the version of Pagninus, as emended by Arias, which appeared at Orleans, 1609, fol. A manuscript copy of a work also which Arias composed in his own justification, in the Spanish language, fell into the hands of the English at the siege of Calais, and was deposited in the Bodleian library. Many Protestant writers confidently assert that the Jesuits were the secret instigators of this vexatious persecution. It is certain that a letter of Arias to Philip II. is extant (of which a Latin version is given in the “Hispania Orientalis" of Colomesius), the whole object of which is earnestly to warn the king against the dangerous consequences of suffering that order to obtain any influence whatever in the Netherlands. This letter is dated as early as 1571, and speaks of his convictions on this subject as being of fifteen years' standing. After stating that the letter is entrusted to one who knew nothing of its contents, the writer adds: "For I am aware how many spies they have everywhere to pick up all that happens either in their own concerns or in those of other people, and what destructive and what covert enmities they practise against all persons of less elevated rank who meddle in any offensive way with their affairs." Here is sufficient testimony to his long settled unfavourable opinion of the Jesuits, and to his cognisance, as well as his apprehension, of their secret machinations. All this, according to the watchful and revengeful policy which Arias has ascribed to them, would show that the Jesuits might not have lacked means to detect his hostility to them, nay, perhaps to read this very private letter to the king; and that they had some motive for secretly fomenting this fearful attack on one of the most learned and blameless men of his country. On the other hand, however, it is to be admitted that there were some elements in the position of Leon de Castro which would enable any one, who desired to acquit the Jesuits of all participation in this affair, to show that he might have been influenced by personal motives in his animosity. First, he was a warm champion of the opinion that the Jews had wilfully corrupted the Hebrew text of the Old Testament, and consequently that the Septuagint, and especially the Vulgate, alone contained the unadulterated ScripHe was therefore quite consistent with himself when he complained, to use the words of Pellicer y Saforcada, that Arias had not corrected the Hebrew so as to make it agree with those versions and with the Fathers. Again, as he was an eminent oriental scholar, he may have conceived an ungovernable jealousy of the greater attainments and fame of Arias. Lastly, he may have regarded himself as a person defrauded of his due honour, when the superintendence of this famous Polyglott was not entrusted to him, but to his junior. However all these doubtful points may be hereafter determined, it is

tures.

VOL. III.

certain that this harassing inquisition was not concluded until the year 1580; during which interval, however, the accused enjoyed his personal liberty. The exact nature of the ultimate verdict has not transpired. The character of the tribunal, the rank of the parties concerned in the result, and the importance of the theological question involved in the decision, explain why neither party obtained a triumphant victory. Arias at least appears to have received a kind of acquittal, as he retired, after the decision, to his rock at Aracena. Here he rebuilt the church of Aracena out of the revenue of his benefices, and did a great deal to render his retreat a little garden. In fact, he laid out such a sum in improvements that P. V. de Guevara, to whom it belonged, granted him the property of the place; and Arias bequeathed it to the king. Philip once more summoned him from his seclusion to arrange the library of the Escurial, and to teach the oriental languages there. From these charges he at length withdrew to Seville, and died there, as prior of the convent of Santiago, in 1598, aged seventy-one years. He left his Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic MSS. to the Escurial, and his printed books to the library of his order in Seville. There appears to be but one voice as to the gentleness, uprightness, and piety of his moral character. carried his abstemiousness so far as to take food but once in twenty-four hours, and to live without the use of wine or meat. is said to have possessed an intimate acquaintance with ten languages, to some of which his residence abroad afforded him access. His general scholarship, and especially his attainments in the Syro-Arabian languages, are, when estimated according to the age in which he lived, of a very high character; and his diligence was unwearied.

