Confluence has been altered a good deal from that originally assigned to it; in the Map it approaches much more nearly to that given to it by the expedition in 1841, but is not quite so far west. In the Bínue everything beyond Dágbo is of course quite new. The furthest good observation was taken at Djín, in latitude 9° 22' north, and longitude 11° 25′ 7′′ east; our last point, namely Dúlti, is not perfectly fixed, as the observations taken there were interrupted and consequently imperfect, still it cannot be very far out. All the positions determined during the ascent were checked by fresh observations during the return voyage, when, however, very few alterations seemed to be required. The positions of places near the upper Bínue, differ about a degree and a half from those given in Petermann's Atlas, but these changes correspond very well with the corrections in the longitude of lake Tsád, recently determined by Vogel. Dr. Barth has informed me that the positions of places towards Yóla, sent home by him, were assigned by bearings, starting originally from places which have since been proved to have been very incorrectly fixed. I am glad, however, to have referred to this Atlas, that I may mention of what service it proved to us, and that I may record my testimony as to the amount and general correctness of the information it contains. During July, August, and September, all the meridian altitudes taken were of the moon, of planets or of stars, as all the observations being taken with an artificial horizon, during these months the sun was too high to be within the scope of the sextant. The first occasion on which Mr. May was able to obtain a sun's meridian altitude, was on the 18th of October, at Okétta, not far above the Confluence. A list of the principal latitudes and longitudes determined will be subjoined in a tabular form.

Throughout the I'gbo country, every place has been noted for which a probable locality could be given, but, of course, such positions are only inserted provisionally. I have discarded a supposed connecting branch of the river from above Abó to Bonny, as I can find no evidence for it, and the testimony of the natives I examined gave no grounds for believing in its existence. I am perfectly certain that there is no direct communication there. All places marked without absolute authority have after them a note of interrogation. On the western side

of the river there is certainly no affluent higher up than the Wári branch, and Abó may be looked as situated at the extreme apex of the Delta. Yakuba has been placed on the evidence of Dr. Vogel, who visited it last year. From Dr. Petermann I have just learnt that this traveller has recently sent some further important geographical results, including the following latitudes and longitudes, which may, he considers, be depended on, the former within two minutes, and the latter within five minutes :

The only other point to which I wish to allude is the position of Cape Formoso. I was somewhat puzzled by the discrepancies of the various published maps and charts, some placing this much to the eastward, others to the westward of the Nun. Not being able to satisfy myself otherwise, I began to search the earlier records, and finding them pretty unanimous in favour of the western locality, I determined to follow their decision. In this I differ from several persons whom I have consulted, and in particular from one whose opinion is so deservedly of authority as Mr. Arrowsmith, who holds, as the older charts were not laid down from actual survey, and as the most projecting portion of the coast is to the eastward of the river, that the name ought to be retained for that spot. But, again, as the projection there is far from decided, and I find some of the voyagers actually naming the coast between the Nun and the Sengána as being the Cape, I believe that the land in that direction has the right of priority, and ought not therefore to be deprived of its title. Besides, the question is what was originally called the Cape, and not what ought geographically to have borne the name. The "Brass-Town" of charts, Mr. May ascertained during his visit there to be properly called "Tuwón;" it is merely a small village, the true" Brass Town" or Nímbe being from 30 to 35 miles from the sea.

I had intended to have added a list of observations for variation of the compass, but unfortunately the paper containing these has been mislaid, and Mr. May, who possibly may have a copy of the document, has been obliged to leave for the East Indies.

I was furnished with "Barrow's Circle," for ascertaining the dip of the needle, but unfortunately was not able to make many complete series of observations, several having been interrupted by the curiosity, &c. of the natives, by heavy rain, and other unforeseen accidents. The only sets on which I can place much confidence are the following:

1. Opposite Kénde, lower Binue, on a sand-bank, 12th August, 1854. between 10.30 and 11:25 A.M., and 12:50 and 1.50 P.M. Wind S.S.W. 1-3. Therm. 84°-94° F. Barom. (aneroid) 29-86-29 95. Dip, 6° 6' 58".

Weather b, c.

2. On the sandy shore at Újogo, 25th August, between 6:30 and 8:15 A. M. Wind 0. Therm. 73°-77° F. Barom. (aner.) 29.79-29-845. Dip, 4° 37' 8".

Weather b, c.

3. At Zhíbú, on a grassy bank, 9th September, between 6:45 and 8 A.M. Wind W. 2. Dip, 5° 59′ 22′′.

This last I place but little confidence in. It is the result only of a partial set of observations, and the dip was doubtless increased by the interruption which compelled me to stop, which was being surrounded by from sixty to eighty natives, each of them carrying iron weapons. I tried to make them lay down their arms at a considerable distance, but being by myself, was only partially successful, as fresh arrivals were constantly taking place: the vibration of the needles was so great and so varied, that it became impossible to obtain a reading.

During the greater of the river voyage, meteorological observations were taken every three hours during the twentyfour, the only interruptions being when I was on shore. These included registers of pressure, temperature of air, moisture, temperature of water, wind, clouds, weather, and general or remarkable phenomena, rapidity of the current, &c. I was furnished with two marine barometers by Adie, which proved to be excellent instruments. I had also two Aneroids, which though always more sensitive, yet generally corresponded well with the mercurial instruments. Moisture was ascertained by the wet and dry bulb thermometer. On the 21st of September, 1854, I took a series of twenty-five hourly observations. I have as yet found it impossible to go over and check the whole series, and so can now only state the general results. The barometers seemed to be very little affected by change of weather, the difference between rainy and dry days being but şlight, and the occurrence of a tornado appeared to exercise hardly any influence. Two daily maxima and minima were invariable and well marked. The maxima occurred at from 9 to 10 A.M. and P.M., and the minima about 4 or 4:30 A.M. and P.M., the morning minimum being generally rather earlier than the afternoon one. The daily range of the barometers

GG

was about 05 to 07 of an inch on the mercurial barometers, and from 07 to 09 on the Aneroids. The extreme range of the barometers was from 30-23 at the mouth of the river, to 29.77 at the upper part of the Bínue, both these being maxima readings. This would tend to show that the river has no great descent, but flows along nearly level country, which is also to be inferred from other appearances. Working by a rule given in one of the volumes of the "Journal of the Geographical Society" for the Aneroid barometer, I could only find an elevation of 119 feet at the Confluence, and 268 feet at O'jogo; but these results are, I should suppose, too low, yet there can be no question that the Bínue and the lower part of the united rivers flow along a very level valley.

The extremes of temperature were from 69° to 97° F., the former being the morning temperature, in October, and the latter the extreme in the shade during the commencement of the dry season. The average mid-day temperature was from The coldest period during the day was from 4 to 5 A.M. The temperature of the surface water of the river varied from 79° to 84°, the average being 81°.

82° to 84°.

E.

Distinguishing marks of different tribes.

Tatooing, or marks on various parts of the body, is used chiefly by the Pagan races, the Muhammadans generally avoiding this practice, which they term "Shushúa."

Tribe.

Orú.

Nimbe. Abó.

Marks.

A straight, very prominent line along centre of fore head, and upper part of nose; three lines extending diagonally across the cheek from inner angle of eye; other varied marks on chest and arms.

Six short perpendicular incisions between eye and ear. Males.-Three short perpendicular cuts on each temple, and three short horizontal lines across upper part of