that they have been pierced by a thousand arrows,-some of them poisoned. Parliamentary Reports, Resolutions of Public Bodies, Statutes, Pamphlets, Acts of Court,-have been hurtling in the air. No mortal institution can stand such an ordeal. Nothing remains to be done but that, in the appointment of judges, Government should act on the principles which have lately done it so much honour;-and that time should be given to the system to work itself pure. The new Court of Appeal excepted, we know no other judicial reform that we look for. In a few years, the fog will be cleared away, and we shall be able to see where we are. Those who fret at every form that touches their particular case, will be taught that there are some things in courts that are fixed; and that a rule may be quite right, though it happens neither to suit the interest nor the theory which they may be advocating at the moment. The Supreme Court and its members, freed from the fever of constant change, will be enabled to do their work firmly, and to bring the excellent law which they practise to still greater maturity.

Of the success of their career, when thus liberated, and acting in the view of a public of increasing intelligence, and now thoroughly instructed on judicial subjects, we can entertain no doubt. For the Bench of Scotland contains bright names;-men under whom the duty of carrying judicial reformation into practice has as favourable a prospect as devotion to the cause, and great legal accomplishment, can ever give it. The Bar, besides professional learning and talent, is as splendidly adorned by general literature and by public virtue as any Bar upon earth. Criticisms have been made on the manner of both. We cannot venture to say how far either the censure or the praise of these criticisms is just. Probably both, at times. They must not be judged of merely by a standard taken from the accidental fashion or custom of any other place; but by their approximation to, or recession from, the things that form the universal excellences of the judicial manner. In a well-regulated place of justice, the courtroom is orderly and noiseless. The bench attends;—or appears to do so. When it does not, the failure neither proceeds from indifference nor from impatience. There is much consultation before judgment;-little conversation during debate. The judges recollect, that the vices of counsel must always be generated by themselves; because they are only practised from their supposed influence with the bench, and from seeing that the opposite virtues fail. The bar venerates good taste,-the only corrective of the defects naturally connected with the exercise of that profession. It therefore grudges the laurels that are sometimes be

stowed by the ignorant on certain vulgar qualities, such as pertinacity or vehemence, which, though they may accompany success, can never, in a right court, be the cause of it. On ordinary occasions, when there is no call for a higher flight, it appreciates brevity, calmness, and sense; virtues so essential amidst the bustle and distraction of legal war, that their presence renders even honesty more powerful, while their absence makes learning useless. To both bench and bar, in Scotland and everywhere else, we strongly recommend the attentive and repeated study of Bacon's little Essay (scarcely three pages) on Judicature.' It is a discourse which ought not merely to be suspended over the gate, but engraven on the heart, of every court of justice.

ART. VI.-Cloudesley; a Tale. By the Author of Caleb Williams. 3 vols. 8vo. London. 1830.

WE E find little of the author of Caleb Williams in the present work, except the name in the title-page. Either we are changed, or Mr Godwin is changed, since he wrote that masterly performance. We remember the first time of reading it well, though now long ago. In addition to the singularity and surprise occasioned by seeing a romance written by a philosopher and politician, what a quickening of the pulse,-what an interest in the progress of the story,-what an eager curiosity in divining the future,-what an individuality and contrast in the characters, what an elevation and what a fall was that of Falkland;-how we felt for his blighted hopes, his remorse, and despair, and took part with Caleb Williams as his ordinary and unformed sentiments are brought out, and rendered more and more acute by the force of circumstances, till hurried on by an increasing and incontrollable impulse, he turns upon his proud benefactor and unrelenting persecutor, and in a mortal struggle, overthrows him on the vantage-ground of humanity and justice! There is not a moment's pause in the action or sentiments: the breath is suspended, the faculties wound up to the highest pitch, as we read. Page after page is greedily devoured. There is no laying down the book till we come to the end; and even then the words still ring in our ears, nor do the mental apparitions ever pass away from the eye of memory. Few books have made a greater impression than Caleb Williams on its first appearance.

It was read, admired, parodied, dramatised. All parties joined in its praise. Those (not a few) who at the time favoured Mr Godwin's political principles, hailed it as a new triumph of his powers, and as a proof that the stoicism of the doctrines he inculcated did not arise from any defect of warmth or enthusiasm of feeling, and that his abstract speculations were grounded in, and sanctioned by, an intimate knowledge of, and rare felicity in, developing the actual vicissitudes of human life. On the other hand, his enemies, or those who looked with a mixture of dislike and fear at the system of ethics advanced in the Enquiry concerning Political Justice, were disposed to forgive the author's paradoxes for the truth of imitation with which he had depicted prevailing passions, and were glad to have something in which they could sympathize with a man of no mean capacity or attainments. At any rate, it was a new and startling event in literary history for a metaphysician to write a popular romance. The thing took, as all displays of unforeseen talent do with the public. Mr Godwin was thought a man of very powerful and versatile genius; and in him the understanding and the imagination reflected a mutual and dazzling light upon each other.

