but he was at laft poifoned by a Jew, named Malachus, Antipater, 43 years before the Chriftian æra. He left among his other children, the famous Herod king of the Jews. Antipathy, ANTIPATER (Cælius), a Roman hiftorian, who wrote a hiftory of the Punic war, much valued by Cicero. the emperor Adrian preferred him to Saluft.

ANTIPATER of Sydon, a floic philofopher, and likewife a poet, commended by Cicero and Seneca: he flourished about the 171ft Olympiad. We have feveral of his epigrams in the Anthologia.

Antiparos. he divorced about the year of Chrift 33, to marry his fifter-in-law Herodias, wife to his brother Philip, who was ftill living. St John the Baptift exclaiming continually against this inceft, was taken into cuftody by order of Antipas, and imprifoned in the caftle of Machærus, (Mat. xiv. 3, 4. Mark i. 14. vi. 17, 18. Luke iii. 19, 20.) Jofephus fays, that Antipas caufed St John to be laid hold of, because he drew too great a concourfe of people after him; and that he was afraid left he fhould make use of the authority which he had acquired over the minds and affections of the people, to induce them to revolt. But the evangelifts, who were better informed than Jofephus, as being eye-witneffes of what paffed, and acquainted in a particular manner with St John and his difciples, affure us that the true reason of imprisoning St John was, the averfion which Herod and Herodias had conceived against him for the liberty he had used in cenfuring their fcandalous marriage. The virtue and holiness of St John were fuch, that even Herod feared and refpected him; but his paffion for Herodias had prevailed with him to have killed that prophet, had he not been reftrained by his apprehenfions of the people, who efteemed John the Baptist as a prophet. (Matt. xiv. 5, 6.) One day, however, while the king was celebrating the feftival of his birth, with the principal perfons of his court, the daughter of Herodias danced before him; and pleafed him fo well, that he promised with an oath to give her whatever the should ask of him. By her mother's advice she asked the head of John the Baptift; upon which the king commanded John to be beheaded in prifon, and the head to be given her. Aretas, king of Arabia, to revenge the affront which Herod had offered to his daughter, declared war against him, and overcame him in a very obftinate engagement. Herod being afterwards detected as a party in Sejanus's confpiracy, was banifhed by the emperor Caius into Lyons in Gaul; whither Herodias accompanied him.

This Antipas is the Herod who, being at Jerufalem at the time of our Saviour's paffion, (Luke xxiii. 11.) ridiculed him, by dreffing him in a white robe, and directing him to be conducted back to Pilate, as a mock king, whofe ambition gave him no umbrage. The time which Antipas died is not known: however, it is certain he died in exile, as well as Herodias. Jofephus fays, that he died in Spain, whither Caius upon his coming to Gaul, the first year of his banishment, might order him to be fent.

ANTIPATER, the difciple of Ariftotle, and one of Alexander the Great's generals, was a man of great abilities, and a lover of the fciences; but was accufed of poifoning Alexander. He fubdued the revolted Thracians, relieved Megalopolis, and overthrew the Spartans there. He died 321 years before the Chriftian æra.

ANTIPATER, an Idumæan of illuftrious birth, and poffeffed of great riches and abilities, taking advantage of the confufion into which the two brothers Hyrcanus and Ariftobulus plunged Judea by their conteft for the office of high-prieft, took fuch measures as to gain Hyrcanus that office, and under his government to obtain the abfolute direction of all affairs; while his great abilities and application to business made him fo confiderable, that he was honoured as much as if he had been invefted with the royal authority in form:

