five ministers or elders from universities.-Calvinism derived its appellation from John Calvin, whose real name was Chauvin, and who was born A. D. 1509 at Noyon in Picardy. He obtained, at an early age, a benefice in the cathedral church of his native place, but, having joined the other Reformers in rescuing the Christian Church from the errors and superstitions of Popery, he was obliged to fly from his country during the persecution of the Protestants, and, after having visited many other places, settled at last in Geneva. Here he promulgated his own opinions concerning doctrine and church government, and died A. D. 1564. The distinguishing tenets of Calvinism are, belief in Predestination, Election, Reprobation, and Irresistible Grace, together with the total rejection of Episcopacy. The Calvinists, in their progress, unable to agree amongst themselves, and dissenting from each other as much as from the Church of England, have divided into various branches or lesser sects: their doctrine subsists in its greatest originality in Genera, Scotland, and Holland, but it is likewise professed in many other countries. The Calvinists of France are called Hugonots or Huguenots.

51. The Scotch are commonly divided into two classes, viz. the Highlanders and Lowlanders; the former occupying the Northern and mountainous provinces, the latter the Southern districts. These classes differ from each other in language, manners, and dress. The Highlanders use the Irish or Celtic tongue, sometimes called Erse, whilst in the low country the language is the ancient Scandinavian dialect blended with the Anglo-Saxon.-Previous to the union, Scotland was in possession of few manufactures and of little trade; but since that period it has shared in our national prosperity. Towards the middle of the last century, manufactures began to flourish, and trade increased in due proportion; and now, considerably more than one-third of its population is thus employed.

52. Scotland is divided into 33 shires or counties, viz. 11 Northern, 11 Central, and 11 Southern. The Northern shires are, Orkney and Shetland Isles, Caithness, Sutherland, Cromarty, Ross, Inverness, Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, and Kincardine. The Central shires are, Forfar, Fife, Kinross, Clackmanan, Perth, Argyll, Bute, Renfrew, Dumbarton, Stirling and Linlithgow. The Southern shires are, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Roxburgh, Selkirk, Peebles, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries. These counties elect 30 representatives, and the towns and boroughs 23, in all 53 Members, to sit in the Imperial Parliament of Great Britain.

53. The square miles, population (as ascertained in 1831), and chief towns of each shire in Scotland, may be seen in the following table:

54. Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, and, before the union of the two kingdoms, the seat of its king and parliament, is advantageously situated on three eminences, two miles from the Firth of Forth; its principal port is Leith. It consists of two parts, viz. the Old, and the New Town: the Old Town stands on an inclining ridge, steep on each side, and extending longitudinally for the space of a mile, from the Castle, Eastward, to the palace of Holyrood-House; the New Town likewise stands on elevated ground to the N. W. of the preceding, and was first founded in the year 1767. Prior to the reign of James the 2d, the kings of Scotland resided at Perth, as the metropolis of the kingdom, and were crowned at the neighbouring abbey of Scone. But the ancient capital of the Picts was Abernethy, to the S. E. of Perth, at the mouth of the R. Earn.-There are four Universities in Scotland, viz. Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and St. Andrews.-The greatest manufactures are carried on at Glasgow, Paisley, Dumbarton, Edinburgh, Leith, Dunfermline, Dundee, Aberdeen, and Carron; the last mentioned place is near Falkirk, and is one of the largest iron manufactories in Europe.

55. The Shire of Renfrew is remarkable from its having been long the paternal inheritance of the Stuart family, and as giving the title of Baron to the Prince of Wales. The Eastern part of Stirlingshire is remarkable for the many bloody battles which have been fought in it: Wallace defeated Cressingham near Stirling Bridge, A. D. 1297; Edward I., king of England, by his victory at Falkirk, in 1298, endangered the liberties and independence of Scotland; the decisive battle of Bannockburn, in 1314, freed the nation from the English yoke; and, at Sanchieburn, in 1488, James III. lost his life. Besides these, we may mention Langside Moor in Renfrewshire, where the army of Queen Mary was defeated by that of Murray the Regent; and Carberry-Hill in Mid-Lothian, where her forces were again beaten by those of the confederate lords, to whom the Queen yielded herself a prisoner, A.D 1567. Not far from the last-mentioned place is Pinkie, in the neighbourhood of which the English defeated the Scotch in 1547. Three miles below Hamilton, on the Clyde, is Bothwell Bridge, noted for the defeat of the covenanters, by the loyalists under the Duke of Monmouth in 1679. Preston-pans, where the highland rebels, who fought for the Pretender defeated the King's army in 1745, is a small market-town in Haddingtonshire, only noted for its salt-works: Culloden Moor, about three miles E. of Inverness, is likewise memorable as the scene of the battle, A. D. 1746, which finished the rebellion of the preceding year, and for

ever destroyed the hopes of the Stuart family. Killicrankie is a noted pass in Perthshire, about 15 miles N. of Dunkeld; here was fought a battle in 1689 between the King's forces commanded by General Mackay, and the Highland rebels under Viscount Dundee, who was killed in the moment of victory. Duplin is also in Perthshire, and was the place where the English defeated the Scotch, A. D. 1332. Glen-co is a deep valley in Argyllshire, and is celebrated as the reputed birth-place of Ossian; to the West of it, opposite the I. of Mull, is the bleak and mountainous Morven, the country of Fingal.

