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CORRESPONDENCE

To the Editor of the EDINBURGH REVIEW.

May I concisely correct some of the assertions of Signor Villari in his article on " The Origins and Spirit of Fascism" in the January issue of your valuable review?

On p. 65 he speaks of Don Luigi Sturzo, the leader of the Partito Popolare as having adopted an attitude little less seditious than Bolshevism. Signor Villari is invited to say in what speech or publication of Don Luigo Sturzo there is the slightest shadow of Bolshevism, whether in ideas, or proposed reforms, or methods for their realisation. Don Sturzo, in England, would appear as a rather old-fashioned Radical. His ideas are summarised in his book, " Italy and Fascismo."

On p. 74, Signor Villari says that "The Italy of to-day is undoubtedly more prosperous and efficient than was the Italy of the preFascist or the pre-war era." I have under my eyes not merely all the · relevant figures of Professor Mortara's "Prospettive Economiche" in all their issues and many official books of statistics, including the latest published in February, and I must say all data are most emphatically contradictory of Signor Villari's assertion. Statistics of savings show a most marked reduction from 1922 to 1926; declared bankruptcies, from 850-641 during the period 1917-20, rose to 7874 in 1926. One of the most significant symptoms of increased poverty in the working classes and lower middle classes is most surely the increase of the value of items pawned at the Monte di Pietà, from 53 million lire in 1919 and 176 million lire in 1922 to 336,600,000 in 1926. The Index Numbers referring to wholesale prices, especially of foodstuffs, and to the cost of living tell the same story; there is a decided step for the worse from 1922 onwards, with only a slight sign of improvement towards the end of 1926, an improvement obviously due to causes working also in other countries than Italy and more elsewhere than in Italy. Both the League of Nations Bulletin as well as Italian official statistics summarised in Mortara's "Prospettive Economiche" for 1927, testify to an undoubted reduction of real wages, both of industrial as well as rural workers, since 1920, and especially during 1925-26. The standard of 1913, except for small exceptionally privileged groups, has not yet been re-established. Figures, therefore, prove most certainly that, in many things, post-war Italy, especially up to 1922, has progressed beyond 1914; but in regard to progress after 1922 the data already quoted and many others taken from all fields, can scientifically be interpreted only as showing that Italy is resuming her war-interrupted industrial ascension, and that this ascension goes on, not because, but in spite of Fascism and its intensification of bureaucratic, protectionistic and police restrictions. ANGELO CRESPI.

NATIONAL LIBERAL CLUB.

*ee McGuire's Italy's International Economic Position (Unwin and Allen), 1927.

No. 501 will be published in July, 1927.

INDEX

Titles of Articles are printed in heavy type

Abercrombie, Prof., and Mr. Lascelles,

town planning at Stratford-on-Avon,

322

Acton, Lord, quoted, 243, 246

Adams, Henry, 290

Adams, John Quincey, 3

Afghan war, first, Lord Ellenborough

and, 119 et seq.
Africa, East :--

Conference of Governors, 43
Empire and Church in Uganda and
Kenya, 43-57

Land-expropriation of natives, 48
Missions-land grants and the ques-
tion of restitution, 51

Native labour question, compulsory,

44

Taxation, native, 52
Africa, South :—

Agriculture-farming conditions, 33
Colour Bar Act, 34, 38

Colour problem, 29 et seq.; inter-
marriage question, 36; segrega-
tion, 40

Indian question, 31
Labour-conditions and wages of
whites and natives wages Act, 35,
38 et seq.

Manufactures, 34
Mining industry, 34

Native problems, 28 et seq.; inter-
marriage question, 36; segrega-
tion, 40

Population-mixed race problems;
statistics, 29 et seq.