He

He

Besides the general labours of Arias in editing the Polyglott Bible, the following are the most important works by him which appeared before and after his death.* They almost all relate to the Bible, but may be distinguished into three classes: commentaries on biblical books, treatises on biblical subjects, and miscellanies. Among the former are his "Commentaria in XII. Prophetas," Antwerp, 1571, fol.; " Elucidationes in IV. Evangelia," Antwerp, 1575, 4to.; "De optimo Imperio, sive in Librum Josue Com

* In a certain sense one might consider the Polyglott itself as one of his works. However, as it is certain that Plantin (and not Philip II.) originated the design, and as several scholars shared, although subordinately, in the editorship, as well as in the authorship of the various treatises which form the apparatus to the work, it may be better to enumerate here only those portions which he expressly contributed. It deserves to be mentioned to his honour that the well-known

attempt to change the reading of Genesis iii. 15. (without the sanction of a single Hebrew manuscript) to make it conform to the Vulgate, in order to introduce the Virgin Mary there-an attempt, too, which was marred by a misprint, and at last produced a word which does not exist in Hebrew is not ascribed to Arias, but to his coadjutor Guy le Febvre de la Boderie. C C

A. D. 661, and was buried in the church which he had built, as appears by an inscription in honour of his grandson King Cunibert, which is given by Muratori. Aribert left two sons, Bertharit and Gundabert, between whom he divided the kingdom. Gundabert fixed his residence at Pavia, and Bertharit at Milan. Dissensions broke out between them, of which Grimoald, duke of Beventum, soon availed himself. Under the pretence of giving assistance to Gundabert, he marched with troops to Pavia, and there treacherously murdered Gundabert at their first interview, A. D. 662. Bertharit ran away from Milan, and Grimoald was proclaimed king of the Longobards. (Muratori, Annali d'Italia; Sigonius, De Regno Italiæ; Giannone, Storia Civile del Regno di Napoli.)

A. V. ARIBERT II., king of the Longobards, son of Ragumbert and grandson of Gundabert, succeeded his father A. D. 701. The events of his reign are given under ANSPRAND. Aribert II. restored to the see of Rome certain "patrimonia" or possessions or estates, situated in the valleys of the Cottian Alps, which were given by former emperors to the bishops of Rome, but which had been occupied by the Longobards at the time of the invasion. Aribert sent to Pope John VII. the Act of Donation written in golden letters. These domains in the Cottian Alps are mentioned among the earliest possessions of the see of Rome, and their history has given rise to much controversy. Baronius has assumed that the whole province of the Cottian Alps was given to the Roman see; but Muratori maintains that these "patrimonia," which is the word used on the occasion, were allodial property, and consisted of houses, lands, and fees, and not of towns, castles, or princely jurisdiction. The see of Rome had, by gifts of the early Christian emperors, many such possessions in Sicily, Tuscany, and other parts of Italy. (Muratori, Antiquitates Italica, Dissert. 69., and Annali d'Italia, A. D. 707.)

A. V. ARICI, CE'SARE, born at Brescia in 1782, studied in his native town, and followed the profession of the law. Under Napoleon's kingdom of Italy he was employed in the judicial courts of the department of the Mella, of which Brescia was the head town. He also applied himself to poetry, and published, in 1808, a didactic poem, in four cantos, on the cultivation of the olive-tree, "La Coltivazione degli Ulivi," an important branch of Italian agriculture. In 1810 he was appointed professor of history and literature in the Lyceum of Brescia, and, in 1812, he was made a member of the Italian institute of sciences, literature, and the arts. In 1824, in consequence of the reform of the public establishments of education, the chair of history being suppressed in the Lyceums, he

was made professor of Latin philology, which chair he retained till his death, which occurred in 1836. He wrote also a small descriptive poem on coral, "I Coralli; "" but the work for which he is best known is "La Pastorizia," published in 1814, a poem in six books, in blank verse, in which he describes the rearing and breeding of the sheep, and all the particulars concerning that branch of industry, and the nature and habits of the various races. Competent judges, such as Giordani and Foscolo, have greatly praised this work of Arici as one of the finest specimens of Italian didactic poetry. Arici began an epic poem, entitled "La Gerusalemme Distrutta," which, however, he did not finish. He also wrote "L'Origine delle Fonti " ("On the Formation of Water Springs"), "Il Sirmione," "Il Camposanto," and other small poems. (Tipaldo, Biografia degli Italiani Illustri; Levati, Saggio sulla Storia della Letteratura Italiana; Giordani, Opere.) A.V.

