bullfinches, pheasants, and other birds. A rose colour is drawn from them, for tinting maps and prints; and their juice, with the addition of alum, is used for dyeing wool and silk green. In Germany, they furnish a colour for painting playing cards; and in Flanders their juice is employed for colouring wine. But one of the most remarkable products of the berries is a greenish, mild, agreeably flavoured oil; which may be used both for culinary purposes and lamps, and for making soap. For making this oil, the berries are put into a cask for twelve or fifteen hours; they are then taken out and ground, and afterwards pressed, and the oil skimmed off. The marc, or mass of husks and seeds, is then ground a second time, heated and moistened, and again pressed; when a supply of oil of an inferior description is obtained, which is used for coarser purposes. In Belgium and Silesia, the small twigs are used by the tanners; and for this purpose the privet hedges are clipped in the month of June; and the clippings are dried in the sun, or in stoves, and afterwards reduced to powder; in which state they are sent to the tanneries. In Belgium, the shoots are used, like those of the osier, for tying articles, in basket-making, &c., and as props for vines. The wood makes a superior description of charcoal, which is used in the manufacture of gunpowder. In Britain, the most valuable use of the privet is as a hedge plant, and as an undergrowth in ornamental plantations. On the Continent, it is also much used as a hedge plant, the sets being taken from the indigenous woods; and, unlike other shrubs so transplanted, seldom failing to grow freely. This is, doubtless, one reason why the plant has been so much employed for hedges, wherever it is indigenous. From its property of growing under the drip of trees, it forms a good subevergreen undergrowth, where the box, the holly, or the common laurel would be too expensive, or too tedious of growth. The privet has been long used in the court-yards of dwelling-houses, for concealing naked walls, and preventing the eye from seeing objects or places which it is considered desirable to conceal from the view. It thrives well in towns where pit-coal is used; and the best hedges surrounding the squares of London are of this shrub. Trained against a white stone or plastered wall, it produces a very pleasing effect, suggesting the idea of a large vigorous-growing myrtle. The evergreen variety forms a most valuable plant in suburban shrubberies; and both it and the common sort, when trained with a single stem 6 ft. or 8 ft. high, will make some of the most desirable small trees that can be planted on a lawn; on account of their neat compact form, and somewhat pendulous, and yet picturesquely tufted, branches, their profusion of white flowers, and their groups of black fruit, which remain on all the winter, and form a powerful attraction to the blackbird and the thrush in spring. The varieties with white, yellow, and green fruit are very ornamental during winter, as is the variegated-leaved variety during spring. The privet may be used as a stock for the different species of lilac, and, probably, for all the Oleàceæ.

Soil, Situation, Propagation, &c. The privet grows best in rather a strong loam, somewhat moist; and it attains the largest size in an open situation : but it will grow on any soil, and under the shade and drip of deciduous trees, though by no means of evergreen ones. In good moist soils, under the shade of trees, or in hedges protected by the hawthorn, it becomes nearly evergreen, as it does, also, when cultivated in rich garden soils, in sheltered situations. Though all the varieties bear seed, and the common sort in great abundance, yet plants, in British nurseries, are almost always raised by cuttings, which not only produce larger plants of the species in a shorter period, but continue the varieties with greater certainty. When plants are to be raised from seed, the berries should be treated like haws, and kept a year in the rot-heap, or sown immediately after being gathered, as, if otherwise treated, they will not come up for 18 months. As shrubs, privet plants require very little pruning; but, as low trees, they must have the side shoots from the stem carefully rubbed off whenever they appear. Treated as hedges, or as verdant sculptures, for which they are particularly well adapted, they may be clipped twice a year, in June and March; and, every five or six years, the sides of the hedges ought to be

severely cut in, one side at a time, so as to remove the network of shoots, which, in consequence of continual clipping, forms on the exterior surface, and which, by preventing the air from getting to the main stems, would seriously injure the plants.

