcely be a distinct species. (Willd. Sp. Pl.) Disk of leaf 13-2 in. long. (Ram. et Schult. S. V.) It is a native of Louisiana, and was cultivated in the Royal Garden at Paris; but, as it was killed down to the root every winter by the frost, Lamarck never saw its flowers or fruit, and, therefore, could not determine whether it was merely a variety or a distinct species. (Smith in Rees's Cyclo.)

Description, &c. This species, Michaux observes, "is similar in its foliage and general appearance to the European nettle tree, the branches of both are numerous and slender; and the limbs originate at a small distance from the ground, and take a horizontal or inclined direction." (N. Amer. Syl., iii. p. 45.) The leaves are alternate, oval, oblique at the base, very much acuminated, and somewhat rough. The flowers open early in spring, and are small, white, single, and axillary; the fruit also is small, single, of a round form, and a dull red colour. When ripe, it becomes shriveled, and of a reddish brown or black, like a very small wild cherry. It is rather fleshy, and very sweet. Michaux says that he has never seen the wood employed in any part of the United States; but, from the analogy between this species and the European one, he has no doubt but that the wood might be applied to the same purposes. The tree, in Britain, is very hardy and ornamental; and it possesses the property of keeping on all its leaves very late, and then, like the other species, dropping them all at once, so that they may be swept away at one time for litter. C. occidentàlis is readily known from C. austràlis

by its leaves being larger, and of a lighter and more shining green, and its wood being of a lighter colour in winter. The leaves also die off sooner, and of a brighter yellow, than those of the European species. It is more hardy, and is readily propagated by layers, or by seeds. The insect most commonly found on the nettle tree and hackberry, in America, is the Sphinx drupiferàrum, or Hackberry Hawk Moth. (Abbott and Smith's Insects of Georgia, and our fig. 1253.) This insect greatly resembles the privet hawk

moth (p.1201.); but the colour of the moth is a beautiful shaded brown, without any tinge of redness. The larva is green, beautifully marked with shaded pink and a brilliant white.

Statistics. Celtis occidentalis in the Environs of London. At Syon, it is 54 ft. high; diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 4 in., and of the head 30 ft. In the Fulham Nursery, 70 years planted, it is 50 ft. high.

Celtis occidentalis South of London. In Devonshire, at Killerton, 25 years planted, it is 33 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 9 in., and of the head 31 ft. In Surrey, at Barn Elms, it is 40 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 54 ft. In Sussex, at Westdean, 14 years planted, it is 19 ft. high.

Celtis occidentalis North of London. In Cambridgeshire, in the Cambridge Botanic Garden, it is 35 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 7 in., and of the head 24 ft. In Durham, at Southend, 6 years planted, it is 11 ft. high. In Lancashire, in the Manchester Botanic Garden, 5 years planted, it is 4 ft. high. In Oxfordshire, in the Oxford Botanic Garden, it is 30 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 4 in., and of the head 30 ft. In Suffolk, in the Bury Botanic Garden, 10 years planted, it is 12 ft. high; at Ampton Hall, 12 years old, it is 11 ft. high. In Worcestershire, at Croome, 20 years planted, it is 20 ft. high; at Croome (var. scabriúscula), 20 years planted, it is 15 ft. high. In Yorkshire, in the Hull Botanic Garden, 10 years planted, it is 13 ft. high.

Celtis occidentalis in Scotland. In the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, 14 ft. high. At Dalhousie Castle, 6 years planted, it is 8 ft. high.

Celtis occidentalis in Ireland. Near Dublin, at Terenure, 8 years planted, it is 6 ft. high. Celtis occidentalis in Foreign Countries. In France, at Paris, in the Jardin des Plantes, 130 years old, it is 68 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 8 in., and of the head 40 ft.; at Nantes, in the nursery of M. De Nerrières, 29 years planted, it is 29 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft.; in the Botanic Garden at Avranches, 40 years planted, it is 40 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and of the bead 28 ft. In Hanover, in the Botanic Garden at Göttingen, 30 years planted, it is 30 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft. In Saxony, at Wörlitz, 30 years planted, it is 40 ft. high. In Austria, at Vienna, in the University Botanic Garden, 60 years planted, it is 55 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 29 ft.; at Brück on the Leytha, 45 years planted, it is 60 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 23 ft., and of the head 40 ft. In Bavaria, at Munich, in the Botanic Garden, 24 years planted, it is 15 ft high. In Prussia, at Berlin, in the Botanic Garden, 30 years planted, it is 15 ft. high; in the Pfauen Insel, 40 years planted, it is 26 ft. high, with a trunk 8 in. in diameter.

