self, to end in deceiving others; the first uninquiring ignorance; the gradual admission of ideas, what he is taught or left to imagine; the faith, of what is fancied to be so, the mechanical belief; then the confusion of thought from the intrusion of doubt and uncertainty; the adoption of some undefined. notions; and, finally, actual unbelief; followed by designed and systematic injustice in the practice of what first was taken up in sincerity, though even this now perhaps is not unmixed with some fancy of its reality. For this must be the gradation more or less gone through in all such things, whether Obeism, Fetichism, the Evil Eye, or any sort of sorcery or witchcraft, in whatever variousness of form practised; cheats on the one hand, and dupes on the other: the primum mobile in every case being some shape or other of gain to the practitioner.

It seems, however, hardly likely that Obeism should now be "rapidly gaining ground again" there, from the greater spread of Christianity and diffusion of enlightenment and information in general since the slave-emancipation; as also from the absence of its feeding that formerly accompanied every fresh importation from the coast: as, like mists before the mounting sun, all such impostures must fade away before common sense, truth, and facts, whenever these are allowed their free influence.

The conclusion, then, would rather be, that Obeism is on the decline; only more apparent, when now seen, than formerly, from its attracting greater notice.

M.

Obeahism. In answer to T. H's Query regarding Obeahism, though I cannot answer his question fully, as to its origin, &c., yet I have thought that what I can communicate may serve to piece out the more valuable information of your better informed correspondents. I was for a short time in the island of Jamaica, and from what I could learn there of Obeahism, the power seemed to be obtained by the Obeah-man or woman, by working upon the fears of their fellownegroes, who are notoriously superstitious. The principal charm seemed to be, a collec tion of feathers, coffin furniture, and one or two other things which I have forgotten. A small bundle of this, hung over the victim's door, or placed in his path, is supposed to have the power of bringing ill-luck to the unfortunate individual. And if any accident, or loss, or sickness should happen to

him about the time, it is immediately imputed to the dreadful influence of Obeah! But I have heard of cases where the unfortunate victim has gradually wasted away, and died under this powerful spell, which, I have been informed by old residents in the island, is to be attributed to a more natural cause, namely, the influence of poison. The Obeah-man causes a quantity of ground glass to be mixed with the food of the person who has incurred his displeasure; and the result is said to be a slow but sure and wasting death! Perhaps some of your medical readers can say whether an infusion of powdered glass would have this effect. I merely relate what I have been told by others.

While speaking of the superstition of the negroes, I may mention a very curious one, very generally received and universally believed among them, called the rolling calf, which, if you wish, I will give you an account of in my next. D. P. W.

Curious Fact in Natural History.There is in the Brazils a popular superstition to this effect. There is a tree called Japécarga, which is said to grow out of the body of the insect called Cigara. This is a very large tree, and the Cigara is an insect which makes an incessant chirping on the tree, and, as the saying goes, chirps till it bursts. When the insect dies, the tree is said to grow out of it, the roots growing down the legs. My explanation is this: The insect feeds on the seeds of the Japécarga, and occasionally, under advantageous circumstances, some of the seeds germinate, and cause the death of the insect, the tree shooting up through the softest part, the back, and the rootlets making their way down the only outlets, the legs. I wish to know whether any similar fact in Natural History has been noticed, and if not, how is it accounted for, since I can vouch for the skin of the insect having been found with the tree growing out of its back, and the roots growing down through the legs. JOHN MANLEY.

Mark for a Dollar.-The BIBLIOPOLIST is, I think, in error respecting the origin of the "mark for a dollar." It is simply the letters U. S. (United States), one placed over the other-the bottom of the U becoming, after a time, omitted in hurry of business. J. C. GATES.

63 Wall Street, June 9, 1869.

Brother Jonathan. In reply to a query on page 153 of the BIBLIOPOLIST, I copy the following from the recently published "Military and Civil History of Connecticut," by Croffut & Morris :

"Upon no man in civil life in America did Washington so much depend for wise counsel and prompt aid in every emergency as upon Jonathan Trumbull, the bold but prudent Governor of Connecticut-the only governor on the continent, when the war began, who was not appointed by the King. His cooperation was so constant and valuable, that the most intimate relations sprang up between him and Washington; and the latter, in seasons of unusual perplexity, was wont to remark, playfully yet with serious purpose, "We must consult brother Jonathan." It is now well known that this affectionate sobriquet for Trum. bull, passing from officer to soldier and from soldier to citizen, was made a popular catch-word, first applied to the State he represented, and finally becoming a synonym for the colossal young Republic."

In corroboration the reader is referred to Hollister's History of Connecticut, p. 426, and Stuart, 697.

Hariot's Virginia. In an old Latin book on America, I have noticed a reference to Thomas Hariot's Description of Virginia. Can any one give me the title of this work? W. T. K.

Mark for a Dollar.-If the following explanation (from Appleton's Cyclopedia) be correct, both K. P. D. E and J. P. are in

error:

"Spanish dollars were chiefly coined in the Spanish American Colonies. The best known variety was the pillar dollar, so called from the two pillars on its reverse, representing the Pillars of Hercules,' the ancient name of the opposite promontories at the Straits of Gibralter. The rude imitation of these pillars in writing, connecting them by a scroll, is said to have been the origin of the dollar mark ($) now universally familiar. A more plausible explanation. is that, as the dollar consisted of eight reals, 8 R. being stamped upon it, the mark was designated to stand for the piece of eight,' as the dollar was commonly called. The two vertical lines distinguished it from the figure 8." W. T. K.

More's Utopia. In reply to Constantine Cresacre, in No. 6, I would state there is a copy of the first latin edition of the "Utopia" in my possession. The book was printed at Antwerp in 1515, and not in the year following, as your correspondent supposes. From Antwerp it made its way to Madrid, during the troubles in the Netherlands, and has on one of the fly-leaves the stamp of "Gregoria y Garcia, calle de la Madera alta." It passed to Old Mexico, I know not when or how, and I obtained it in the city of Mexico, in 1848. I was not before aware of the extreme rarity of the book, though I have valued it on account of its old age. It is in good condition, and was never rebound-so says the binder here. W. H. SLOAN.

Rochester, N. Y., July, 1869.

Bartlett's Dictionary of Americanisms, may be consulted with reference to many of the Queries in our last.

July 10, 1869.

T. M.

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