His St Leon did not lessen the wonder, nor the public admiration of him, or rather seemed like another 6 morn risen on mid-noon.' But from that time he has done nothing of superlative merit. He has imitated himself, and not well. He has changed the glittering spear, which always detected truth or novelty, for a leaden foil. We cannot say of his last work (Cloudesley),- Even in his ashes live his wonted 'fires.' The story is cast indeed something in the same moulds as Caleb Williams; but they are not filled and running over with molten passion, or with scalding tears. The situations and characters, though forced and extreme, are without effect from the want of juxtaposition and collision. Cloudesley (the elder) is like Caleb Williams, a person of low origin, and rebels against his patron and employer; but he remains a characterless, passive, inefficient agent to the last,-forming his plans and resolutions at a distance, not whirled from expedient to expedient, nor driven from one sleepless hiding-place to another; and his lordly and conscience-stricken accomplice (Danvers) keeps his state in like manner, brooding over his guilt and remorse in solitude, with scarce an object or effort to vary the round of his reflections,— a lengthened paraphrase of grief. The only dramatic incidents in the course of the narrative are, the sudden metamorphosis of the Florentine Count Camaldoli into the robber St Elmo, and the unexpected and opportune arrival of Lord Danvers in person,

with a coach and four and liveries, at Naples, just in time to save his ill-treated nephew from a violent death. The rest is a well-written essay, or theme, composed as an exercise to gain a mastery of style and topics.

There is, indeed, no falling off in point of style or command of language in the work before us. Cloudesley is better written than Caleb Williams. The expression is everywhere terse, vigorous, elegant:-a polished mirror without a wrinkle. But the spirit of the execution is lost in the inertness of the subjectmatter. There is a dearth of invention, a want of character and grouping. There are clouds of reflections without any new occasion to call them forth;-an expanded flow of words without a single pointed remark. A want of acuteness and originality is not a fault that is generally chargeable upon our author's writings. Nor do we lay the blame upon him now, but upon circumstances. Had Mr Godwin been bred a monk, and lived in the good old times, he would assuredly either have been burnt as a free-thinker, or have been rewarded with a mitre, for a tenth part of the learning and talent he has displayed. He might have reposed on a rich benefice, and the reputation he had earned, enjoying the otium cum dignitate, or at most relieving his official cares by revising successive editions of his former productions, and enshrining them in cases of sandal-wood and crimson velvet in some cloistered hall or princely library. He might then have courted

retired leisure,

That in trim gardens takes its pleasure,'

have seen his peaches ripen in the sun; and, smiling secure on fortune and on fame, have repeated with complacency the motto -Horas non numero nisi serenas! But an author by profession knows nothing of all this. His is only the iron rod, the torturing hour.' He lies stretched upon the rack of restless ecstasy:' he runs the everlasting gauntlet of public opinion. He must write on, and if he had the strength of Hercules and the wit of Mercury, he must in the end write himself down:

And like a gallant horse, fallen in first rank,

Lies there for pavement to the abject rear,
O'er-run and trampled on.'

He cannot let well done alone. He cannot take his stand on what he has already achieved, and say, Let it be a durable monument to me and mine, and a covenant between me and the world for ever! He is called upon for perpetual new exertions, and urged forward by ever-craving necessities. The wolf must be kept from the door: the printer's devil must not go empty

handed away. He makes a second attempt, and though equal perhaps to the first, because it does not excite the same surprise, it falls tame and flat on the public mind. If he pursues the real bent of his genius, he is thought to grow dull and monotonous; or if he varies his style, and tries to cater for the capricious appetite of the town, he either escapes by miracle or breaks down that way, amidst the shout of the multitude and the condolence of friends, to see the idol of the moment pushed from its pedestal, and reduced to its proper level. There is only one living writer who can pass through this ordeal; and if he had barely written half what he has done, his reputation would have been none the less. His inexhaustible facility makes the willing world believe there is not much in it. Still, there is no alternative. Popularity, like one of the Danaides, imposes impossible tasks on her votary,-to pour water into sieves, to reap the wind. If he does nothing, he is forgotten; if he attempts more than he can perform, he gets laughed at for his pains. He is impelled by circumstances to fresh sacrifices of time, of labour, and of self-respect; parts with well-earned fame for a newspaper puff, and sells his birth-right for a mess of pottage. In the meanwhile, the public wonder why an author writes so badly and so much. With all his efforts, he builds no house, leaves no inheritance, lives from hand to mouth, and, though condemned to daily drudgery for a precarious subsistence, is expected to produce none but works of first-rate genius. No; learning unconsecrated, unincorporated, unendowed, is no match for the importunate demands and thoughtless ingratitude of the reading public.

'O, let not virtue seek

Remuneration for the thing it was!
To have done, is to hang,

Quite out of fashion, like a rusty mail

In monumental mockery ;

That all, with one consent, praise new-born gaudes,
Though they are made and moulded of things past;
And give to dust, that is a little gilt,

More laud than gilt o'er-dusted.'

If we wished to please Mr Godwin, we should say that his last work was his best; but we cannot do this in justice to him or to ourselves. Its greatest fault is, that (as Mr Bayes would have declared) there is nothing to elevate and surprise' in it. There is a story, to be sure, but you know it all beforehand, just as well as after having read the book. It is like those long straight roads that travellers complain of on the Continent, where you see from one end of your day's journey to the other, and