ARICONA, LOW BEN MEIR (1), a Polish rabbi of Lithuania (Wolff calls him Rabbinus Sittelensis in Lithuania), who lived at the conclusion of the seventeenth century. He wrote some learned observations on the commentaries of Rashi (R. Solomon Jarchi) and Elijah Mizrachi (Orientalis), which were published by his brother, R. Levi Hirsh ben Meir, in the work which he edited, entitled "Chiddushe Meharshe" (" New Thoughts or Ideas from R. Samuel Eidels "), printed at Hanau, A. M. 5476 (A.D. 1716). (Wolfius, Biblioth. Hebr. iii. 135.) C. P. H.

ARIDEUS. [ARIÆUS; ARRHIDÆUS.] ARIENTI. Mazzuchelli mentions two Bolognese physicians of this name: one, Tommaso Arienti, was professor of medicine and surgery at Bologna from 1380 to 1390, when he was murdered with his wife and child by one of his servants. He left a manuscript, entitled "Praxis omnium Morborum cum Medicinis cujusque Generis," which is referred to by Petrus de Argillata. The other, Cecco degli Arienti, died in 1508, at the age of ninety, and is mentioned as the author of a work entitled "Libro d' Annotazioni sopra le Virtù dell' Acque e dei Bagni della Porella." (Mazzuchelli, Scrittori d'Italia.) J. P.

ARIENTI. [ARGENTI.]

'A'RIF AL-HARWI' (MAULA'NA), a Persian poet who lived about the commencement of the fifteenth century of our æra. It appears from an index to a large collection of extracts from Persian poets in our possession, that there have been no fewer than six poets of the name of 'Arif, besides Al-harwí, viz., 'Arif of Ispahan, two in number, 'Arif of Rai, 'Arif of Tabriz, 'Arif of Kum, and 'Arif of Lahore; but none of these is noticed by Daulatsháh, nor have we ever heard of their names, nor of their works anywhere except in the present collection. Daulatshah's

account of 'Arif Al-harwí is very brief and unsatisfactory. He gives neither the time of the poet's birth nor that of his death. He merely states that 'Arif was a man of fine genius and composed many excellent pieces addressed to the kings and princes and eminent men of his time. His works consist of ten letters on the Sufi Doctrines, Miscellaneous Poetical Compositions, Odes and Fragments; all of them, according to Daulatsháh, sweet and excellent. 'Arif had died when Daulatsháh wrote his celebrated biographical work; and as that work proceeds in chronological order, we are led to infer the period at which the poet lived, from the lives of those immediately preceding and following him. We are not aware that there is any copy of 'Arif's works in Europe. (Daulatsháh, Lives of the Persian Poets.) D. F.

ARIGI'SUS I., called also ARECHIS, a relative of Gisulfus, Longobard duke of Friuli, was appointed by King Agilulfus to be Duke of Beneventum after the death of Zoto, A. D. 591. Arigisus governed the duchy of Beneventum for fifty years, during which he greatly extended its boundaries, by taking from the eastern emperors part of Apulia as far as the port of Sipontum on the Adriatic. The Longobards of Beneventum made also predatory incursions into Lucania and the country of the Bruttii, the modern Calabria, and took and plundered the town of Croton, carrying away a number of persons into slavery, many of whom were afterwards ransomed, chiefly through the benevolent exertions of Gregory I. The Longobards of Beneventum were still partly heathens and partly Arians, and it was only after the middle of the seventh century that they were converted to Catholicism by the ministry of Barbatus, bishop of Beneventum. Paulus Diaconus transcribes a letter from Pope Gregory I. to Duke Arigisus, in which the pope calls him his sincere and glorious son, and requests him to send him some large timber for the churches of St. Peter and St. Paul at Rome. From the style of this letter it would appear that Arigisus professed the Catholic or Nicene faith. Arigisus, in conjunction with Ariulfus, duke of Spoletum, attacked the duchy of Naples, which paid allegiance to the eastern emperors, and attempted to seize the town, but the Exarch of Ravenna sent assistance to Naples under a new duke, called Maurentius, an active and vigilant officer, who strengthened the fortifications of the town and kept a strict watch, and the Longobards were obliged to desist from their attempt. Ariulfus, a violent and turbulent man, who gave much trouble to Pope Gregory by his predatory incursions in Central Italy, and who had been the chief promoter of the attack upon Naples, died about A. D. 603. Many years after Radoald and Grimoald, sons of Gisulfus, the late duke of Friuli, being on bad terms with their uncle

