Society, and in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, are 12 ft. high, after having been 10 years planted. Variety. A. h. 2 Milleri (A. Milleri Mayes in West of England Journ. of Science and Lit., Jan. 1835; and Gard. Mag., xi. p. 259.) was raised from seed in the Bristol Nursery, from the scarlet-flowered variety of A. U nedo and A. Andráchne. The flowers are of a delicate pink, the leaves are large, and the plant vigorous. 3. A. ANDRA'CHNE L. The Andrachne Arbutus, or Strawberry Tree. Identification. Lin. Sp., 566.; Ehret Act. Angl., 57. p. 114. t. 6.; Ker Bot. Reg., t. 113.; Sims Bot. Mag., t. 2024.; Don's Mill., 3. p. 834. Synonymes. A. integrifolia Lam.; Andráchne Theophrásti Clus. Hist., 1. p. 48.; Andráchne Park. Theatr., 1490., f. 2. This is the Adrachne of Theophrastus; and it is called Adrachla in modern Greek. Engravings. Ehret Act. Angl., 57. t. 6. Bot. Reg., t. 113.; Bot. Mag., t. 2024.; Park. Theatr., 1490. f. 2.; and the plate in our last Volume. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves oblong, bluntish, entire in some, a little serrated in others, glabrous. Panicles terminal, erect, clothed with viscid down. Flowers greenish white. Fruit like that of A. Unedo. (Don's Mill., iii. p. 384.) A native of Greece, Asia Minor, and Tauria. Varieties. Tournefort enumerates three varieties, which he observed in the Levant: 1. With serrated leaves; 2. With a large oblong fruit; 3. With large compressed fruit: but there is only the A. A. 2 serratifolia (A. serratifolia Nois.; the serrated-leaved Arbutus, 921 Description. This species differs from the common arbutus in having much longer leaves, smooth, coriaceous, and shining, and but slightly, if at all, serrated, and polished; but the outer bark cracks, and peels off in very thin papery layers, annually. By this feature alone it is readily distinguished from the common arbutus. The flowers resemble those of the common sort; but the fruit is oval, with flat seeds; whereas in the common sort the seeds are pointed and angular. The plants, when young, are somewhat tender; but, if kept in pots till 2 ft. or 3 ft. high before they are planted out, they will endure the winters in the neighbourhood of London without any protection; and will grow nearly as rapidly as the common arbutus, becoming eventually much larger and finer trees. Geography. The A'rbutus Andráchne is most abundant in the Levant. It is found in the Isle of Candia, and in various islands of the Archipelago, in the neighbourhood of Damascus, Aleppo and Antioch; also on Mount Olympus, about Smyrna, and in various other ports of Syria. It is found in some places in the north of Africa. History. The tree abounds in Greece, and is mentioned by Theophrastus and other writers under the name of Adrachne. Pausanias says that the Adrachne produces the best fruit on Mount Helicon. In the Nouveau Du Hamel, it is stated that the translators of Pausanias have confounded two names, by which the Greeks designated two plants quite different: Adrachne, which is the species of 4'rbutus now before us; and Andrachne, the Portulaca of the Latins, and the modern Verónica Beccabúnga. Clusius, J. Bauhin, Ray, and Tournefort recognised this difference, and spelt the word accordingly; but Linnæus paid no attention to it. Theophrastus says that the Adrachne is a tree of which the leaves at the extremities of the branches are always green; and that its wood is employed for making tools for the weaver, and spindles for the women. Pliny says that the Adrachne resembles the Unedo; and Adrachla is the vulgar name for this species of Arbutus throughout Greece, at the present day, as indicated in the synonymes above. This species was first brought to England from Smyrna in 1724, and cultivated at Eltham by Dr. Sherard; many years afterwards, it was sent from London to Paris; and it is now frequent in the gardens in the neighbourhood of both capitals: in the environs of London, as a shrub or low tree in the open ground; and about Paris, as a conservatory plant for training against a wall, and protecting in winter. In Smith's Correspondence of Linnæus, it is stated that the Arbutus Andráchne flowered for the first time in Europe in Dr. Fothergill's garden at Ham House, in Essex, in May, 1766. The plant there was raised from seed sent to Dr. Fothergill from Dr. Russell of Aleppo, in 1756. After Dr. Fothergill's death, the plant was sold by auction, in August, 1781, for 53/. 