Speech and Hearing in Communication

acuity amplitude approximately articulation index articulation scores articulation tests attenuation audiogram audiometer auditory average basilar membrane Bell Telephone Laboratories binaural calculated carbon microphone characteristic Chart cochlea complex tone components consonants corresponding crew critical band curve in Fig CUT OFF FREQUENCY cycles per second deafness DECIBELS determined difference displacement effect equal equation experimental filter system FREQUENCY IN CYCLES frequency region fricative consonants G₁ given in Table harmonics hearing loss helicotrema indicated listener loudness level LOW PASS masker tone maximum measurements method microphone monaural nerve endings observed obtained PASS HIGH PASS percent phase pitch position pressure level produced pure tone R₁ range reference tone resonant RESPONSE IN DECIBELS room noise seen sensation level shown in Fig speech sounds ẞt stapes stimulation syllable talker talking level threshold level THRESHOLD SHIFT typical unity unvoiced values versus vibration vocal cords voice vowel zero