p. 321, n. 5: See The Frontier in American History by Frederick Jackson Turner (1920), p. 177. p. 322, n. 1: See Id., p, 178. p. 322, n. 2: Problems of Modern Democracy Political and Economic Essays (1907): Essay on Aristocratic Opinions of Democracy by Edwin Lawrence Godkin, pp. 52, 53. p. 322, n. 3: The United States, an Experiment in Democracy, by Carl Becker (1920), p. 169. p. 323, n. 1: Economic Problems of Democracy (1923): Lecture on Economic Freedom by Arthur A. Hadley, p. 34. p. 323, n. 2: The Development of the United States from Colonies to a World Power by Max Farrand (1918), p. 159. p. 323, n. 3: Beacon Lights of History by John Lord (1888), Vol. 12, p. 245. p. 323, n. 4: p. 323, n. 5: p. 323, n. 6: Id., Vol. 12, p. 270. A Modern Outlook by J. A. Hobson (1910), p. 170. See History of the United States by Henry Adams (18891917), Vol. 1, p. 73. p. 324, n. 1: See History of the United States by Richard Hildreth, Second Series (1848-1852), Vol. 3, p. 227. p. 324, n. 2: Essay on Power by Ralph Waldo Emerson. P. 324, n. 3: Id. p. 326, n. 1: These United States, A Symposium, edited by Ernest Gruen : ing (1924) Nebraska, The End of the First Cycle by Willa Sibert Cather, Vol. 2, pp. 151, 152. p. 329, n. 1: Race or Nation by Gino Speranza (1925), p. 235. p. 330, n. 1: Ethical Democracy (1900): Essay on The Dynamics of Democracy by Stanton Coit, pp. 336, 337. p. 330, n. 2: Quoted in The College and New America by J. W. Hudson (1920), p. 76. p. 330, n. 3: The Relations of Education to Citizenship by Simeon E. Baldwin (1912), p. 120. p. 330, n. 4: Id., p. 43. p. 332, n. 1: The Agricultural Problem in the United States, published by the National Industrial Conference Board (1926), p. 123. This Board was composed of eminent citizens. p. 332, n. 2: Essay on Behavior by Ralph Waldo Emerson. p. 333, n. 1: Our Debt and Duty to the Farmer by Henry C. Wallace (1925), pp. 18, 19. p. 334, n. 1: Essay on Farming by Ralph Waldo Emerson. p. 334, n. 2: The Agricultural Problem in the United States, published by the National Industrial Conference Board (1926), Foreword, p. 1. p. 336, n. 1: Our Debt and Duty to the Farmer by Henry C. Wallace (1925), pp. 21, 25. p. 336, n. 2: The Character of Races by Ellsworth Huntington (1924), p. 353. p. 337, n. 1: The Agricultural Problem in the United States (1926), pp. 92, 93, 127-129. p. 338, n. 1: Id., pp. 114-117. p. 338, n. 2: Our Debt and Duty to the Farmer by Henry C. Wallace (1925), p. 194. On October 20, 1926, leading bankers of the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Switzerland issued a statement" for the removal of restrictions upon European trade," and plainly this applies to restrictions on European trade with the United States, although this is denied. The argument is so conclusive it is reproduced in part as follows: "We desire, as business men, to draw attention to certain grave and disquieting conditions which, in our judgment, are retarding the return to prosperity. "It is difficult to view without dismay the extent to which tariff barriers, special licenses and prohibitions since the war have been allowed to interfere with international trade and to prevent it from flowing in its natural channels. At no period in recent history has freedom from such restrictions been more needed to enable traders to adapt themselves to new and difficult conditions. And at no period have impediments to trading been more perilously multiplied without a true appreciation of the economic consequences involved. "The break-up of great political units in Europe dealt a heavy blow to international trade. Across large areas, in which the inhabitants had been allowed to exchange their products freely, a number of new frontiers were erected and jealously guarded by customs barriers. Old markets disappeared. Racial animosities were permitted to divide communities whose interests were inseparably connected. . . . "To mark and defend these new frontiers in Europe, licenses, tariffs and prohibitions were imposed with results which experience shows already to have been unfortunate for all concerned. One state lost its supplies of cheap food, another its supplies of cheap manufactures. Industries suffered for want of coal, factories for want of raw materials. "Behind the customs barriers new local industries were started, with