ANTIPATHY, in phyfiology, is formed from the two Greek works, avt contrary, and rate passion. Literally taken, the word fignifies incompatibility: but for the most part the term antipathy is not used to fignify fuch incompatibilities as are merely phyfical; it is referved to exprefs the averfion which an animated or fenfitive being feels at the real or ideal prefence of particular objects. In this point of view, which is the light in which we at prefent confider the term, antipathy, in common language, fignifies" a natural hor "ror and detestation, an infuperable hatred, an invo"luntary averfion, which a fenfitive being feels for fome "other object, whatever it is, though the perfon who "feels this abhorrence is entirely ignorant of its caufe, "and can by no means account for it." Such is, they fay, the natural and reciprocal hoftility between the falamander and the tortoife; between the toad and the weafel; or between sheep and wolves. Such is the invincible averfion of particular perfons against cats, mice, fpiders, &c.; a prepoffeffion which is fometimes fo violent, as to make them faint at the fight of these animals. Of thefe and a thoufand other antipathies the ancient naturalifts, the schoolmen, and the vulgar, form fo many legends; and relate them as certain facts, that they may demand an explication of them from the philofophers. But thefe fages begin with investigating whether fuch antipathies actually exist or not.

To explore the matter without prejudice, we fhall find it neceffary to abstract from the fubjects of this difquifition, 1. All fuch antipathies as are not ascertained; as that which is fuppofed to be felt by hens at the found of an harp whofe ftrings are made of a fox's bowels, between the falamander and tortoife, and between the weafel and the toad. Nothing is lefs confirmed, or rather nothing is more falfe, than thefe facts, with which vulgar credulity and aftonishment are amufed and actuated: and though fome of these antipathies fhould be ascertained, this would be no proof that the animals which feel them are not acquainted with their caufes, according to their mode and proportion of knowledge; in which case it will be no longer the antipathy which we have defined.

2. We muft abftract thofe antipathies which can be extinguifhed or refumed at pleasure; those fictitious averfions, which certain perfons feel, or pretend to feel, with affected airs, that they may appear more precife and finical, or fingularly and prodigiously elegant; that they may feem to have qualities fo exquifitely fine, as require to be treated with peculiar delicacy. One who beftows any attention on the fubject, would be aftonithed to find how many of these chimerical averfions there are, which are pretended, and passed upon the world by those who affect them as natural and unconquerable.

3. When we abftract those averfions the causes of

extravagant paroxifms; to become timid in excels at Antipathy the approach of thunder; nor could he ever afterwards furmount the fear which it infpired. The frightful ftories of dogs and cats, which have killed their masters, or which have given them mortal wounds, are more than fufficient to infpire a timorous perfon with averfion against thefe animals; and if the olfactory nerves of fuch a perfon be delicate, he will immediately dif cover the fmell of them in a chamber: difturbed by the apprehenfion which thefe effluvia excite in his mind, he gives himself up to the most violent uneafinefs, which is tranquillized when he is affured that the animal is no longer in the room. If by chance, in the fearch which is made to calm the uncalinefs of this timorous perfon, one of these creatures fhould at laft be discovered, every one prefently exclaims, A miracle! and admits the reality of antipathies into his creed; whilft all this is nothing but the effect of a childish fear, founded on certain confused and exaggerated ideas of the hazard which one may run with thefe animals. The antipathy which fome people entertain against eels, though they are eaten by others with pleasure, arifes from nothing but the fear of ferpents, to which these fishes are in fome degree fimilar. There are likewife other antipathies which do not originate in the imagination, but arife from fome natural incongruity; fuch as we often remark in children, for particular kinds of victuals, with which their tafte is not offended, but which their ftomachs cannot digeft, and which are therefore dif gorged as foon as swallowed.