Accidents, Diseases, &c. The privet is not subject to be injured by the weather, nor is it liable to the canker, mildew, or other diseases

but the Sphinx ligústri, or privet 1021
hawk moth (fig. 1021.), and the Pha-
læ'na syringària, feed on it in their
caterpillar state; as does the Cantharis
vesicatòria (see p. 1224.), the well-
known blister-beetle, commonly
called the Spanish fly. The larva of
the privet hawk-moth is grass green,
with stripes of white, purple, or flesh
colour, on the sides; the chrysalis
(a, in fig. 1021.) is brown; and the

eggs (of which brepresents one of the natural size, and the section of another magnified showing the embryo insect,) are oval. The perfect insect measures 44 in. when its wings are expanded; and the larva feeds principally on the privet, though it is found occasionally on the lilac, laurustinus, &c.

Commercial Statistics. Plants, in the London nurseries, are 16s. per hundred; at Bollwyller, plants of the species are 20 francs per 100, and the variety with white fruit 50 cents, and that with green fruit 1 franc per plant; and at New York, the species is 37 cents, and the varieties 50 cents per plant.

sti 2. I. SPICA TUM Hamilt. The spiked-flowered Privet.

Identification. Hamilt. MSS. ex D. Don Prod. Fl. Nep., p. 107.; Don's Mill., 4. p. 45.
Synonymes. L. nepalénse Wall. in Rox. Fl. Ind., 1. p. 151., Pl. Rar. Asiat., 3. p. 17. t. 231.; L. lan
ceolatum Herb. Lamb.; L. nepalénse var. glabrum Hook. in Bot. Mag., t. 2921.
Engravings. Pl. Asiat. Kar., 3. p. 17. t. 231.; Bot. Mag., t. 2921. ; and our fig. 1022.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves elliptic, acute,

hairy beneath, as well as the branchlets.
Flowers crowded, almost sessile, spi-
cate, disposed in a thyrse, having the
axis very hairy. Bracteas minute.
Flowers white. (Don's Mill., iv.
p. 45.)
A shrub, from 6 ft. to 8 ft. high; a na-
tive of Nepal, on the mountains. It
was introduced in 1823, and flowers in
June and July. Though commonly
treated as a green-house plant, there
can be little doubt of its being as hardy
as L. lùcidum, the species to be next
described. It should be grafted on the
common privet; and, if planted in a
dry soil and rather sheltered situation
open to the sun, it will be the more

likely to make no more wood than what it can ripen before winter.

3. L. LUCIDUM Ait. The shining-leaved Privet, or Wax Tree.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 19.; Don's Mill., 4. p. 45.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 2565.; and our figs. 1023. and 1024. The former, drawn to a
to 4 ft., is a portrait of a tree in the Fulham Nursery, as it appeared in October, 1835.
Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminated, shining above.
thyrsoid, spreading much. Leaves broad. Flowers white.

scale of 1 in.

Panicles This tree

affords a kind of waxy matter. (Don's Mill., iv. p. 45.) A tree, from 10 ft. to 20 ft. high, a native of China. It was introduced in 1794, and flowers profusely in September and October. This species forms a very handsome low subevergreen tree; or, when it is not trained to a single, stem, a large showy bush. There are good specimens of it, as trees, between 10 ft. and 12 ft. high, in the Fulham and Brompton Nurseries; and, as shrubs, in the Horticultural Society's Garden, and

in Messrs. Loddiges's

arboretum. There is a remarkably fine specimen in the Duke of Marlborough's private garden at Blenheim; and there are some, also, at White Knights. It is propagated by layers, or by grafting

on the common privet. Price of plants, in the London nurseries, from 1s. to 1s. 6d. each.

Variety.

IL. 1.2 floribundum Donald's Cat. has larger
bunches of flowers than the species.

L. salicifolium. A plant to which this name might be suitable has been in the arboretum at Kew since 1823. It was raised from a withe, which had been tied round a package of plants, received from the Cape of Good Hope in that year, by Mr. Smith. It bears a close general resemblance to the common privet, but differs from it in having the leaves much larger, and the flowers in large compound spikes, like those of L. lùcidum. The leaves, in form, colour, and texture, closely resemble those of the plants alluded to in the following appendix, as having been raised by Messrs. Loddiges from Kamaon seeds. The plant is quite hardy, and retains its foliage the greater part of the winter. It flowers freely every year, but has not yet ripened seeds.

1024

App. i. Species of Ligustrum not yet introduced.

L. sinense Lour. Coch., 19., Don's Mill., 4. p. 45., is a native of China, near Canton, with lanceolate, tomentose leaves, white flowers, and small brown berries. It grows to the height of 6 ft. or 8 ft.

