humano, because such expressions are found in the Scriptures? Shall all such expressions be laid aside, because they are misunderstood or perverted? And if so, where shall we stop? for we have seen, that all which is used in order to describe God, must be taken, of course and by necessity, in a qualified sense. The abuse of a thing is no valid argument against the use of it." Vol. ii .p. 322.

But in the following observations we doubt not there will be a very general acquiescence :

"As for the illustrations attempted by divines, ancient and modern, of the physical nature of the distinctions in the Godhead, drawn from finite, material, created objects, the bare mention of them is enough to shew, that they must be imminently exposed to error. Who can draw any perfect analogies between created and uncreated beings, in regard to their physical nature and properties? And all the terms, and names, and dogmas, which have resulted merely from such comparisons, may be rejected in a mass, salva fide et salva ecclesia; and they ought to be rejected, if we would not expose the awful mystery of the doctrine in question to doubts, if not to rejection, by men who are not influenced in their opinions by tradition, nor by the authority of the schools. When the simple Biblical view of this subject is embraced, and the simple exposition of the sacred writers maintained, without adding to it any explanations or definitions merely of our own invention, then may more unity of opinion on this subject, be expected among professed Christians; and then will truth be less exposed to assault, from those who reject it."

"The effort to explain every thing, to define every thing, has led to the unhappy consequence of introducing scholastic phraseology and definitions, in respect to every thing about the doctrine of the Trinity. This not only bewilders many, but makes others believe that they have a knowledge of things, because they can use abundance of technical words; while the opposition of another class, who can detect the inconsistency and emptiness of these terms, is excited against the whole doctrine. The day, however, is coming, if not already arrived, when mere names will be regarded by the church as of little worth, provided they do not convey intelligible ideas. For the good of the church, also, it may be hoped, that the time is very near, when men will learn to stop, in making their inquiries, WITHIN the boundaries of human knowledge, and neither to assert nor deny that, about which they know nothing and can know nothing. Well was it said by a very sensible writer, He who will not undertake to explain what is incomprehensible, but will seek to know where the boundaries of this begin, and simply acknowledge them when and where he finds them ;-he does most to promote the genuine knowledge of truth by man.'" Vol. ii. pp. 330-332.

While with the style of these volumes we have generally been pleased, as correct and sometimes polished, we have been surprised to find such words as "correlate," "derivate," which are frequently used-"Heaven wide," "Latinizing English,"

"hold to an opinion”—and to find a sentence like the following, which is at least careless :

"More reasons offer themselves in favour of the supposition that our epistle was originally sent to the church at Cesarea, than in favour of any other place. I cannot, therefore, but regard it as a probable event.” Vol. i. p. 73.

Neither is the following sentence more correct :

"The Church at Cesarea, in the time of Origen and Eusebius, (both of whom lived there) do not appear to have retained a tradition that our epistle was directed to them." Vol. i. p. 72.

These, however, are trifling blemishes, which may be easily removed.

We must again express our gratification in being called upon to notice such works issuing from the American press. We hope the labours of Professor Stuart will continue to adorn the institution where he is placed, and to benefit the church at large. And we trust that his good example will be followed by many in all sects and of all denominations.

ART. IV.-Manuel du Fabricant de Sucre et du Raffineur. Par M. M. BLACHETTE et ZOE'GA. Paris. 1826.

THE cultivation of the Sugar Cane is becoming a subject of so much interest, has awakened so many hopes, and excited such sanguine expectations throughout the Southern States, that as members of that portion of the union, and feeling deeply all circumstances connected with its prosperity, we consider it in some measure incumbent on us to devote a few pages to this important topic.

Since the early part of this century, the public attention in Georgia and Carolina has been occasionally directed to this object. Mr. Spalding, of Sapelo, in Georgia, introduced the culture of the Sugar Cane on his plantation as early as 1805, and succeeded in our climate, even in his first experiments.

But his success was not so decided as to give a general impulse to the agricultural capital of the country, and one or two failures discouraged some who were disposed to engage seriously in a flattering, although expensive culture.

From the year 1815 until 1819, a new excitement was given to popular opinion, and numerous experiments were made both in Georgia and Carolina. Several circumstances, however, operated against the culture at that time, and checked this incipient enterprize. It is scarcely necessary to mention any other depressing cause, than the fact that, during this period the old staples of our country, with whose culture and management we had become familiar, were at higher prices than at almost any preceding period, and were so profitable to the cultivator, as to render it almost a work of supererogation, or an act of folly for him to seek for his labour a more productive employment. But in addition, it must be stated, that none of those who at that time engaged most extensively in this culture, were conspicuously successful. This again depressed the hopes of the sanguine, and the belief that the two South-Eastern States would become a sugar raising country, again died away. A few, however, still persevered. Experience, perhaps, was slowly teaching them some useful lessons; perhaps, favourable seasons rendered their experiments more successful. The powerful causes which operated against this culture in 1816 and 1817, now operate in its favour. The decline in the value of cotton has caused the planters throughout the country to look around anxiously for new articles of production, new employments for their labourers, and, within the last two years, the cultivation of the Sugar Cane has been recommended to the landed proprietors in the South-Eastern States with a zeal and with a weight of authority which is producing great effect. Numbers, beyond all former example, if not planting the cane as a crop for market, are at least raising a few acres of it for domestic use, and as the means of supplying themselves with seed plants, if at any time circumstances shall render it prudent to extend the cultivation.

