or that he was very unsuccessful with them. noptes." One of his prescriptions is preThere are still extant fragments and titles served by Galen, and he is quoted by St. Cle(chiefly from Athenæus) of no less than two ment of Alexandria as having asserted that hundred and thirty comedies ascribed to the sole cause of disease in man was the too him; but the correctness of many of the great variety of his food. (Cælius Auretitles cannot be depended upon. Many of lianus, De Morb. Chron. lib. iv. cap. 8. p. 537. these titles are connected with mythical sub- ed. Amman; Galen, De Compos. Medicam. jects, as the Alcestis, the Medea, and the sec. Locos, lib. v. cap. 5. tom. xii. p. 877. ed. Orpheus. Others are historical, as the Kühn; Clemens Alexandrinus, Pædag. lib. Timon, the Sappho, and the Leonidas; others ii. cap. 1. p. 163. ed. Potter; Fabricius, Bibagain refer to the characters and incidents of lioth. Græca, tom. xiii. p. 64. ed. vet.; Haller, daily life. From the expressions of Athe- Biblioth. Medic. Pract. tom. i.) W. A. G. næus (i. 27. d., iv. 156. c., 168. d.) we may ANTIPHANES ('Avtipávns), the son of infer that Antiphanes was an elegant and Telemnastus of GORTYNA in Crete, is mengraceful writer; and the fragments of his tioned by Polybius (p. 1341. ed. Casaub.) as plays lead to the same conclusion. He is having been very superior to his countrysaid to have died at Cius" from a blow by a men, and "by no means like a Cretan." He pear tree," a tradition which may have given was sent by the Cretans as ambassador to rise to the statement of his having been born Corinth, about B. C. 200, to solicit the aid of there. Demetrius Phalereus wrote an ac- the Achæans against the Rhodians; and he count of his life, which is not now extant. showed considerable ability on his mission, The known titles of his plays are given and which, however, was not successful. R. W-n. classified, and the fragments collected by A. Meineke, Fragmenta Comicorum Græcorum, i. 304., iii. 1.

menta."

The principal passages of the extant fragments are also brought together by Clinton in the " Philological Museum," i. 560., and by Bailey in his "Comicorum Græcorum FragThe passages given by Mr. Bailey are accompanied by Richard Cumberland's Translations in English verse. (Suidas, 'AvTipávns; Diogenes Laertius, v. 81.; Bode, Geschichte der Dramatischen Dichtkunst der Hellenen, I. ii. 401.)

Besides the Antiphanes above mentioned, Suidas (sub voc.) speaks of two other poets of the same name. One of these was a tragic poet, contemporary with Thespis, and a native of Carystus in Eubœa; the other is said by Suidas to have written comedies, but no mention is made of him by any other writer. (Meineke, Historia Critica Comicorum Græcorum, p. 340.) R. W-n. ANTIPHANES ('Avtipávns), of BERGA in Thrace, was a Greek writer on the marvellous and incredible in distant countries (amiσтα, Scуmnus Chius, 657). From the notices given of him by Strabo (i. 47., ii. | 102. 104.), it appears that he endeavoured to pass off his strange stories as true histories, whence the word bergaïzein (Bepyat(ewv) came to be used in the sense of writing fictions or romances (Stephanus Byzant. sub voc. Bépyn). He is generally believed to be the same person as Antiphanes the younger, who wrote a Greek work on courtesans. (Athenæus, xiii. 586.; Harpocration, sub voc. Αντίκυρα.) R. W-n. ANTIPHANES ('Avtipávns), an ancient Greek physician, a native of the island of DELOS, whose exact date is unknown, but who (as he is quoted by Cælius Aurelianus) must have lived some time in or before the first half of the second century after Christ. He wrote a work entitled Пάνóπтηя, “Ра

66

ANTI PHILUS ('Avripiños) of ByzanTIUM, a Greek writer of epigrams, of which upwards of forty are extant in the Greek Anthology. Although most of them are among the best of the collection, some are of very inferior merit, and this difference in style and character induced Reiske to consider the epigrams which bear the name of Antiphilus, as the productions of two, or even three, poets of that name, who belonged to different times. But this hypothesis is perfectly arbitrary, and the difference in style and character of two poems alone is not a sufficient ground for assigning them to two different authors. The time at which Antiphilus lived may be inferred from one of his epigrams (ix. 178.), in which he makes allusion to some privileges which the emperor Nero conferred upon the Rhodians. This poet must therefore have lived in, or shortly after, the reign of Nero. (Reiske, Ad Antholog. Constant. Cephala, 191.; Jacobs, Ad Anthol. Græc. xiii. 851, &c.) L. S.