Antipathy. which are known and evident; we fhall be furprised, after our deduction of these pretended antipathies from the general fum, how fmall, how inconfiderable, is the quantity of thofe which are conformable to our definition. Will any one pretend to call by the name of antipathy, thofe real, innate, and inconteftable averfions which prevail between fheep and wolves? Their caufe is obvious: the wolf devours the sheep, and fubfifts upon his victims; and every animal naturally flies with terror from pain or deftruction: fheep ought therefore to regard wolves with horror, which for their nutrition tear and mangle the unrefifting prey. From principles fimilar to this, arifes that averfion which numbers of people feel against serpents; against small animals, fuch as reptiles in general, and the greatest number of inDuring the credulous and fufceptible period of infancy, pains have been taken to imprefs on our minds the frightful idea that they are venomous; that their bite is mortal; that their fting is dangerous, productive of tormenting inflammations or tumours, and fometimes fatal: they have been reprefented to us as ugly and fordid; as being, for that reafon, pernicious to those who touch them; as poisoning thofe who have the misfortune to fwallow them. Thefe horrible prepoffeffions are induftriously inculcated from our infancy; they are fometimes attended and supported by difmal tales, which are greedily imbibed, and indelibly engraven on our memories. It has been taught us both by precept and example, when others at their approach have affumed in our view the appearance of deteftation and even of terror, that we fhould fly from them, that we fhould not touch them. Is it then wonderful (if our falfe impreffions as to this fubject have been corrected neither by future reflections nor experiments), that we should entertain, during our whole lives, an averfion for thefe objects, even when we have forgot the admonitions, the converfations, and examples, which have taught us to believe and apprehend them as noxious beings? and in proportion to the fenfibility of our frame, in proportion as our nerves are irritable, our emotions at the fight of what we fear will be more violent, especially if they anticipate our expectation, and feize us unprepared, though our ideas of what we have to fear from them are the most confufed and indiftinct imaginable. To explain thefe facts, is it neceflary to fly to the exploded fubterfuge of occult qualities inherent in bodies, to latent relations productive of antipathies, of which no perfon could ever form an idea?

It is often fufficient to influence a perfon who had formerly no averfion for an object, if he lives with fome other affociate who gives himfelf up to fuch capricious panics; the habit is infenfibly contracted to be agitated with difagreeable emotions at the prefence of an object which had been formerly beheld with indifference and cold blood. I was acquainted (fays the author of the article Antipathy in the French Encyclopédie) with a perfon of a very found understanding, whom thunder and lightning by no means terrified; nay, to whom the fpectacle appeared magnificent and the found majeftic; yet to a mind thus feemingly fortified against the infectious terror, no more was neceffary than spending the fummer with a friend in whom the appearance of lightning excited the ftrongeft emotions, and whom the remoteft clap of thunder affected with

To what then are those antipathies, of which we have heard fo much, reducible? Either to legendary tales; or to averfions against objects which we believe dangerous; or to a childish terror of imaginary perils; or to a difrelifh, of which the canfe is difguifed; or to a ridiculous affectation of delicacy; or to an infirmity of the ftomach; in a word, to a real or pretended reluctance for things which are either invetted, or fuppofed to be invefted, with qualities hurtful to us. Too much care cannot be taken in preventing, or regulating, the antipathies of children; in familiarifing them with objects of every kind; in difcovering to them, without emotion, fuch as are dangerous; in teaching them the means of defence and fecurity, or the methods of efcaping their noxious influence; and, when the rational powers are matured by age, in reflecting on the nature of thofe objects which we fear, in afcertaining what has been told concerning their qualities, or in vigor oufly operating upon our own difpofitions to overcome thofe vain repugnancies which we may feel. See SYMPATHY, which is the oppofite of Antipathy.

ANTIPATHY, in ethics, hatred, averfion, repugnancy. Hatred is entertained againft perfons; averfion, and antipathy, indifcriminately against perfons or things; and repugnancy, against actions alone.

Hatred is more voluntary than averfion, antipathy, or repugnancy. Thefe laft have greater affinity with the animal conftitution. The caufes of ANTIPATHY are less known than those of averfion. Repugnancy is lefs per manent than either the one or the other-We hate a vitious character, we feel averfion to its exertions: we are affected with ANTIPATHY for certain persons at first fight; there are fome affairs which we tranfact with repugnancy-Hatred calumniates; averfio" keeps us at a diftance from certain perfons; ANTIPATHY makes

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Antiquari

ANTIPELARGIA, among the ancients, a law, whereby children are obliged to furnish neceffaries to their aged parents. The ciconia, or ftork, is a bird famous for the care it takes of its parents when grown old. Hence, in fome Latin writers, this is rendered lex ciconiaria, or the florks law.