It would be idle to disguise the difficulties which still surround this new staple in our country, and retard its progress. It is not merely to one successful experiment, or to one favourable season that we must look. We ought, if we are wise, to take the average of years, and inquiring into the failures which have taken place, ascertain, if possible, whether the causes of these failures can be obviated by skill, by improvements in culture, in machinery, in manipulation, or whether we must bend before them as before an unalterable law of nature.

The cultivation of the Sugar Cane differs in one respect from that of the other staples we have been accustomed to raise. Its preliminary expense is greater, and must be incurred even before it can be ascertained that the investment will be profitable. This, perhaps, more than any other cause, has prevented this plant from having already become an article of common occurrence in our fields. If any one commences the planting of cotton as a new crop, he is not obliged to advance even the small cost of gins and gin-houses immediately, he can sell his cotton in the seed, have it cleaned on toll, or can keep it without injury until it shall be convenient to prepare it himself for market. If he cultivates rice, he can send it to be beat on toll, without involving himself in the heavy expense of mills, or can sell it as rough rice. But no such resource awaits the cultivators of sugar. No public toll, no mills are established in the country to grind and manufacture the cane. None will be established, for the season for manufacturing is short; every one would press his crop to the mills at the same moment, no one would wait, knowing that his cane will perish if not immediately prepared for market. Every planter must have his machinery ready by the time his cane is ripe, or his crop for that season will be lost. Now, as this machinery is expensive-a good mill, with its necessary appurtenances and buildings, costing not less than eight thousand dollars—the prudent and cautious will not embark in such an experiment, until by the experience of the adventurous, they conceive themselves assured of ultimate success. Hence has arisen so much vacillation on this subject. It is true that mills can be erected for a sum less than the one we have stated, but they will be imperfect, too weak to grind mature cane rapidly and effectually; they will, consequently, lose much time, cause much waste, extract less sugar than might be procured from the cane, and frequently by delay, deteriorate the quality of that which is obtained. Experience, we suspect, will prove that the cheap mills are not economical. Every one who will reflect must perceive, that in an operation like the manufacture of sugar, it is important not only that the operations should be expeditious in order that a fluid so much disposed to ferment as the juice of the sugar cane, should be conveyed to the boilers without delay, but that the machinery should be sufficiently powerful to express the juice thoroughly; otherwise a portion, and that, perhaps, the portion most abounding in sacharine matter, may be left in the cane, and that which is expressed for the boilers, be not only diminished in quantity, but materially injured in quality.

The certainty and necessity of incurring a heavy expense has been one great obstacle to the general and extensive culture of this plant. The difficulty and uncertainty of obtaining an adequate return has been another. It cannot be concealed that from some peculiarity of soil or climate, there has been great difficulty in procuring sugar of a good quality from the cane along the Atlantic border of the Southern States. If a few have succeeded, many have failed. We need not name persons or places-they are generally known. Sugar makers from the Mississippi have been brought to the Alatamaha, and have disappointed their employers; planters from the West Indies have not been more successful. While syrup, molasses, rum, have been produced in great quantities, sugar has been but sparingly obtained, and frequently very inferior in its quality. Hence has arisen a common opinion in the country, that the juice of the cane is too weak to yield sugar advantageously in our climate, or what is perhaps equivalent, that it does not mature.

When a portion of saccharine matter is diffused through any fluid, it would seem to be a very simple operation to separate it by evaporation, or by some equivalent process. This would be the case if the saccharine particles were only diffused in water or in some fluid which formed with them only a mixture, not a chemical compound. But it will happen that in almost all of the combinations which appear to us as simple or common, there are many affinities that are not easily detected nor readily resolved. There are certainly some peculiarities in the juice of the sugar cane in our climate, which render a treatment differing from that employed in Louisiana or the West Indies expedient. Whether these arise from the soil, the shortness of our season, or from other causes, we cannot yet determine. This is one of the cases in which science must be called in to our aid; one of those incidents in which the power of science over the material world, ought to be made manifest. The experience of Mr. Spalding appears to have proven, that cane raised on the light rich lands of the islands, such as is adapted to the sea-island cotton, produces the richest juice, and that from which, under our present system, the sugar can be most easily extracted. But in this soil the crop is liable to suffer from drought, and is frequently very scanty. On the very rich tide lands on the other hand, where the cane grows with prodigious luxuriance and yields much juice, great difficulty has been found in separating the sugar from the feculent matter intermingled with it, and in clarifying it sufficiently for market. In treating this juice by the common process, long boiling is necessary to evaporate the superfluous fluids, and more lime than is com