ANTI/PHILUS ('Avtípiλos), a celebrated painter, was a native of EGYPT, and is commonly said to have lived about the time of Alexander the Great, and to have been the contemporary of Apelles. But the story in Lucian in his treatise against Calumny places him a century later; for the Apelles and Antiphilus there spoken of were contemporary with Ptolemy Philopator, the fourth of the Ptolemies, who lived about a century after Alexander. This is distinctly affirmed by Lucian, who says that Antiphilus accused Apelles of being implicated in the conspiracy of Theodotus, the Egyptian governor of CœleSyria, which happened under Ptolemy Philopator according to Polybius, B. C. 218. The Apelles of Ephesus therefore there mentioned must not be confounded with the celebrated Apelles of Cos or of Colophon, who was also a citizen of Ephesus. That Lucian has made an error in the substance of the

butes solely to Antiphon, who employed Pisander and others as his agents. Antiphon, Phrynichus and Theramenes were among the Four Hundred. But dissension soon arose in the new council. Theramenes and his party wished to recal Alcibiades from exile, a measure which Antiphon and his friends opposed, foreseeing that the consequence of the return of Alcibiades in the present state of affairs would be the restoration of the old

ments on each side turn mainly on the probabilities for and against, which may be derived from evidence insufficient in itself to establish the guilt or innocence of the accused party. These exercises are characterised by great acuteness in invention; they are in fact practical specimens of the method of discovering topics (the loci communes of Cicero) in argumentation. The titles of many of Antiphon's other speeches have been constitution. To strengthen themselves at preserved. Considering the position which home, Antiphon, Phrynichus and ten others, he occupies among the Attic orators, the loss went on an embassy to Sparta, for the pur- of his orations is much to be regretted, espepose of making peace with the Lacedæmo- cially that which he delivered on his trial, nians on any terms that they could, and at which was entitled on the Revolution (πEpì Týs the same time they provided for the fortifi- Meraσráσews): it is several times cited by cation of Eetioneia, a projecting point of Harpocration. Antiphon was also the author land which commanded the entrance to the of a treatise on Rhetoric, in three books at Piræus, with the view of securing a landing least, which is often cited by the ancient place for the Lacedæmonian forces, as writers. Antiphon was hardly an orator Theramenes and his partisans said. The in our sense of the term, nor was he a public embassy failed, Phrynichus was assassinated speaker, like Pericles. His profession was soon after his return, in open day-light, the the composition of speeches, which were degovernment of the Four Hundred over- livered by others. There was no body of thrown after a short duration of four months, men at Athens who resembled the modern and Alcibiades was recalled to Athens, (B. C. lawyer or even the Roman orator, and those 411). In the same year Antiphon and who had business in the courts, either as Archeptolemus were brought to trial on the plaintiffs or defendants, had in the main to charge of high treason. Antiphon, says manage their own causes. The necessity of Thucydides, made an admirable defence. getting assistance to draw up a statement Thucydides does not mention the result of in the best form, and to enforce it by the the trial, but we learn from the authority of strongest arguments and a reference to the the rhetorian Cæcilius, who is quoted by the law, called up a class of persons who were Pseudo-Plutarch, that he was condemned and professional speech-writers; and of these executed, his property was confiscated, his Antiphon is said to have been the first at house levelled to the ground, and the site was Athens. The study of the laws was thus in marked out by boundary stones, on which was some measure made a special business, and inscribed Antiphon the Traitor. All his the speech-writer may be considered as in descendants, both legitimate and illegitimate, some measure corresponding to the modern were declared incapable of civil rights. This lawyer; yet there never was a scientific sentence, which was engraved on a bronze study of law at Athens, as there was at Rome, tablet, is preserved in an extract from Cæci- nor was there ever a body of men like the lius in the Pseudo-Plutarch. Cæcilius was a great Roman jurisconsults. The method and contemporary of Cicero. Thucydides (viii. 60.) style of Antiphon should be studied in consays that Antiphon was inferior in virtue nection with the speeches in his pupil Thucyto none of his contemporaries; that he was dides, and these two writers furnish the chief equally distinguished by wisdom in counsel materials for the early history of Attic oratory. and by eloquence. Sixty of his orations were Clearness, energy, and the absence of rhetoknown to Cæcilius and others, but twenty-four rical ornament, or figures of speech, are the of them Cæcilius considered to be spurious. characteristics of the old Attic oratory. Only fifteen orations are now extant, three of though the periods of Antiphon and Thucywhich relate to real cases. The other twelve dides are unlike the full rounded sentences are divided into tetralogies or sets of four, of the later orators, they are not constructed and as they contain no proper names, we may without reference to some principles of art. assign them to the class of sophistical exer- The argument is fully elaborated by the accises, such as we learn from Cicero that cumulation of every thing that is material to Antiphon wrote. But all the speeches, real it, and though the nicer connection of the and imaginary, relate to cases of murder; parts of sentences is wanting, which marks and thus, according to a system of classifica- the style of the late orators, there is no want tion common among the Greek grammarians, of due order in the arrangement of the they have all been put together, and are the thoughts. There is also a symmetrical only works of Antiphon that have been pre- balancing of the parts of sentences, with the served. Each tetralogy consists of four view of giving on the one hand completeness orations, an accusation of the plaintiff, a reply to the form of expression, and on the other of the defendant, a replication of the plain-hand, precision by opposition or contrast. tiff, and the defendant's rejoinder. The argu

But

Thus there is a general parallelism or anti

thesis observable in all the writings of the old Attic orators, which indeed was never abandoned by their successors, though it was rendered less prominent by the introduction of more rhetorical ornament.