7. C. CRASSIFOLIA Lam. The thick-leaved Celtis, or Hackberry. Identification. Lam. Encycl., 4. p. 132.; Michx. Arb., 3. p. 228. t. 9.; North Amer. Sylva, 3. p. 47., t. 115.; Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 995.; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 200.; N. Du Ham., 2. p. 37. ; Roem. et Schult. Syst. Veg., 6. p. 307.

Synonymes. C. cordifolia L'Hérit. Hort. Par.; C. cordata Desfont., t. 2. p. 448., Dum. Cours. Bot. Cult., 6. 389., Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836; Hagberry or Hoop-ash, Amer.; Micocoulier à Feuilles en Cœur, Fr. Engravings. Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 3. t. 115.; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 9.; and our fig. 1254. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves with disks ovate-acuminate, 6 in. long, 3-4 in. broad; heart-shaped, auricled and unequal at the base; serrated with unequal teeth, rather leathery, rough on both surfaces. Flowers 1-2 upon the peduncle. Fruit black. (Michx., Lam. Encycl., Willd., Pursh.) Indigenous to North America, in woods and near rivers in Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee; in which places it flowers in May. (Pursh.) Allied to C. occidentalis. Young branches downy. Bark red brown. Leaves 5 in. long, and more. Petioles slightly hairy, 3-6 lines long. Flowers much like those of C. austràlis, upon slender peduncles; the peduncles of the fruit longer than the petioles. Fruit of the size of the bird cherry. (Lamarck, as quoted in Roem. et Schult. Syst. Veg., vi. p. 307.)

Description, &c. This, according to Michaux, is a very distinct species; and it forms one of the finest trees which compose the dusky forests of the Ohio." It sometimes grows to the height of more than 80 ft., but with a trunk of the very disproportionate diameter of only 18 in. or 20 in. "The hackberry is distinguished by the form of its trunk, which is straight, and undivided to a great height; and by its bark, which is greyish, unbroken, and covered with asperities unequally distributed over its surface. Its leaves are larger than those of any other species of nettle tree; being 6 in. long, and 3 in. or 4 in. broad. They are ovalacuminate, denticulated, cordiform at the base, of a thick substantial texture, and of a rough surface. The flowers are small, white, and often united in pairs on a common peduncle. The fruit is round, about as large as a pea, and black at its maturity." (N. Amer. Syl., iii. p. 48.) The hackberry is found in the greatest abundance in the western states of America, and on the banks of rivers and in valleys, wherever the soil is fertile, in Kentucky and Tennessee. The banks of the Delaware above Philadelphia may be considered as its north-eastern boundary; and it has never been found in any of the more southern states. It was introduced into England in 1812. It is principally considered, even in America, as an ornamental tree; and is well adapted for planting in situations where a screen or shade is required, from the rapidity and luxuriance of its growth, and the large size and thick texture of its leaves. The wood is of little value, from its weakness, and its liability to decay when exposed to the weather. It is, however, "fine-grained and compact, though not heavy; and, when freshly exposed, it is quite white. Sawn in a direction parallel or oblique to its concentric circles, it exhibits the fine undulations that are observed in the elm and the locust." (N. Amer. Syl., iii. p. 48.) The sap-wood, Michaux adds, if laid open in spring, will change, in a few minutes, to green, from a pure white. The only uses to which the wood is applied, in America, is for shingles, for the bottoms of chairs, and for baskets; for which it is admirably adapted, from its lightness, facility to split, and elasticity. The plants of this kind of Céltis, in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges (where it is named C. cordata), are quite small; and from their appearance we should judge it to be only a variety of C. occidentalis, though, according to Michaux's figure (of which fig. 1254. is a reduced copy), the two sorts are very distinct.

Statistics. In Cheshire, at Eaton Hall, a tree, 13 years planted, is 15 ft. high. In Durham, at South End, 6 years planted, it is 11 ft. high. Near Dublin, at Terenure, 10 years planted, it is 8 ft high. In Austria, at Brück on the Leytha, 12 years planted, it is 9 ft. high. In Lombardy, at Monza, 24 years planted, it is 35 ft. high; diameter of the trunk 7 in., and of the head 20 ft.