Grasulfus, who was the reigning duke, escaped by sea to Sipontum, and sought the protection of Arigisus, who received them as if they had been his own children, and on his deathbed he recommended them to the assembled chiefs and the officers of his household, as being more fit for the cares of government than his own son Aïo or Ayo, who had given signs of mental weakness. Aïo succeeded his father Arigisus, A. D. 641, but in the following year a party of marauding Slavi having landed at Sipontum, Aïo went to fight them, and was killed, when Radoald and Grimoald were elected joint dukes of Beneventum, agreeably to the wish manifested by Arigisus. (Paulus Diaconus, De Gestis Langobardorum; Giannone, Storia Civile del Regno di Napoli; Muratori, Annali d'Italia.) A. V.

ARIGI'SUS II., called also ARECHIS, was appointed by King Desiderius, whose daughter Adelberga he had married, to succeed Luitprand as Duke of Beneventum, A.D. 758. It is said by some that Luitprand, conjointly with his neighbour the Duke of Spoletum, had opposed the election of Desiderius, and had entered into correspondence with Pepin, king of the Franks. Desiderius having once established his authority over North Italy, marched his troops into the duchy of Spoletum, defeated and took prisoner the duke, and then entered the territory of Beneventum, when Luitprand ran away to the Byzantines of Apulia, and Desiderius appointed Arigisus in his place. Others say that Arigisus was appointed duke after the death of Luitprand.

Arigisus restored to the see of Rome the estates "censi," and other property which it had formerly possessed in the territories of his duchy by gifts of the Christian emperors and other pious personages, but which were seized by the Longobards, either at the time of their first invasion or in their successive conquests. These possessions are often mentioned in the letters of the popes of the eighth century by the names of "patrimonia Beati Petri," and "justitiæ Beati Petri." Aribert II. and other kings of the Longobards had already restored to the see of Rome property of a similar nature situated in the Cottian Alps and other parts of North Italy; but they could not well enforce the same restitution in the duchies of Spoletum or Beneventum, without the active interference of the respective dukes. It is mentioned that some of the property had been originally bequeathed for the purpose of keeping a number of lamps perpetually burning before the altar of St. Peter at Rome.

Arigisus II. appears to have been an able and equitable prince. He was partial to men of learning, and he treated with considerate and affectionate kindness Paulus Diaconus, when he sought an asylum at his court after escaping from the islands of Tremiti, whither he had been banished by Charlemagne.

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Arigisus published a Capitulare," or series of laws both on civil and criminal matters, which bear testimony to his sound judgment and sense of justice. Among others is a law against the slave trade, which was carried on surreptitiously by kidnapping people and selling them to the Byzantines, who took them to the markets of the east. Another law of Arigisus is against those women who assumed the garments of nuns as a cloak to licentiousness, remaining in their own houses and in the midst of the world and all its pleasures. Arigisus embellished the town of Beneventum: he completed the splendid church of S. Sophia, begun by the Duke Gisulfus II.: he fortified Salernum with strong walls and towers, and built princely mansions both at Beneventum and Salernum.