11s. It was purchased by a nurseryman for the purpose of being cut up into scions for grafting on the common Arbutus. It is also stated that a tree fully twice as large as that at Ham House, which was long the boast of the Chelsea Botanic Garden, was killed by the cold winter of 1796, Properties and Uses. In countries where it is indigenous, the fruit is eaten, and the wood used for fuel and other useful purposes. The tree was so abundant in the neighbourhood of Aleppo, that, in Russell's time, it supplied nearly half the fuel in the city. In Britain, it is only to be considered in the light of an ornamental tree; and there are few evergreens which can be compared with it for the beauty and varied disposition of its foliage, and the singularity of the bark of its trunk, which annually presents a new and smooth surface to the eye. Soil, Situation, &c. A free sandy loam, kept rather moist, seems to suit this tree where the climate is favourable to it: for example, in the neighbourhood of London; but farther north, a dry soil will be found preferable, in order that the plant may not be stimulated to make more wood than it can thoroughly ripen. The situation should always be sheltered, though not shaded by other trees. In a gardenesque arrangement of trees, the particular beauty of the trunk and branches of the andrachne will be best observed; but, if planted in picturesque masses in a shrubbery, its forms and foliage will harmonise very well with those of other species of A'rbutus, and of the larger Ericàceæ. Statistics. In the environs of London there are plants of Arbutus Andráchne, as standards, from 8 ft. to 10 ft. high one in the Hackney arboretum, 12 ft. high; and one in the Chelsea Botanic Garden 12 ft. high: there are also plants at White Knights, 13 ft. high, with heads 15 ft. in diameter. There is a tree of this species in the Edinburgh New Botanic Garden, which was removed thither from the old one in 1822, when it was 13 ft. in height, with a stem 10 in. in diameter, at 1 ft. from the ground. We have received notices of several other large specimens; but, as A. hybrida resembles A. Andráchne in general appearance, and in the circumstance of casting its bark, we believe that species to have been frequently mistaken for the Oriental one in some of the accounts that have been sent us, from the rapid growth attributed to the trees. Price of plants, in the London nurseries, is from 3s. 6d. to 58. each. 4. A. PROCE'RA Douglas. The tall Arbutus, or Strawberry Tree. Identification. Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 1573. Spec. Char., &c. A robust shrub, or rather tree, a native of the mountainous woody parts of the north-west coast of North America, sent by Mr. Douglas to the London Horticultural Society, in 1827. It bears a general resemblance to A. Andráchne, but differs from it altogether in the form and serratures of its leaves, and in the form and size of its flowers, the corollas of which are of a delicate greenish white. Till the plant is 3 or 4 years old, it requires protection during winter; and it will probably be found advisable, in most situations north of London, to train it to a wall. There is a plant against the wall, in the Garden of the Horticultural Society, which has stood there since 1830, and has grown as high as the wall. In the Fulham Nursery, this species appears to grow with greater rapidity than any other of the genus. It is propagated by grafting on the common species; and plants are 7s. 6d. each. 5. A. TOMENTO'SA Pursh. The downy Arbutus, or Strawberry Tree. Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 282.; Hook. Bot. Mag., t. 3320.; Hook. Fl. Amer. and Ex. Bot., 129. f. 1.; Don's Mill., 3., p. 835. Synonyme. Arctostaphylos tomentosa Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 1791. Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 3320.; Hook. Fl. Amer., and Exot. Bot., 122., f. 1.; Bot. Reg., t. 1791. Spec. Char., &c. Shrubby. The whole plant, except the flowers, downy while young. Branches hispid. Leaves with short and hispid petioles, midribs hispid, and disks oval, acute, subcordate at the base, and clothed with white tomentum beneath. Flowers bracteated, disposed in somewhat headed racemes, that are axillary, and shorter than the leaves. Corolla campanulately pitcher-shaped, pure white. (Don's Mill., iii. p. 835.) A native of the west coast of North America, where it was collected by Mr. Menzies, and also by Mr. Douglas, and introduced in 1826. It deserves a place in every collection, from its copious evergreen foliage and showy flowers, which appear in profusion in a green-house in December, and in the open air in March. Plants have been kept in the open air in the garden of William Harrison, Esq., of Cheshunt, since 1831. Variety. A. t. 2 nuda Hook. et Arnott in Beech. Voy. Pt.Bot., 144., Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer, 2. t. 129. f. 4.