8. C. LEVIGA TA Willd. The glabrous-leaved Celtis, or Nettle Tree. Identification. Willd. Enum. Suppl., p. 68.; Willd. Baumz., p. 81.; Rom. et Schult. Syst. Veg., 6. p. 306.

Synonyme. Sprengel has suggested, in the Index to his Syst. Veg., that glabràta is the epithet fitter for this species than lævigata: glabràta signifies rendered, or become, bald; lævigàtà, rendered perfectly even in surface.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, subcordate at the base, nearly entire; glabrous on the upper surface; roughish upon the veins on the under one. (Willd. Enum. Suppl.) In Roem. et Schult. Syst. Veg., a somewhat different specific character is quoted from Willd. Wild. Baumz, p. 81., the following: - Leaves ovate, acuminate, subcordate at the base, unequal there, nearly entire, glabrous on both surfaces. Additionally to the specific character, it is stated as follows:It is a large tree. Its leaves have 1-2 teeth at the tip. It is a native of Louisiana. To this kind seems to belong that Céltis named C. americàna, or Micocoulier de la Louisiane, cultivated in the Paris Garden, which Poiret, in Encycl. Suppl., 3. p. 668., No. 10., has noticed to have its leaves membranous, rough on both surfaces, yet nearly glabrous; with the base with one side shorter than the other, and narrower, and some leaves almost falcate.

9. C. PUMILA Ph. The dwarf Celtis, or Nettle Tree.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 200.; Rom. et Schult. Syst. Veg., 6. p. 307.

Spec. Char., &c. A small straggling bush. Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate with equal teeth; unequal at the base; downy while young, afterwards nearly glabrous on both surfaces. Flowers 3 upon a peduncle. Fruit solitary, ovate, black. Indigenous to the banks of rivers in Maryland and Virginia, where it flowers in May. Pursh has seen the kind alive. (Pursh Fl. A. S.) The plant was introduced by Lyon in 1812; and the name is in Loddiges's Catalogue, ed. 1836; but we have not seen the plant there or elsewhere.

App. i. Species of Céltis half-hardy, or not yet introduced.

C. orientalis Lin., R. Mal, 4. t. 40., and our fig. 1255., is a native of the Himalayas, introduced in 1820. In foliage it resembles C. occidentalis; but we have only seen a very small plant of it, against a wall, in the Horticultural Society's Garden. In p. 174., five Himalayan species are enumerated as likely to prove hardy or half-hardy; but none of them are yet introduced. In the Hortus Britan nicus three species are enumerated as indigenous to Jamaica, and as, in Britain, requiring the stove; but, as C. orientalis is also designated as a stove tree in catalogues, it is possible that the Jamaica species may be equally hardy. In the Himalayas, Royle observes, the genus Céltis occurs at considerable elevations, and as far north as Cashmere. C. orientalis Wall., which we suppose to be identical with C. orientàlis Lin., "and species allied to it, occur in the hottest places; C. tetrandra Roxb. extends along the foot of the mountains as far as Cashmere." C. alpina Royle was found by Mr. Royle on Urrutka, nearly at the greatest elevation, and if it were introduced would, doubtless, be hardy in the climate of London. C. Inglèsit Royle occurs in Kunawur; and is, doubtless, equally hardy with C. alpina As the seeds of Céltis go in little bulk, and retain their vital energies for at least a year, there will be little difficulty, we think, in getting these species introduced into Britain.

CHAP. CII.

OF THE HARDY LIGNEOUS PLANTS OF THE ORDER JUGLANDA CEA.