L. japonicum Thunb. Fl. Jap., p. 17. t. 1.; L. latifolium Vitm.; is a native of Japan, with oblongovate, grooved leaves, and white flowers, growing to the height of 6 ft. or 8 ft.

L. pubescens Wall. Cat., 1742., is a native of the Burmese empire, with downy branches, and flowers and fruit in panicles: the berries are oblong.

L. bracteolatum D. Don Prod. Fl. Nep., 107.; L. japonicum Hamilt.; Phillyrea bracteolata Herb. Lamb.; has the leaves ovate-lanceolate, the flowers disposed in bracteate panicles, and the peduneles very hairy. It is a native of Nepal.

As the seeds of the privet will keep several years, it is to be hoped that the above species will, at no distant period, be introduced through the exertions of Dr. Wallich and other botanists of the East. Some plants in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, lately raised from seeds received from Kamaon, in the Himalayas, appear to belong to this genus.

GENUS II.

PHILLY'REA Tourn. THE Phillyrea.

Lin. Syst. Diándria Monogynia.

Identification. Dioscor.; Tourn. Inst., 367.; Lin. Gen., No. 19.; Vaill. Acad. Scien., p. 197. t. 13.
f. 35-37.; Juss. Gen., 106.; Gærtn. Fruct., 2. p. 11. t. 92.; Vent. Mal., 2. p. 313.; Lam. Ill., 1. t. 8.;
Lindl. Nat. Syst. Bot., p. 308.; Don's Mill., 4. p. 45.
Synonymes. Filaria, Fr.; Steinlinde, Ger.

Derivation. From phullon, a leaf; or from Philyra, the mother of Chiron, who was changed into a tree.
Gen. Char., &c. Calyx small, tubular, 4-toothed, permanent. Corolla short, cam-
panulate, rotate, 4-cleft, deciduous. Stamens a little exserted, with short
filaments. Style simple. Stigma thickish. Drupe globose, containing a 2-
celled nut; one of the cells usually abortive. Seed solitary in each cell.
Albumen rather farinaceous or fleshy. (Don's Mill., iv. p. 45.)—Leaves oppo-
site, racemes axillary. Flowers greenish white. Drupes black, globose.
Evergreen shrubs, or low trees; natives of the south of Europe, and of
some parts of Western Asia. In British gardens, where they have been in
cultivation for nearly three centuries, they are all most desirable evergreen
shrubs, on account of their shining dark green leaves, and the fragrance of
their numerous white flowers, which are propagated by cuttings or layers;
and will grow in any common garden soil. The different sorts described as
species are, probably, only varieties, originated at a time when the phillyrea
was the principal evergreen in British nurseries. At the present day,
one half of these varieties are only to be found in botanic gardens,
because there is no demand for them in the nurseries. We think there
should be only one specific name, which may be that of P. oppositifòlia,
under which all the other sorts might be arranged as varieties and sub-
varieties. We have not, however, ventured to adopt this name, in con-
formity with our principle, of giving no new names whatever; but we have
adopted the names P. angustifòlia, P. mèdia, and P. latifòlia, as botanical
species, believing these forms to be most distinct, and most common in a
wild state. By general observers, the phillyrea is frequently confounded
with the alaternus; but the species of that genus have their leaves placed
alternately on their branches, whereas in the phillyrea they are opposite.
The alaternus has, also, 5 stamens to each flower; while the phillyrea has
only 2. Gerard mentions that the phillyrea grows wild about Ascalon;
that it was brought to England from Narbonne and Montpelier, in France;
and that he planted several sorts in the Earl of Essex's garden, at Barn
Elms, near London; adding, "I have them growing in my garden likewise.”
(See p. 38. and p. 39.) Price of plants, in the London nurseries, 5l. per
hundred, or 1s. 6d. each; at Bollwyller and New York they are green-
house plants. It was formerly, like the alaternus, which, as we have before
observed (p. 531.), was often confounded with the phillyrea, in much re-
pute for covering naked walls, and clipping into figures of balls, men,
animals, &c. The largest phillyrea hedge in England is said to be at
Brampton Park, near Huntingdon, the seat of Lady Olivia B. Sparrow.