-The plant is quite destitute of long stiff hairs. (Don's Mill., iii. p. 835.) 6. A. DENSIFLORA H. B. et Kunth. The densely flowered Arbutus, or Strawberry Tree. Identification. H. B. et Kunth Nov. Gen. Amer., S. p. 280. t. 260.; Don's Mill., S 3. p. 835. Spec. Char., &c. Branches angular, pilose. Leaves 4-5 inches long; their petioles long, pilose; their disks oblong, acute, sharply toothed, coriaceous, glabrous above, and shining beneath, clothed with brown-tinged down, and the middle nerve with long rusty-hued hairs. Flowers crowded, disposed in panicles that are terminal and composed of approximate racemes. Pedicels furnished with 3 bracteas at the base. Corolla oval, white. Filaments dilated and pilose at the base. (Don's Mill., iii. p. 835.) A native of Mexico, on the eastern declivities between La Plata and Xalapa; growing to the height of 20 ft. It was introduced in 1826, and is somewhat tender. App. i. Hardy Species of A'rbutus not yet introduced. A. laurifolia Lin. Syst., 407., Suppl., 238., is a native of North America, but of what part is unknown, as Mr. G. Don could find nothing respecting it in the Linnæan herbarium. A. Menziesii Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 282., Hook, et Arn, in Beech. Voy., p. 143., is a tree, with leaves broad-oval, quite entire, glabrous, petioles long. Racemes axillary and terminal, panicled, and dense. It is a native of the north-west coast of America, where it was collected by Mr. Menzies A. cordifolia; Arctostaphylos cordifolia Lindl. Bot. Reg., Sept. 1835; was discovered by Mr. Menzies, on the north-west coast of America. A. glauca; Arctostaphylos glaúca Lindl., 1. c.; discovered in California by the unfortunate Douglas. App. ii. Half-hardy Species of Arbutus. A. canariensis Lam. Dict., vol. 1., Bot. Mag., t. 1577., and our fig. 922., is a native of the Canary Islands, with oblong-lanceolate serrated leaves, glaucous beneath; and greenish white flowers, on hispid panicles. It has been in cultivation in British green-houses and cold-pits since 1796; flowering in May and June; and, there can be no doubt, would stand against a conservative wall with the usual protection. A. petiolaris H. B. et Kunth is a tree, a native of Mexico, on mountains, where it attains a large size. The leaves are 3 or 3 in. long. A. furens Hook. et Arn. is a low-growing shrub a native of Chili, about Concepcion. The fruit is a reddish brown berry, which, when eaten, is said to cause delirium. A. xalapensis H. B. et Kunth, and A. mollis H. B. et Kunth, which are natives of Mexico; and A. ferruginea Lin. Syst., 408., which is a native of New Granada, are described in Don's Miller as trees; but they have not yet been introduced. GENUS XIV. ARCTOSTA'PHYLOS Adans. THE BEARBERRY. Lin. Syst. Decandria Monogynia. Identification. Gall. Adans. Fam.; H. B. et Kunth Nov. Gen. Amer., 3. p. 277.; Spreng. Syst., 2. p. 287. Synonymes. U'va-ursi Dod., Tourn.; Arbutus sp. Lin. Description. Evergreen undershrubs, natives of Europe and of North and South America. ≈ 1. A. U`va-U ́RSI Spreng. The common Bearberry. Identification. Spreng. Syst., 2. p. 827.; Don's Mill., 3. p. 835. Synonymes. Arbutus Uva-úrsi Lin. Sp., 566., Fl. Lapp., No. 162., t. 6. f. 3., Woodv. Med. Bot., 194. t. 70., Fl. Dan., t. 33., Blackw., t. 592., Smith Eng. Bot., 714.; A'rbutus buxifolia Stokes Bot., 509.; U'va-úrsi buxifolia Sal. in Gray's Arr., 2. p. 400.; Bearberries, and Bear-whortle-berries, Eng.; Barentraube, or Barenbeere, Ger.; Beerenduuif, Dutch.; la Basserole, Fr.; Uva d'Orzo, Ital.; Uva de Oso, Span.; Uva de Urso, Port.; and Uva-ursi in the works of most old botanists. Engravings. Lin. Fl. Lapp., No. 162. t. 6. f. 3.; Woodv. Med. Bot., 194. t. 70.; Fl. Dan., t. 35. ; Blackw., t. 592.; Engl. Bot., t. 714.; Schmidt Baum., t. 138.; and our fig. 923. 