THE hardy ligneous plants of this order are included in the genera named and characterised as under:

JU GLANS L. Flowers unisexual; those of both sexes upon one plant. Male. Flowers in cylindrical, drooping, solitary catkins; many in a catkin: the catkins developed from buds borne by shoots produced previously to the year in which the catkins appear. Calyx of 5-6 scales, that are attached to a bractea at a distance from its base and tip. (Is the flower stalked, and connate with the bractea?) Stamens 18-36.-Female. Flowers solitary, or a few in a group, terminal upon a shoot developed in the same year. Calyx ovate, including and adhering to the ovary, except in the 4-toothed tip. Petals 4, small, inserted into the free part of the calyx. Ovary of one cell, and one erect ovule. Stigmas 2-3, fleshy, scaly with

glands. Fruit a drupe (a tryma, Watson). Covering of the nut, a fleshy husk of one piece, that bursts irregularly. Nut woody, of 2 valves. Seed I, erect, lobed, wrinkled, eatable in most, perhaps all.—Species 4, 3 native to North America, 1 to Asia. Large trees. Rate of growth quicker than in Carya. Leaf bud not covered by scales. Leaves alternate, impari-pinnate, of 5-19 leaflets, all but the terminal one in opposite, or nearly opposite, pairs; all serrate in most, and all spreading in one plane. Some species pubigerous; ? hairs simple, glanded. (T. Nees ab Esenbeck Gen. Pl. Fl. Germ., Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot., Nuttall Gen. N. Amer. Pl., Michaux North Amer. Sylva, and observation.)

CARYA Nuttall. Flowers unisexual, those of the two sexes upon one plant; male, female, and leaves, all upon a shoot, developed from one bud in the year of the flowering; male flowers borne at the base of the shoot below the leaves, or in the axils of the lower leaves; the female flowers, a few together about the tip of the shoot.-Male. Flowers in slender pendulous catkins, that are disposed 3 upon a peduncle. Calyx a 3-parted minute leaf. Stamens 4-6.- Female. Calyx including, and adhering to, the ovary: its tip free, and 4-cleft. Stigma sessile upon the ovary, partly discoid, 2-4-lobed. Fruit a drupe (a tryma, Watson). Husk fleshy, separating into 4 equal valves, or dividing into 4 equal portions in the upper part. Nut with 4 or more bluntish angles in its transverse outline; the surface pretty even. Seed eatable or bitter.-Species about 10, native to North America. Large trees. Rate of growth slower than in Juglans. Bark appearing reticulated. Leaf buds partially covered with scales in some species, naked in others. Leaves alternate, impari-pinnate, of 5—15 serrate leaflets; all, except the terminal one, in opposite, or nearly opposite, pairs; and all spreading in one plane. Pubescence stellate. Fruit upon short stiff stalks. Nuttall has stated (Gen.) that the sexes are polygamous; but he has not described the bisexual flowers, nor the disposition of them. (Nuttall Gen., Michaux N. Amer. Sylva, Watson Dend. Brit.) PTEROCA RYA Kunth. Flowers unisexual, those of the 2 sexes upon one plant. -Male. Flowers in spikes. Stamens in a flower many.-Female. Flowers in long pendulous spikes, and distant, sessile, and ? without bracteas. Calyx connate with the ovary, except in a terminal portion, which is cleft into ?3-5? unequal lobes. Ovary, and the part of the calyx that is connate with it, taken together, flagon-shaped, bearing 2 wings above the base; their direction transverse and oblique: cell 1; ovule 1, erect. Style 1, very short. Stigmas 2, large, spreading, revolute. Fruit subdrupaceous, angled; having 2 wings, as the ovary; much tapered to the tip, not opening, containing a bony nut, which has 4 cells in its lower part, whose partitions do not extend to the top, so that it is 1-celled there. Seed 1, its lower part in 4 deep lobes. Embryo not accompanied by albumen; its radicle uppermost.-Species 1, indigenous to the eastern part of Caucasus, and in moist woods, by the Caspian Sea. A tree. Leaves impari-pinnate not dotted; leaflets about 17, lanceolate, sessile, unequal at the base, argutely serrulate; the veins beneath villous. Fruit small. (Kunth in Ann. Scien. Nat, ii. p. 346.; Willd. Sp. Pl.; and Spreng. Syst. Veg.).

GENUS I.

JUGLANS L. THE WALNUT TREE. Lin. Syst. Mono'cia Polyándria. Identification. Schreb. Lin. Gen., No. 1446.; T. Nees ab Esenbeck Gen. Pl. Fl. Germ., fasc. 3. t. 2. ; Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. Pl.. 2. p. 220., Lindl. Nat. Syst. of Bot., p. 180.

Synonymes. Noyer, Fr.; Walnuss, Ger.

Derivation. Juglans is contracted from Jovis, Jove's, and glans, a mast, or acorn; and was applied by the Roman writers to this tree, on account of the excellence of its fruit as food, compared with