The orations of Antiphon were first printed in the collection of Aldus, Venice, 1513, folio: they are also in H. Stephens' collection of the Greek orators, 1575; in that of Reiske, 1773, of Dobson, and in that of Imm. Bekker, 1822. One of the most recent editions of Antiphon is by J. G. Baiter and H. Sauppe, Zürich, 1838, 8vo. They were translated into French by Auger, with the orations of Isocrates, 1781, 12mo.

of Theramenes, which is consistent with the evidence already stated as to the time and manner of Antiphon's death. In the Hellenica of Xenophon, (ii. 3.) Theramenes attributes to the Thirty the death of one Antiphon, who in the (Peleponnesian) war supplied two good galleys for the use of the state. But the Pseudo-Plutarch himself has acuteness enough to suggest that this Antiphon was not the orator, but another of the name, a son of Lysidonides, and the object of the ridicule of Cratinus, the comic writer.

ANTIPHON, a philosopher, who was older than Aristotle, by whom he is quoted, as well as by Plutarch, (De Placitis Philosophorum, lib. ii.) and by others. Plutarch attributes to Antiphon the opinion that the moon shines by her own light, and that when she does not shine, this is caused by the nearer approach to her of the superior light of the sun. wrote on the quadrature of the circle and the nature of things.

He

ANTIPHON, a physician. See the dissertation of Van Spaan, cited below. ANTIPHON. [PLATO.]

ANTIPHON. [ESCHINES.]

ANTIPHON, called by Suidas an interpreter of signs, an epic poet, and a Sophist, was a contemporary of Socrates, and we must presume younger than Antiphon the Orator, with whom he has often been confounded. This is probably the Antiphon who is introduced in the Memorabilia of Xenophon (i. 6.) as finding fault with the habits of Socrates, and admitting that Socrates may be a good man, but denying that he is a wise man and he gets his answer. This Antiphon was probably the author of the work on Truth, of which there were at least two books, and which is cited several times by ancient writers. According to Origenes against Celsus, Antiphon in this work denied that there was a Providence. Suidas attributes to one Antiphon (whom he probably intends to distinguish from the Sophist), a work on the interpreta-Müller's History of the Literature of Greece.) tion of dreams, which is referred to by Seneca, Artemidorus, a writer on dreams, and by Cicero (De Divin. i. 20. &c.).

ANTIPHON, the Tragic writer, is mentioned by Aristotle under the title of the Poet, a name which at least sufficiently distinguishes him from the orator, with whom he has been confounded. This Antiphon also visited the court of Dionysius the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse, whose government commenced B. c. 406. Antiphon is said to have been put to death by Dionysius because he found fault with the tyrant's tragedies; or because he was suspected of a design against the power of Dionysius, for on one occasion, being asked by the tyrant what was the best kind of copper or bronze (xaλkós), he answered that of which the statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton were made. The titles of several of the plays of Antiphon are preserved, as the Andromache, Meleager, and others. ANTIPHON. The Pseudo-Plutarch, who makes great confusion among the Antiphons, quotes a lost oration of Lysias, the orator, and Theopompus, as authority for Antiphon the Orator having been put to death during the usurpation of the Thirty at Athens, B. C. 404. But Lysias in an extant oration (Against Eratosthenes, c. 11.) merely says that Antiphon the Orator, and Archeptolemus, were put to death by the people, after the restoration of liberty, at the instigation

(All the ancient authorities respecting the Antiphons are collected in Fabricius, Bibliotheca Græca, ii. 750, and in Van Spaan's Dissertatio Historica de Antiphonte Oratore Attico; and there is a good account of the writings of Antiphon the Orator, and of the characteristics of the old Attic orators, in

G. L.

ANTIQUA'RIO, JA'COPO. Apostolo Zeno and others have considered that Antiquario was not a family name, but an appellation acquired by Jacopo from his skill in the study of antiquities. This opinion, however, appears to be erroneous. Jacopo was descended from the noble family of the Antiquarj of Perugia, and was born about the year 1444 or 1445. Of his early education nothing is recorded, excepting that Giovanni Antonio Campano, the public professor of the humanities at Perugia, was his instructor. About the year 1467 he became secretary to Giovanni Battista Savello on his appointment to the office of governor of Bologna, and between the years 1471 and 1473 was summoned to Milan, in order to serve the Duke Galeazzo Maria in a similar capacity. He was continued in his office by the two succeeding dukes, and was by all employed in negotiations and other affairs of state of much importance. On the occupation of Milan by the French in 1499, Antiquario did not retire with his master, Lodovico Sforza, who was then driven out, but continued to reside in the city. According to some, Louis XII., the French king, confirmed him in his post of secretary: it has also been asserted that he had been made lieutenant-general of the Milanese, but there is no clear proof in support of either of these statements.