923 Spec. Char., &c. Stems procumbent. Leaves permanent, obovate, quite entire, coriaceous, shining. Flowers fasciculate. Drupe 5-celled. Leaves like those of the common box. Flowers pale red, or white with a red mouth, growing in small clusters at the extremities of the branches. (Don's Mill., iii. p. 836.) A trailing shrub, a native of North America, in the pine barrens of New Jersey, in mountains and rocky situations of Canada and New England, and in the Island of Unalascha. It is abundant on the continent of Europe; as, for example, in Sweden, Denmark, and most parts of the north; also in Switzerland, Germany, Carniola, Dauphiné, Savoy, Siberia, &c. With us, it is common upon dry, heathy, mountainous, and rocky places, throughout the Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland; also in the north of England and Wales; flowering in May and June; and producing red berries, which are ripe in September. The berries are filled with an austere mealy pulp, and serve as food for grouse and other birds in Britain; and, in Sweden, Russia, and America, they form a principal part of the food of bears. The whole plant is powerfully astringent: it abounds in the tannin principle; and, both in Sweden and America, it has been used for tanning leather, and dyeing it an ash-grey colour. It is also prescribed by rural practitioners in nephritic complaints; and, on the plains of the Mississippi, it is smoked by the Indians as a febrifuge. In British gardens, it finds a place among other peat-earth plants; and, though a native of cold and elevated regions, it thrives well in peat, kept moist, in the vicinity of London. * 2. A. ALPI`NA Spreng. The Alpine Bearberry. Identification. Spreng. Syst., 2. p. 287.; Don's Mill., 3. p. 836. Synonyme. Arbutus alpina Lin. Sp., 566., Ed. Fl. Dan., 73., Smith Engl. Bot., t. 2030., Lightf Fl. Scot., 215. t. 11. f. a. b. Engravings. Engl. Bot., t. 2030.; Lightf. Fl. Scot., 215. t. 11. f. a. b. Spec. Char., &c. Stems procumbent. Leaves obovate, acute, wrinkled, serrated, deciduous. Racemes terminal. Pedicels rather hairy. The flowers grow in reflexed racemes, and are pure white. The berries are black when ripe, and of the size of a sloe, with a taste somewhat resembling that of black currants, but more mawkish; insomuch, that Linnæus says the Laplanders will scarcely eat them. Haller, on the contrary, thinks the flavour not unpleasant. (Don's Mill., iii. p. 836.) A trailing shrub, native of Denmark, Switzerland, Dauphiné, Savoy, Siberia, &c. Found wild in many places of the Highlands of Scotland, in dry barren moors. Nothing is more common, says Linnæus, in all the Lapland alps, in Dalecarlia, from their tops to their bases, round the White Sea, especially in very sandy places. It is also found in Canada, and the more northern parts of America, in the Aleutian Isles, &c. In British gardens, it has long been a favourite peat-earth trailing shrub, requiring an airy situation. It does not thrive in the immediate vicinity of London, nor where it is much sheltered; but, either on rockwork, in beds of dry peat, or in moist peat, it grows with great luxuriance, and occasionally ripens fruit. App. i. Half-hardy Species of Arctostaphylos not yet introduced. A. polifòlia H. B. et Kunth (Don's Mill, 3. p. 836., Andrómeda ledifolia Humb., is a native of the temperate parts of Mexico, growing to the height of from 4 ft. to 6 ft. A. glaucescens H. B. et Kunth (Don's Mill., 3. p. 836.) is a native of Mexico, with lanceolateoblong leaves, and scarlet corollas. A. pungens H. B. et Kunth (Don's Mill., 3. p. 836.) is a native of Mexico, in elevated places, near Moran and Villalpando, where it forms a branchy shrub, about a foot in height. A. Hookeri G. Don (Mill. Dict., 3. p. 836.), A'rbutus púngens Hook., is a native of Chili, where it forms a prostrate shrub, with the habit and leaves of A. U`va-úrsi. GENUS XV. PERNETTYA Gaud. THE PERNETTYA. Lin. Syst. Decandria Monogynia. Identification. Gaud, in Frez. Voy., p. 454. t. 67.; Don's Mill., S. p. 836. Derivation. Named after Dom Pernetty, the author of the Account of a Voyage to the Falkland Isles; a work remarkable for its interest, as well as for its candour and exactness. The original species of this genus was mentioned by this traveller under the name of "Bruyère à feuilles pointues." (Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1675.) Description. Evergreen undershrubs. 1. P. MUCRONATA Gaud. Natives of North and South America. The mucronate-leaved Pernettya. Identification. Gaud, in Ann. Sc., 5. p. 102.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 856. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate, cuspidate, denticulately serru- 924 2. P. PILO'SA G. Don. The pilose, or hairy, Pernettya. Identification. Gard. Mag., 10. p. 286.; Don's Mill., S. p. 837.; Bot. Mag., t 3177. Synonyme. A'rbutus pilosa Graham. Dr. Lindley says, "As far as habit and the structure of the flowers are concerned, 4'rbutus pildsa Graham would be referable to Pernéttya; but we incline to believe that plant an Andrómeda" (Bot. Reg. t. 1675.); the doctor speaking of the genus Andrómeda as it stood previously to Professor Don's division of it. Engraving. Bot. Mag., t. 3177. |