ANTIPHONARY, ANTIPHONARIUM, a fervicebook which contained all the invitatories, refponfories, collects, and whatever elfe was fung or faid in the choir, except the lessons. This is otherwife called refponfarium, from the refponces therein contained. The author of the Roman antiphonary was pope Gregory the Great. We alfo find mention of nocturnal and diurnal antiphonaries, for the use of the daily and nightly offices; fummer and winter antiphonaries; also antiphonaries for country churches, &c. By the provincial conftitutions of archbishop Winchelfey, made at Merton, A. D. 1305, it is required that one of thefe should be found in every church within the province of Canterbury. The ufe of thefe, and many other popifh books, were forbid by the 3d and 4th of Edward VI.

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ANTIPHONY, the answer made by one choir to another, when the pfalm or anthem is fung between

two

ANTIPHONY, fometimes denotes a fpecies of pfalmody, wherein the congregation, being divided into two parts, repeat the pfalms, verfe for verfe, alternately. In this fenfe, antiphony ftands contradiftinguished from fymphony, where the whole congregation fings together.

Antiphony differs from refponforium, becaufe in this latter the verfe is only spoken by one perfon, whereas in the former, the verfes are fung by the two choirs alternately. The original of Antiphonal finging in the western churches is referred to the time of St Ambrofe, about the year 374. That father is faid to have first introduced it into the church of Milan, in imitation of the cuftom of the eaftern church, where it appears to be of greater antiquity, though as to the time of its inftitution, authors are not agreed; it was moft probably introduced at Antioch, between the year of Chrift 347 and 356.

ANTIPHONY is also used to denote the words given out at the beginning of the pfalm, to which both the choirs are to accommodate their finging.

ANTIPHONY, in a more modern fenfe, denotes a kind of compofition made of several verfes extracted out of different pfalms, adapted to exprefs the mystery folemnized on the occafion.

ANTIPODES, in geography, a name given to those inhabitants of the globe that live diametrically oppofite to each other. The word is Greek, and compounded of avi, oppofite, and us, a foot; because their feet are oppofite to each other.

The antipodes lie under oppofite meridians and op

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Plato is esteemed the first who thought it poffible that the antipodes fubfifted, and is looked upon as the inventor of the word. As this philofopher apprehended the earth to be fpherical, he had only one step to make to conclude the existence of the antipodes.

The ancients, in general, treated this opinion with the higheft contempt; never being able to conceive how men and trees could fubfift fufpended in the air with their feet upwards, for fo they apprehended they muft be in the other hemisphere.

They never reflected that thefe terms upwards and downwards are merely relative; and fignify only nearer to, or farther from, the centre of the earth, the common centre to which all heavy bodies gravitate; and that, therefore, our antipodes have not their feet upwards and head downwards any more than ourselves; because they, like us, have their feet nearer the centre of the earth, and their heads farther from it. To have the head downwards and feet upwards, is to place the body in a direction of gravity tending from the feet to the head: but this cannot be fuppofed with regard to the antipodes; for they, like us, tend toward the centre of the earth, in a direction from head to foot.

ANTIPOLIS (anc. geog.), now ANTIBES, on the coaft of Provence, a colony of the Maffilians, near the river Verus, in Gallia Narbonenfis (Livy), three leagues to the weft of Nice. E. Long. 7 Lat. 43° 40'.

ANTIQUARE, among Roman lawyers, properly denotes the rejecting of a new law, or refufing to pass it. In which fenfe, antiquating differs from abrogating; as the latter imports the annulling an old law, the for mer the rejecting a new one.

ANTIQUARE is also used for a law's growing obfolete, or into difufe, either by age or non-obfervance.