When Charlemagne conquered and took prisoner at Pavia Desiderius, the last of the Longobard kings, and assumed the crown of the kingdom of the Longobards, A. D. 774, Arigisus, as well as Hildebrand, duke of Spoletum, refused to submit to the Frankish conqueror. They, as well as the duke of Friuli, still corresponded with Adelgisus, son of Desiderius, who had taken refuge at the Byzantine court. Charlemagne fell upon the Duke of Friuli, took him prisoner, and beheaded him. The Duke of Spoletum, alarmed, made his submission, but Charles being obliged to go to Germany to subdue the revolted Saxons, could effect nothing against Arigisus, who, having assembled the counts, bishops, and other leading men of his duchy, assumed, with their approbation, the title of Prince of Beneventum, and was solemnly crowned as such. He struck coins in his name, and had his images put in the churches. With Arigisus II. begins the first dynasty of the Princes of Beneventum, which lasted for more than a century, till A. D. 891, when it was overthrown by the Byzantines. The principality of Beneventum in the time of Arigisus included by far the greater part of the present kingdom of Naples. It extended on the west as far as the Liris, which separated it from the duchies of Rome and of Gaeta; it was bounded on the south by the duchy of Naples, which extended along the coast from Cuma to Amalfi, and which, as well as the duchy of Gaeta, paid allegiance to the eastern emperors. To the eastward the territory of Beneventum extended over Lucania and part of the Bruttii, as far as Consentia, the Byzantines retaining possession of the extremity of the peninsula, with Rhegium, Croton, and other maritime places, which were dependent on the patrician who administered Sicily. The Longobards occupied all Apulia as far as Tarentum and Brundisium, but Hydruntum and the extreme Iapygian peninsula belonged to the Byzantine emperor. Northwards the principality of Beneventum extended along the coast of the Adriatic as far

as Teati and the river Aternus, which divided it from the territory of the Duchy of Spoletum. This vast extent of territory was divided into counties and gastaldia: the dignity of count was for life, and was given as a reward for military services, but the office of gastaldus, which was of a judicial and fiscal nature, was held during pleasure. Counts of Capua, Sora, Aquinum, Compsa, and others begin to be mentioned about this epoch.

Arigisus II. had several quarrels with his neighbours of the duchy of Naples. Upon one occasion he attacked Cumæ, but was repulsed with considerable loss. Another time he laid siege to Amalfi, which, being relieved by the Neapolitans, he was obliged to raise the siege. Arigisus afterwards, when threatened by Charlemagne, made peace with the Neapolitans, and Camillus Peregrinius has preserved the text of the convention concluded between Arigisus and the "Judge" or chief magistrate of Naples, which determined the possession or tenure of certain rich border lands near Nola, and also made stipulations concerning runaway serfs on both sides.

In 786 Charlemagne returned to Italy with a large force, and in the spring of the following year he invaded the territory of Beneventum, and advanced as far as Capua. Arigisus having provided for the defence of Beneventum, repaired to Salernum, which he considered safer on account of its maritime situation, as the Franks had then no fleet on the sea. But seeing the Frankish army devastating Campania, devouring everything like locusts, according to the expression of the chroniclers, he sent a deputation of bishops to Charlemagne to sue for terms, offering to pay him allegiance, and to give his own children as hostages. Charles, after some difficulty, consented to leave Arigisus in possession of his territories, on condition of his paying a large sum of money and giving his son Grimoald as hostage, which being done, Charles returned to France. But Arigisus meantime had sent ambassadors to Constantine Porphyrogennetus, emperor of Constantinople, to propose an alliance against the Franks, offering to do allegiance to him as patrician, and to cut his beard and live after the Byzantine fashion, on condition of the duchy of Naples being given up to him. Constantine dispatched two legates by way of Naples to invest Arigisus with the insignia of the patrician dignity, and to negotiate a treaty with him, promising to send troops to his assistance, but demanding as hostage Romuald, another son of Arigisus. The legates were received at Naples with great honour, but the negotiation was cut short by the death, first of Romuald and soon after of Arigisus himself, who died in August, 787. Paulus Diaconus, in gratitude to his hospitable benefactor, wrote his epitaph in elegiac verse, in