no real economic foundation, which could only be kept alive in the face of competition by raising the barriers higher still. Railway rates, dictated by political considerations, have made transit and freights difficult and costly. Prices have risen, artificial dearness has been created. Production as a whole has been diminished. Credit has contracted and currencies have depreciated. "Too many states, in pursuit of false ideals of national interest, have imperiled their own welfare and lost sight of the common interests of the world by basing their commercial relations on the economic folly which treats all trading as a form of war. "There can be no recovery in Europe till politicians in all territories, old and new, realize that trade is not war but a process of exchange, that in time of peace our neighbors are our customers, and that their prosperity is a condition of our own well-being. If we check their dealings, their power to pay their debts diminishes and their power to purchase goods is reduced. Restricted imports involve restricted exports, and no nation can afford to lose its export trade. Dependent as we all are upon imports and exports, and upon the processes of international exchange, we cannot view without grave concern a policy which means the impoverishment of Europe. . . . "Some states have recognized in recent treaties the necessity of freeing trade from the restrictions which depress it. And experience is slowly teaching others that the breaking-down of the economic barriers between them may prove the surest remedy for the stagnation which exists. On the valuable political results which might flow from such a policy, from the substitution of good will for ill will, of co-operation for exclusiveness, we will not dwell. But we wish to place on record our conviction that the establishment of economic freedom is the best hope of restoring the commerce and the credit of the world." An able article summarizing the protective tariff argument, pro and con, especially against such a tariff in the United States, by Bernhard Knollenberg, is found in the Atlantic Monthly for November, 1926, p. 688. The subject is clearly one that soon will divide parties again. p. 338, n. 3: Mankind at the Crossroads by Edward M. East (1923), P. 168. p. 339, n. 1: Id., p. 189. P. 339, n. 2: The Rural Life Problem of the United States by Sir Horace Plunkett (1910). p. 339, n. 3: pp. 21, 91 of the Agricultural Problem in the United States, published by National Industrial Conference Board, Inc. (1926). P. 339, n. 4: Id., p. 137. p. 340, n. 1: The Foes of our Own Household by Theodore Roosevelt (1917), pp. 194, 195. p. 342, n. 1: Essay on Manners by Ralph Waldo Emerson. p. 342, n. 2: Janus in Modern Life by W. M. Flinders Petrie (1907), p. 28. p. 344, n. 1: Democracy and Liberty by William E. H. Lecky (1878), p. 364. p. 344, n. 2: Beacon Lights of History by John Lord (1888): Vol. on American Founders, p. 244. p. 344, n. 3: See The United States by Carl Becker (1920), p. 86. p. 344, n. 4: Beacon Lights of History by John Lord (1888): Vol. on American Founders, p. 278. p. 345, n. 1: Old Virginia and Her Neighbors by John Fiske (1897), Vol. 2, p. 114. p. 346, n. 1: A Modern Outlook by J. A. Hobson (1910), pp. 40, 41. p. 348, n. 1: Rugby Chapel by Matthew Arnold, quoted in Stoicism by Professor Wenley (1924), p. 60. p. 349, n. 1: Current Problems in Citizenship by William Bennett Munro (1924), P. 534. p. 350, n. 1: The New Barbarians (1925) by Wilbur C. Abbott, p. 30, American Nationalism Series. p. 350, n. 2: The American Spirit in the Writings of Americans of Foreign Birth (1922): Address on True Americanism by Carl Schurz, pp. 41, 42. A INDEX Agriculture. See Farmers civilization of, 41-45, 312–319. See coöperation with England, 232-241 Federation of Labor, 180, 181 form of government, the oldest, 10 mission of, 8, 43, 316, 347, 348 women, 221-226 Americans, composite, 40, 44 Boston, foreign population in, 293 population in colonial times, 55, 67, 74 Brazil, expulsion of the Jews, 133 с California and the Japanese, 124, 125 commission to adjust differences, 235 Joint Commission with United States, system of government, 30 Capital, 156-160, 168-172, 211-220 Anglo-Saxon, 46, 54, 77, 136, 140, 293, Capitalistic class, 282 system, 249, 285 17, 18 Child labor law, 287 |