ANTIQUARII, a name given to copiers of old books. After the decline of learning amongst the Romans, and when many religious houfes were erected, learning was chiefly in the hands of the clergy; the greatelt number of whom were regulars, and lived in monafteries. In thefe houfes were many induftrious men, who were continually employed in making new copies of old books, either for the use of the monaftery or for their own emolument. These writing monks were diftinguished by the name of Antiquarii. They deprived the poor librarii, or common fcriptores, of great part of their bufinefs, fo that these found it difficult to gain a fubfiftence for themfelves and families. This put them upon finding out more expeditious methods of tranfcribing books. They formed the letters fmaller, and made use of more jugations and abbreviations than had been ufual. They proceeded in this manner till the letters became exceedingly fmall; the abbreviations were very numerous, and extremely difficult to be read. This in fome meafure accounts for the great variety of hands in the fpecies of writing called Modern Gothic. When a number of copies were to be made of the fame work, it was ufual to employ feveral perfons at the fame time in writing it; each perfon,

except

Antiquities ANTIQUARY, a perfon who ftudies and fearches after monuments and remains of antiquity; as old medals, books, ftatues, fculptures, and inferiptions; and, in general, all curious pieces that may afford any light into antiquity.

In the chief cities of Greece and Italy, there were perfons of diftinction called antiquaries, whose bufinefs it was to how ftrangers the antiquities of the place, to explain the ancient infcriptions, and to give them all the affiftance they could in this way of learning.-Paufanias calls thefe antiquaries Enyrai. The Sicilians call them myflogogi.

There was an ancient college of antiquaries erected in Ireland by Ollamh Fodhla, 700 years before Chrift, for compofing a hiftory of that country: And to this, fay the Irish hiftorians, it is owing that the hiftory and antiquities of that kingdom may be traced back beyond thofe of most other nations.

There is a fociety of antiquaries in London, and another in Edinburgh, incorporated by the king's charter. See SOCIETY.

ANTIQUARY is alfo ufed by ancient writers for the keeper of the antiquarium or cabinet of antiquities. This officer is otherwife called archæota, or antiquary of a king, a prince, a ftate, or the like.

Henry VIII. gave John Leland the title of his antiquary; a title which, fays the author of his life, no body ever enjoyed befides himfelf. But the restriction, we fuppofe, was only intended to be understood in refpect of the kings of England. M. Schott, we find, had the title of ant quary to the king of Pruffia; P. Pedruzzi, that of antiquary of the Duke of Farma; M. Galland refided fome time in Turky under the title of antiquary of the king of France. The university of Oxford have ftill their antiquary under the denomination of cuftos archivorum.-The kings of Sweden have been at great expences in order to illuftrate the antiquity of their country, having eftablished an academy of antiquaries with this fingle view.-The office of the ancient Irish antiquaries was to preferve the genealogies of the kings of Ireland, to correct the regal tables of fucceffion, and deliver down the pedigree of every collateral branch of the royal family.

ANTIQUATED, fomething obfolete, out of date, or out of ufe.

ANTIQUE, in a general fenfe, fomething that is ancient: but the term is chiefly used by fculptors, painters, and architects, to denote fuch pieces of their different arts as were made by the ancient Greeks and Romans. Thus we fay, an antique buft, an antique ftatue, &c.

ANTIQUE is sometimes contradiftinguished from an cient, which fignifies a lefs degree of antiquity. Thus, antique architecture is frequently diftinguithed from ancient architecture.

ANTIQUITIES, a term implying all teftimonies, or authentic accounts, that have come down to us of ancient nations. Bacon calls antiquities the wrecks of history, or fuch particulars as induftrious and learned perfons have collected from geneologies, infcriptions, monuments, coins, names, etymologies, archives, inAruments, fragments of hiftory, &c.

Antiquities form a very extenfive fcience, including
VOL. II. Part I.

This fcience is not a matter of mere curiofity, but is indifpenfable to the theologian; who ought to be thoroughly acquainted with the antiquities of the Jews, to enable him properly to explain numberlefs paffages in the Old and New Teftaments: to the lawyer; who, without the knowledge of the antiquities of Greece and Rome, can never well understand, and properly ap ply, the greatest part of the Roman laws: to the phyfician and the philofopher, that they may have a complete knowledge of the hiftory and principles of the phyfic and philofophy of the ancients: to the critic, that he may be able to understand and interpret ancient authors: to the orator and poet; who will be thereby enabled to ornament their writings with num berlefs images, illufions, comparifons, &c.