56. The population of the chief towns in Scotland (as returned in 1831) may be seen in the following table:

contains 24.300 square miles, or nearly one half less than England and Wales : its population, in 1831, amounted to 7,631,194, but since that time it has materially increased. The power of the crown of England became unalterably established in Ireland by the victory obtained by William the 3d, over James the 2d, A. D. 1690, on the banks of the R. Boyne: but the two countries were not completely united till the year 1801. The government of Ireland was formerly vested in a house of Peers, and a house of Commons, the King being represented by a Viceroy or Lord-Lieutenant: but no act of importance was considered valid, until it received the sanction of the King and Council of Great Britain. Since the Union of the two kingdoms, the form of government has, of course, been one and the same. Though the established religion is that of the Church of England, yet a very great proportion of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics. There are at present four archbishoprics, viz. Armagh, Dublin, Cashell, and Tuam. The archbishop of Armagh is Primate and Metropolitan of all Ireland. Besides these, there are the bishoprics of Glandelagh, Emly-Waterford-and-Lismore, Ardagh -Killalla-and-Achorry, Meath, Kildare, Cork-Cloyne-and-Ross, Clogher, Derry-and-Raphoe, Down-and-Connor, Dromore, Elphin, Limerick-Ardfert -and-Aghadoe, Killaloe-Kilfenora-Clonfert-and-Killmacduagh, Kilmore, Ossory-Ferns-and-Leighlin. These several prelates have their Deans and other dignitaries, Meath excepted, the Bishop of which has precedence of all the

others.

58. The prevailing language of Ireland is the ancient Celtic idiom, called Erse, Irish,or Erinach, a dialect of which is likewise spoken in the Highlands of Scotland: in this idiom Ireland is called Erin. Ireland distinguished itself at an early period by its industry and manufactures, particularly those of wool, hemp, and linen: it is, likewise, much famed for the richness and fertility of its soil. It has rapidly

improved during the present century, especially in agriculture, and is rising under the fostering care of the legislature, to such a high degree of prosperity, as essentially to contribute to the welfare and happiness of the United Kingdom.

59. Ireland is divided into four great provinces, viz. Leinster in the East, Munster in the South, Connaught in the West, and Ulster in the North: these are again subdivided into 32 counties. Leinster contains 12 counties, viz. Dublin, Louth, Meath, Westmeath, Longford, King's County, Queen's County, Kildare, Wicklow, Wexford, Carlow, and Kilkenny. Munster contains six counties, viz. Cork, Kerry, Clare, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford. Connaught has five counties, viz. Galway, Mayo, Sligo, Leitrim, and Roscommon. Ulster is sub-divided into nine counties, viz. Donegal, Londonderry, Antrim, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Cavan, Monaghan, Armagh, and Down. These counties elect 64 representatives, and the towns, boroughs, and university, 41, in all 105 Members, to sit in the Imperial Parliament of Great Britain.

GO. The square miles, population, (as estimated in 1831), and chief towns of each county in Ireland, may be seen in the following table:

61. The city of Dublin (called in the native idiom Balacleig or Bally-ath-Cliath), the metropolis of the kingdom of Ireland, is a large, well-built, flourishing, and commercial city, extending along both banks of the River Liffey. It is about 24 miles in length each way, and is situated at the bottom of a Bay of the same name, formed by Dalky Head on the South side, and Hoath Head on the North: the latter

is a small, elevated, oval peninsula, and on its extreme point a lighthouse has been erected. On the Western side of the city is Phoenix Park, the residence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Cork, the second city in the country, and the great mart of the Southern parts of the kingdom, is situate partly on the banks of the R. Lee, and partly on a marshy island in the river: it has many flourishing manufactures, and carries on a very considerable trade.-Ireland has but one university, viz. that of Trinity College, Dublin, founded by Queen Elizabeth. At Maynooth, in the Northern part of the County of Kildare, is the College of St. Patrick, instituted in 1795, for the training of the Irish Roman Catholic Priests.-The principal manufactures of the country are carried on at Belfast, Coleraine, Limerick, Newry, Galway, Drogheda, Dublin, Cork, Waterford, Clonmell, and Carrick on Shannon. 62. The population of some of the chief towns in Ireland (as estimated in 1821) may be seen in the following table:

1. THE Saxons were originally an inconsiderable tribe, dwelling in the Southern part of Denmark; but they distinguished themselves above the other Germans by their personal bravery, strength of body, and patience of fatigue. These warlike qualities rendered them formidable to the neighbouring tribes, whom, in process of time, they found means either to render tributary or completely to subdue; so that, at last, they became the leading people amongst the whole race of the Ingævones. Notwithstanding their remoteness from the Roman frontier, they rendered themselves obnoxious to the latter people by the ravages, which they committed upon their maritime territory in Britain and Gaul; for they were admirably skilled in naval affairs, and, having led a piratical life from the earliest period of their history, they were more accustomed to the sea than to the land. In order to check their ravages, the Romans were compelled to station officers and soldiers along the shores of Britain and Gaul, who were under the command of a general, hence termed the Count of the Saxon shore: the troops for this service in Britain, were composed of seven Numeri of foot, two Vexillations of horse, the second Legion, and one Cohort; but even this force was frequently found insufficient. It has been thought, with considerable probability, that it was in imitation of this office, so necessary in those plundering times, our ancestors were induced to appoint a Warden or Governor of