is a primary factor in production, as assuredly there is, then there should be abundant opportunities for ability to exercise itself and reap the rewards of its superiority. Careers should be open to talents in industry, as Napoleon opened them in war.

An intelligent understanding of the processes of commerce, of production, and of the economic forces of the world is likewise essential if ruinous strife is not to hold the field and prevent any substantial advance. It must be admitted with regret that in too many instances men allow themselves to be deluded by sophisms, clap-trap phrases, and the bellows-blown foolery of persons who talk at large without any sense of responsibility. The mechanism of industry is a much more delicate and complex affair than it seems to those who think that it can all be explained in a formula. An educational policy should provide for the proper analysis and capable exposition of this mechanism by competent and scientific men whom intelligent people will trust to investigate with sincerity and expound with disinterested honesty. Denunciation is an easy game, and denouncing the denouncers is an addition to folly. These things should be studied and explained carefully in a spirit of truth. When they are properly understood Boanerges with his throat of thunder will have less scope for his assaults upon the air of heaven than he appears to have at present in too many lands.

Matthew Arnold's Reports on Elementary Schools, written between 1852 and 1882, have been collected in a little volume, edited by F. S. Marvin. His elaborate reports on education in France and Germany are reprinted in Vol. XII. of his collected works. Sir Johsua Fitch's book, Thomas and Matthew Arnold and their Influence on English Education, contains an excellent estimate. Two short books on Matthew Arnold are those by G. W. E. Russell and Herbert Paul, the latter in the English Men of Letters Series."

I cannot approve of the requisition, in the studies of future statesmen, of so much theoretical knowledge, by which young people are often ruined before their time, both in mind and body. When they enter into practical life they

possess indeed an immense stock of philosophical and learned material; but in the narrow circle of their calling this cannot be practically applied, and will therefore be forgotten as useless. On the other hand, what they most needed they have lost; they are deficient in the necessary mental and bodily energy, which is quite indispensable when one would enter efficiently into practical life.-Goethe.

To direct the imagination to the infinitely great and the infinitely small, to vistas of time in which a thousand years are as one day; to retrace the history of the earth and the evolution of its inhabitants-such studies cannot fail to elevate the mind, and only prejudice will disparage them.

The air which blows about scientific studies is like the air of a mountain-top-thin, but pure and bracing.W. R. Inge.

It

The exclusion of talent from careers, or, rather, the want of any provision for it, was the fatal policy of the old régime (in France), for which it paid very heavily. was a just cause of smothered but widespread indignation and heart-burning, a grievance of first magnitude, from which many great and aspiring spirits had suffered, including even the prophet of the Revolution and the preacher of equality, Rousseau himself, who had fully felt the pangs that impoverished genius has to suffer.-William Graham.

A thing not yet well understood and recognised is the economical value of the general diffusion of intelligence among the people.-John Stuart Mill.

The education of the people is not only a means, but the best means, of attaining that which all allow to be a chief end of government; and, if this be so, it passes my faculties to understand how any man can gravely contend that government has nothing to do with the education of the people.-Macaulay.

The state derives no inconsiderable advantage from the education of the people. The more they are instructed, the less liable they are to the delusions of enthusiasm and superstition, which, among ignorant nations, frequently occasion the most dreadful disorders. An instructed and intelligent people are always more decent and orderly than an ignorant and stupid one.-Adam Smith.

Education is the first remedy for the barbarism which has been bred of the hurry of civilisation and competitive commerce. To know that men lived and worked mightily

before you is an incentive for you to work faithfully now, that you may leave something to those who come after you. -William Morris.

The history of human progress has been mainly the history of man's higher educability, the products of which he has projected on to his environment. This educability remains on the average what it was a dozen generations ago; but the thought-woven tapestries of his surroundings is refashioned and improved by each succeeding generation. -Lloyd Morgan.

What is considered in education is hardly ever the boy or girl, the young man or young woman, but almost always. in some form, the maintenance of the existing order. When the individual is considered, it is almost exclusively with a view to worldly success-making money or achieving a good position. To be ordinary and to acquire the art of getting on is the ideal which is set before the youthful mind, except by a few rare teachers who have enough energy of belief to break through the system within which they are expected to work. . . . Hardly anything is done to foster the inward growth of mind and spirit; in fact, those who have had most education are very often atrophied in their mental and spiritual life, devoid of impulse, and possessing only certain mechanical aptitudes which take the place of living thought.-Bertrand Russell.

Probably our higher education, properly tested, would be found to contain a far larger waste of intellectual "efficiency" than our factory system of economic efficiency. And this waste is primarily due to the acceptance and survival of barbarian standards of culture, imperfectly adjusted to the modern conditions of life, and chiefly sustained by the desire to employ the mind for decorative and creative purposes. Art, literature, and science suffer immeasurable losses from this misgovernment of intellectual life. The net result is that the vast majority of the sons and daughters even of our well-to-do classes grow up with an exceedingly faulty equipment of useful knowledge, no trained ability to use their intellects or judgments freely and effectively, and with no desire to attempt to do so.-J. A. Hobson.

Acquirement of every kind has two values-value as knowledge and value as discipline. Besides its use for guiding conduct, the acquisition of each order of facts has

also its use as mental exercise; and its effects as a preparation for complete living have to be considered under both these heads.-Herbert Spencer.

Children of the future, whose day has not yet dawned, you, when that day arrives, will hardly believe what obstructions were long suffered to prevent its coming! You who, with all your faults, have neither the aridity of aristocracies nor the narrow-mindedness of middle classes; you whose power of simple enthusiasm is your great gift, will not comprehend how progress towards man's best perfection-the adorning and ennobling of his spirit-should have been reluctantly undertaken; how it should have been for years and years retarded by barren commonplaces, by worn-out clap-traps. You will wonder at the labour of its friends in proving the self-proving; you will know nothing of the doubts, the fears, the prejudices they had to dispel; nothing of the outcry. they had to encounter; of the fierce protestations of life from policies which were dead and did not know it, and the shrill querulous upbraiding from publicists in their dotage. But you, in your turn, with difficulties of your own, will then be mounting some new step in the arduous ladder whereby man climbs towards his perfection, towards that unattainable but irresistible load-star, gazed after with earnest longing, and invoked with bitter tears; the longing of thousands of hearts, the tears of many generations. Matthew Arnold.

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