Antiquities are divided into facred and profane, into public and private, univerfal and particular, &c. true, that the antiquaries (efpecially fuch as are infected with a fpirit of pedantry, and the number of thefe is great) frequently carry their inquiries too far, and em ploy themfelves in laborious refearches after learned trifles: but the abuse of a science ought never to make us neglect the applying it to rational and ufeful pur. pofes.

Many antiquaries alfo reftrain their learned labours to the eclairciffement of the antiquities of Greece and Rome: but this field is far too confined, and by no means contains the whole of this fcience, feeing it properly includes the antiquities of the Jews, Egyptians, Perfians, Phenicians, Carthaginians, Hetrufcans, Germans, and, in general, all thofe principal nations mentioned in ancient hiftory: fo far as any accounts of them are come down to us.

If to the general fubjects above mentioned we add the particular study of antiques, of the flatues, baffreliefs, and the precious relics of architecture, painting, camaieus, medals, &c. it is eafy to conceive that antiquities form a fcience very extenfive and very complicated, and with which only a very small acquaintance could have been attainable by any one man, if our predeceffors had not prepared the way for us; if they had not left us fuch ineftimable works as thofe of Gronovius, Grævius, Montfaucon, Count Caylus, Winckelman, the Hebraic antiquities of D. Iken of Bremen, the Grecian antiquities of Brunings, the Roman antiquities of Nieupoort, and efpecially that work which is intitled Bibliographia Antiquaria Joh. Alberti Fabricii, profeffor at Hamburg; &c. &c. Nor muft we here forget that very valuable work, with which our countryman Mr Robert Wood has lately enriched this fcience, and which is fo well known, and fo juftly efteemed by all true connoiffeurs, under the title of the Ruins of Palmyra, and thofe of Balheck. It is by this work that we are fully convinced of the grandeur and magnificence, the taste and elegance, of the buildings of the ancients. We here fee that the invention of thefe matters is not all owing to the Greeks, but that there were other nations who ferved them as models. For, tho' many of the edifices of Palmyra are to be attributed to the emperor Aurelian, and to Odenatus and his wife Zenobia, who reigned there about the year

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fame time, that he is not to give his figures extravagant Antiquity expreffions, nor to place them in distorted attitudes. ANTIQUITY fignifies times or ages paft long aAntifeptic

Antiquities. 264, yet there are found, at the fame place, ruins of buildings, that appear to be of far greater antiquity, and that are not lefs beautiful. The ancient Perfepolis is fufficient to prove this affertion. When we duly reflect on all thefe matters, and especially if we attempt to acquire any knowledge of this science, we fhall foon be convinced that it but ill becomes a petitmaitre to laugh at a learned antiquary.

The knowledge of those monuments of the ancients, the works of fculpture, ftatuary, graving, painting, &c. which they call antiques, requires a ftrict attention, with regard to the matter itfelf on which the art has been exercifed; as the wax, clay, wood, ivory, ftones of every kind, marble, flint, bronze, and every fort of metal. We fhould begin by learning on what matter each ancient nation principally worked, and in which of the fine arts they excelled. For the matter itself, as the different forts of marble, compofitions of metals, and the fpecies of precious ftones, ferve frequently to characterize the true antique, and to difcover the counterfeit. The connoiffeurs pretend alfo to know, by certain diftinct characters in the defiga and execution of a work of art, the age and nation where it was made. They find, moreover, in the in vention and execution, a degree of excellence, which modern artists are not able to imitate. Now, though we ought to allow, in general, the great merit of the ancients in the polite arts, we fhould not, however, fuffer our admiration to lead us into a blind fuperftition. There are pieces of antiquity of every fort, which have come down to us; fome that are perfectly excellent; and others fo wretched, that the meaneft among modern artists would not acknowledge them. The mixture of the good and bad has taken place in all fubjects, at all times, and in all nations. The miffortune is, that most of our great antiquaries have been fo little skilled in defigning, as fcarcely to know how to draw a circle with a pair of compafles. It is prejudice, therefore, which frequently directs them to give the palm to the ancients, rather than a judgment directed by a knowledge of the art. That character of expreffion, which they find fo marvellous in the works of antiquity, is often nothing more than a mere chimera. They pretend that the artifts of our days conftantly exaggerate their expreffions; that a modern Bacchus has the appearance of a man distracted with intoxication; that a Mercury feems to be animated with the spirit of a fury; and fo of the reft. But let them not decide too haftily. Almoft all the antique figures are totally void of all spirit of expreffion; we are forced to guefs at their characters. Every artificial expreflion requires, moreover, to be fomewhat exaggerated. A ftatue or portrait is an inanimate figure; and muft therefore have a very different effect from one which, being endowed with life, has the mufcles conftantly in play, and where the continual change of the features, the motion of the eyes, and the looks, more or lefs lively, eafily and clearly exprefs the paffions and fentiments. Whereas, in a figure that is the produce of art, the delicate touches, that fhould exprefs the paffions, are loft to the eyes of the fpectators: they must therefore be ftruck by ftrong, bold characters, which can affect them at the firft glance of the eye. A very moderate artift is fenfible, at the