Social Problems in South Africa,
28-42

Tariff policy, 34

Agriculture-English field system, 75-

91

Aguinaldo (Philippine rebel leader), 20
Ainsworth, Col., native policy in Kenya,
44

Air warfare, 385-401

Alexandretta project, Lord Kitchener's,
191, 197

American Imperialism, 1-18
Anglo-Catholics, attitude towards com-

411

posite prayer book, 225-241 passim
Antiquity of the English Village, The,
75-91

Archbold, W. A. J., New Light on
Lord Ellenborough, 119-126
Aristocracy and politics, 287-289
Army-amateur strategy; Soldiers and
Statesmen, 187-203; military policy,
The Services and a Common Doc-
trine of War, 385-401

Aston, Maj.-Gen. Sir George, The
Study of War for Statesmen and
Citizens, 385

Auckland, Lord, and Lord Ellen-
borough, 120 et seq.
Augmentation Office, 131

Barnes, Rt. Hon. G. N., 360
Beaconsfield, Lord (Benjamin Disraeli),
287 et seq.

Bean, W. J., quoted, 151

Beethoven, Ludwig van, Beethoven's
Sonatas, 258

Belloc, Mr. Hilaire, 245-273
Bentinck, Lord George, 293
Berberis, new, 151

Birrell, Mr. Augustine, 174
Blake, Edward, 211

Blake, William, 272

Bocobo, J., General Wood and the Law,
19

Boers-relations with natives, 28
Bone, James, The Perambulator in
Edinburgh, 403

Books, Recently Published, 204-208;
402-406

Borden, Sir Robert, 220

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Chaplin, Henry: A memoir, 206
Chapter House, Westminster-public
records at, 130

Chatterton, Keble, The Brotherhood of
the Sea, 405

Churchill, Mr. Winston-Dardanelles
campaign, 197

Church Assembly-report of Eccle-
siastical courts commission, 326
Church of England

Ecclesiastical discipline, Royal Com-
mission on, 227 et seq.
Eucharistic vestments, 234

Holy Communion, alternative order
of, 234; reservation, 236

Prayer Book Revision, The Compo-
site Book, 225-241

Prayers for the departed, 238
Uniformity, lack of, 227

Cobbett, William-on the growth of
London, 92

Colonial Laws Validity Act, 223
Communism, primitive

evidence

Composite Book, The, 225-241
against, 75-91 passim
Conservative party, 287-298 passim
Corradini, Enrico, 62

Cotton, A. D., The Index Kewensis
and New Garden Plants, 139-154
Coulton, G. G., The Medieval Village,
75; The Inquisition Once More,
242-257

Council for the Preservation of Rural
England, 313

Courson, Aurélien de, Histoire des
Peuples Bretons, 375

Cousins, Mr. C. W., on white and

native birth-rate in South Africa, 33
Cowper family (Hertford), 296
Crawford, Mr., on ancient English
villages, 90

Criminology-use of psychology, 310
Crispi, Signor, 61

Crown-as leader of society, 295
Cuba-United States policy in, 14
Curtis, Mr. Lionel, 19

Curzon of Kedleston, Lord, Leaves from
a Viceroy's Notebook, &c., 205
Czecho-Slovakia, 204

Dardanelles campaign (1915), 189
Dead, prayers for the, 238

Defence, Committee of Imperial, 200
De Sanctis, Rivista di filologia, 338
Disraeli, Benjamin : see Beaconsfield,
Lord

"Dollar Diplomacy," 1-18 passim
Douais, C., L'Inquisition, 242
Douglas, Senator-on expansion of
United States, 7

Dowdall, H. C., Ecclesiastical Courts,
326-334

Drama, The Late Development of

Irish, 364-374
Drever, Dr. James, 310

Drummond, Sir Eric-on League of
Nations, 354
Dublin-drama in, 371

Duclaux, Mary, Portrait of Pascal, 404
Dufferin, Lady, 293

Durham, Bp. of, The Composite Book,
225-241

Ecclesiastical Courts, 326-334
Ecclesiastical Discipline, report of
Royal Commission on (1906), 227
et seq.