1. P. ANGUSTIFOLIA L. The narrow-leaved Phillyrea. Identification. Lin. Sp., 1. p. 10.; Vahl Enum., 1. p. 36.; Don's Mill., 4. p. 45. ; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836. Synonymes. P. obliqua Tenore Syll., p. 9.; P. mèdia Tenore Fl. Neap., 3. p. 6. Engravings. Lam. Ill., 8. 3.; and our fig. 1025.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves linear-lanceolate, quite entire. Branches beset with elevated dots. Leaves obsoletely veined. (Don's Mill., iv. p. 45.) A shrub, from 8 ft. to 10 ft. high; a native of Italy and Spain. It was intro

1025

1026

duced in 1597, and flowers in May and June. It
grows in any common soil; and is readily propagated
by cuttings or layers. When
raised from seeds, the berries
should be prepared in the
rot-heap, like haws.

Varieties.

P. a. 2 lanceolata Ait.
Hort. Kew., i. p. 11.
-Leaves lanceolate.
Branches erect.

P. a. 3 rosmarinifolia
Ait. Hort. Kewensis; .
and our fig. 1026.-

Leaves lanceolate-subulate, elongated. Branches straight. P. a. 4 brachiata Ait. Hort. Kew., i. p. 11.-Leaves oblong-lanceolate, shorter than in the other varieties. Branches divaricate.

2. P. ME DIA L.

Identification. Lin. Sp., p. 10.;

The intermediate, or lance-leaved, Phillyrea.
Don's Mill., 4. p. 45.; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.

Synonymes. P. latifolia var. mèdia Lapeyr. Pl. Pyr., p. 4.; P. ligustrifolia Mill. Dict., No. 4.; P. læ vis Tenore Syll., p. 9.; P. latifolia var. A. ligustrifolia Poll. Pl. Ver., 1. p. 7. Engravings. Kerner, t. 774.; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 27.; and our fig. 1027. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves lanceolate, quite entire, or a little serrated in the middle, triple-nerved, veiny. (Don's Mill., iv. p. 45.) A shrub, from 10 ft. to 15 ft. high; a native of the south of Europe. It was introduced in 1597, and flowers in May and June. The culture of this is similar to that of the preceding and following sorts. For exposed situations, in the central and southern districts of England, few shrubs are better adapted than this kind of phillyrea. It grows slowly and regularly on every side; and in the course of a dozen years forms a dense evergreen bush, of somewhat hemispherical shape, having naturally more of a gardenesque character than belongs to any

other species or variety of the genus. This sort, and P. angustifolia, are those most commonly to be met with in British nurseries.

Varieties.

P. m. 2 virgata Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 11.-Leaves lanceolate. Branches erect.

P. m. 3 buxifolia Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 11.-Leaves oval-oblong, bluntish,

3. P. (M.) LIGUSTRIFOLIA Ait. The Privet-leaved Phillyrea. Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 11.; Don's Mill., 4. p. 45.

Synonymes. P. virgata Willd. Enum., 1. p. 12.; P. mèdia var. A. Willd. Sp., 1. p. 42.; Phillyrea iii. Clus. Hist., p. 52. Engraving. Lob. Icon., 2. p. 131.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, subserrated in the middle, obsoletely veined. Branches erect. (Don's Mill., iv. p. 45.) A shrub, from 10 ft. to 15 ft. high; a native of the south of Europe, as of Spain and the south of France. It was introduced in 1596, and flowers in May and June.

4. P. (M.) PENDULA Ait. The drooping-branched Phillyrea. Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 11.; Don's Mill., 4. p. 45.

Synonyme. P. mèdia y Willd. Sp., 1. p. 43.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, obsoletely serrated at the apex, veiny. Branches drooping. (Don's Mill., iv. p. 46.) A shrub, from 10 ft. to 15 ft. high; a native of the south of Europe. Introduced in 1597, and flowering in May and June.

5. P. (M.) OLEEFO`LIA Ait. The Olive-leaved Phillyrea.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 11.; Don's Mill., 4. p. 46.

Synonymes. P. mèdia & Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 11.; P. racemòsa Link Jahrb., 1. p. 160.

Engraving. Pluk., t. 310. f. 1.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, almost entire, obtuse, narrowed at the base, veiny. Branches erectish. (Don's Mill., iv. p. 46.) A shrub, from 10 ft to 15 ft. high; a native of the south of Europe. Introduced in 1597, and flowering in May and June.