go.

Thus, we fay, the heroes of antiquity, &c. ANTIQUITY is allo ufed to denote the works or monuments of antiquity. See ANTIQUITIES.

ANTIQUITY likewife expreffes the great age of a thing; and in this fenfe we fay the antiquity of a family, the antiquity of a kingdom.

ANTIRRHINUM, SNAP-DRAGON, or CALVESSNOUT: A genus of the angiofpermia order, belonging to the didynamia clafs of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 40th order, Perfonate. The effential characters are thefe: The calyx confifts of five leaves; the bafis of the corolla is bent backwards, and furnished with pectoria; the capfule is bilocular. There are 14 fpecies of the antirrhinum, 10 of which are natives of Britain, viz. the cymbalaria, or ivy-leaved toad-grafs; the elatine, or fharp-pointed fuellin; the fpurium, or round-leaved fluellin; the arvenfe, or corn blue toad-flax; the repens, or creeping toad-flax; the monofpermum, or fweet-fmelling toad-flax; the linaria, or common yellow toad-flax; the minus, or leaft toad-flax; the majus, or greater snapdragon; and the orontium, or leaft fnapdragon. The linaria is faid to be cathartic and diuretic; but it is not used in the fhops.

ANTIRRHIUM (anc. geog.), a promontory at the mouth of the Corinthian bay, where it is scarce a mile broad, and where it feparates the Ætolians from the Peloponnefus; fo called from its oppofite fituation to Rhium in Peloponnefus, (Pliny):"both are now called the Dardanelles of Lepants.

ANTISABBATARIANS, a modern religious fect, who oppose the obfervance of the Christian fabbath. The great principle of the Antifabbatarians is, that the Jewish fabbath was only of ceremonial, not moral obligation; and confequently is abolished by the coming of Chrift.

ANTISAGOGE, in rhetoric, a figure differing little from that called conceffion. The following paffage from Cicero is an inftance of it: Difficilis ratin belli gerendi; at plena fidei, plena pietatis: et fi dicas, magnus labor, multa pericula proponuntur; at gloria ex his immortalis eft confecutura. See CONCESSION.

ANTISCII, in geography, people who live on different fides of the equator, whofe fhadows at noon are projected oppofite ways. Thus the people of the north are Antifcii to thofe of the fouth; the one projecting their shadows at noon toward the north pole, and the other toward the fouth pole.

ANTISCORBUTICS, medicines good in fcorbu

tic cafes.

ANTISEPTICS (from avti and ontos putrid, of on, to putrify), an appellation given to fuch fubftances as refift putrefaction.

We have fome curious experiments in relation to antileptic fubftances by Dr Pringle, who has ascertained their feveral virtues. Thus in order to fettle the antifeptic virtue of falts, he compared it with that of common fea-falt; which being one of the weakest, he fuppofes equal to unity, and expresses the proportional ftrength of the reft by higher numbers, as in the following table.

Salts,