Eckenstein, Lina, Comparative Studies

in Nursery Rhymes, 375
Eden, Lady Emily, 122
Edward II and III, Kings-preserva-

tion of public records, 127
Ellenborough, Lord-New Light on
Lord Ellenborough, 119-126
Ellison, Lt.-Gen., Sir Gerald, The
Perils of Amateur Strategy, 187
Empire and Church in Uganda and
Kenya, 43-57

England, The Planning of, 313-325
English Folk-Song, The Oldest, 375-
384

Ericaceae, 153

Eucharistic vestments, legalization of,

234

Evangelical party-attitude towards new

Composite Prayer Book, 240

Evesham, Sir Thomas de, 127
Eyck, Hubert von, 271

Farrer, Reginald, 144

Fascism, The Origins and Spirit of,

58-74
Faughs, 78

Federzoni, Luigi, 63

Field system, English, 75

Figgis, J. W., Churches in the Modern
State, 326

Folds, 78

Folk-Song, The Oldest English, 375-
384

Forrest, G., 144, 145

Fortescue, The Hon. Sir John, The
Writing of History, 406
Fosdick, Raymond, 354

Freeman, Joseph, Dollar Diplomacy, I
French, Lord (Sir John)-on Darda-
nelles campaign, 190

Gaffre, Abbe L. A., Inquisition et Inqui-
sitions, 242

Gallipoli campaign (1915): in Darda-
nelles,

Garden Plants, The Index Kewensis
and New, 139-154

Gardiner, A. G., The Life of Sir W.
Harcourt, 287
Gentians, new, 148

Gentile, Giovanni, Che cosa é il Fas-
cismo, 58

George the Fourth, 207

Gilbert, Bernard, Letters to America, 402
Gissing, George, on reading Shake-

speare and reading the classics, 115
Goethe, A. B., 146

Goodsall, Robert H., Palestine Memories
403

Granville, Lord, 290

Gray, Howard Levi, English Field
Systems, 75

Greville, Charles C. F., 122
Guedalla, Philip, Palmerston, 174

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Hart, Albert Bushnell, The Monroe
Doctrine, I

Hartleben, Lehmann, 336
Haydn, 260

Hearnshaw, F. S. C., Social and Political
Ideals of Some Great Thinkers of the
XVIth and XVIIth Centuries, 208
Heitland, Mr., 337

Heretics, treatment of, 247

Hersart de la Villemarqué, Vicomte, 375
Hinde, Hildegarde, Some Problems of
East Africa, 43

Hindenburg, Marshall von-on Alexan-
dretta project, 197

History, The Writing of Nineteenth
Century, 174-187

Hobson, J. A., Free Thought in the Social
Services, 302

Holy Communion, alternative order for,
234; reservation, 236
Homer-translation, 114

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Inquisition Once More, The, 242-257
Insurance, National Health, 165
Insurance, Unemployment, 165

Irish Drama, The Late Development
of, 364-374

Irish Literary Theatre, 374

Ironside, Gen. Sir Edmond-lecture on
warfare, 389

Italy:-

Fascism, the origins and spirit, 58-74
League of Nations, attitude towards,

353
Risorgimento, 59

Socialist movement, 60
Syndicalist movement, 62

James, Capt. W. M., The British Navy
in Adversity, 208

Japan-policy regarding Philippines, 25
Jayne, Walter Addison, The Healing
Gods of Ancient Civilisations, 375
Jefferson, Thomas, 3

Jellicoe, Lord, The Grand Fleet, 1914-16
389

Jennings, W. W., A History of Econo-

mic Progress in the United States, 403
Johnson, President, quoted, 8
Johnson, R. Brimley, Fanny Burney and
the Burneys, 207

Johnson, Willis Fletcher, America's
Foreign Relations, I

Jones, H. Stuart, The Decay of the
Roman Empire, 335-348

Jugum, 88

Kaffirs-native problems in South
Africa, 28

Kaye, Sir J. W., 124

Kennedy, W. P. M., The Political
Development of Canada (1867-1927),

209-224

Kent-town planning, 314
Kenya-Empire and Church in Uganda
and Kenya, 43-57; compulsory
native labour question, 43; expro-
priation of native land, 48; taxation
question, 53

Kewensis and New Garden Plants,
The Index, 139-154

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