conjecture is certainly erroneous. (Strabo, | admiration of Apollonius in several pasGeogr. lib. xiv. cap. 6. p. 243. ed. Tauchn; Erotianus, Gloss. Hippocr. p. 6. 10. 86. 198. ed. Franz; Cælius Aurelianus, De Morb. Chron. lib. ii. cap. 4., lib. iii. cap. 4. p. 323. 451. ed. Amman; Littré, Euvres Complètes d'Hippocr. tome i. Introd. p. 93.; Choulant, Handbuch der Bücherkunde für die Aeltere Medicin, Leipzig, 1841, 8vo.; Dietz, Schol. in Hippocr. et Gal. tom. i. Prof.) W. A. G. APOLLO'NIUS, CLAUDIUS, appears, from his name Apollonius, to have been a Greek by birth, who probably took the name Claudius, either from his being born (like Claudius Agathemerus) in one of the cities under the patronage of the Claudia Gens at Rome, or perhaps from having been a freedman to one of the members of that family. He must have lived in or before the first century after Christ, as he was mentioned by Asclepiades Pharmacion, but nothing is known of the events of his life. Galen has preserved one of his medical formulæ, which was intended as a cure for hydrophobia, and also as an antidote to poisons in general, of which the powder of burned crabs appears to have been the most important ingredient. (Galen, De Antid. lib. ii. cap. 11. tom. xiv. p. 168-171. ed. Kühn.) W. A. G. APOLLO'NIUS ('ATOλλvios), surnamed DY'SCOLUS (dúσкoλos), that is the Illtempered or Morose, was a celebrated grammarian of Alexandria who lived in the reigns of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius. Being a native of Alexandria he is sometimes called Alexandrinus; and to distinguish him from Apollonius Rhodius, who was likewise a native of Alexandria, the adjective Minor or the younger, is sometimes added, so that he appears under the name of Apollonius Alexandrinus Minor. His parents Mnesitheus and Ariadne lived at Alexandria, and were so poor that their son was unable to purchase even the most necessary writing materials. It is not improbable that these unfavourable circumstances may have produced in him that disposition to which he owed the surname of Dyscolus. According to his anonymous biographer he lived at Alexandria in the Bruchion (Bpoúxiov, also called Bpúxov or Пuрovxεîov), which some believe to be only another name for the celebrated museum of Alexandria. In the same place he was also buried. His biographer further states that he spent some time at Rome, where he enjoyed great reputation as a writer on grammar and a teacher, and attracted the attention of the emperor Antoninus Pius. But this statement seems to be founded on a confusion of this Apollonius with Apollonius of Chalcis, who is known to have been invited to Rome by Antoninus Pius. Apollonius Dyscolus and his son, Ælius Herodian, who educated by his father, were the most distinguished grammarians of their age. Priscian, who was a competent judge, expresses his

was

sages; he even calls him the greatest of
grammarians and owns that he could not
have written his own work without the
assistance which he had derived from the
works of Apollonius. The number of works
ascribed to Apollonius is upwards of thirty; all
were on grammatical subjects, but the greater
part of them have perished. The following
list contains those which are still extant :
1. Περὶ Συντάξεως τοῦ Λόγου μερῶν, or as the
Latin grammarians call it, De Construc-
tione Orationis," or "De Ordinatione sive Con-
structione Dictionum," in four books. This
is the most important of the extant works of
Apollonius: he shows great acuteness, and
his style is plain and clear. It was first
printed by Aldus (Venice, 1495, fol.). In
1590 Fr. Sylburg published at Frankfurt a
much better edition with a Latin translation.
It also contains the life of Apollonius by an
anonymous writer. The best edition is that
of Immanuel Bekker (Berlin, 1817, 8vo.),
who availed himself of several uncollated
MSS. for the purpose of correcting the text.
2. Περὶ ̓Αντωνυμιών, or on the Pronouns in
one book. This work was first edited by
Immanuel Bekker in the "Museum Antiq.
Stud." vol. ii. part 1. Berlin, 1811, 8vo. and
afterwards separately by the same scholar,
Berlin, 1814, 8vo. 3. Пepì Zuvdéoμwv, or on
Conjunctions, and 4. Пepl 'Eπippημάtwv, or on
Adverbs. The only edition of the last two
little works is that of Immanuel Bekker in
his "Anecdota," ii. p. 477. &c. Among the
lost works of Apollonius Dyscolus, Suidas
mentions one Περὶ κατεψευσμένης Ιστορίας, that
is on False or Fictitious History, or on Fictions
introduced into History, which till very
recently was supposed to be extant.
We
possess, indeed, a work by one Apollonius
which consists of a collection of wonderful
phenomena in nature, gathered from the works
of Aristotle, Theophrastus, and other writers.
Now this work is manifestly quite different
from the one described by Suidas as Пeρì кα-
τεψευσμένης Ἱστορίας. In addition to this plain
fact, Phlegon has preserved some statements
from the work of Apollonius Dyscolus men-
tioned by Suidas, and not one of these state-
ments is in the extant work of Apollonius.
Notwithstanding these facts, when the mis-
take was once made, it was as usual repeated
by subsequent writers. The work of Apol-
lonius (who is otherwise unknown) was first
published by Xylander at Basel (1568, 8vo.)
under the title of "Historiæ commentitiæ."
Xylander expresses his belief that it is the
work of Apollonius Dyscolus mentioned
by Suidas. Upon this conjecture Meursius
(Leiden, 1620, 4to.) and Teucher (Leipzig
1792, 8vo.) published their editions of it
under the name of Apollonius Dyscolus.
From that time the mistake became the cur-
rent opinion until it was pointed out by A.
Westermann in his edition of the Greek

27. 68.; Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiast. v.
18. 21.; Hieronymus, Catalog. 40.; Fabri-
cius, Biblioth. Græc. vii. 164.)
L. S.

APOLLO'NIUS GLAUCUS, the author
of a treatise "On Internal Diseases," "De In-
terioribus," consisting of several books, from
which Cælius Aurelianus quotes a passage
on the subject of lumbrici. He must have
lived some time in or before the second cen-
tury after Christ.
W. A. G.
APOLLO'NIUS, GULIELMUS. [APOL-
LONII, GULIELMUS.]

APOLLO'NIUS HEROPHILE'US ('Aπоλλúvios ¿ 'Hpopíλeos) lived before Archigenes and Andromachus, (by which latter

Пapadocóypapoi (p. 20. &c.). The Apollonius whose work is extant belongs to this class of writers, and his little work has therefore been added to them by Westermann (p. 103 -116.) (Suidas, under 'Aroλλávios; The Greek Life of Apollonius, by an anonymous writer; Fabricius, Biblioth. Græc. vi. 272. &c.) L. S. APOLLO'NIUS ('Aπoλλúvios) of EGYPT. Many persons are mentioned of this name who were natives of Egypt. Some of them are characterised by the names of their native places, such as Alexandria, Memphis, Naucratis, and others, but where no such distinction is mentioned, it is often impossible to identify the persons. One Egyptian Apol-writer he is several times quoted,) and therelonius is mentioned by Theophilus of Antioch, who stated in a work that according to some the age of the world was 15,003,075, and according to others 15,000,375 years. Whether this Egyptian is the same as the Apollonius mentioned by Athenæus as an authority about the symposia among the early Egyptians is uncertain, according to the judgment of Fabricius. Dion Cassius mentions an Egyptian soothsayer Apollonius who predicted the death of the emperor Caligula. (Theophilus, Ad Autolycum, p. 127. 136. 139.; Athenæus, v. 191.; Dion Cassius, lix. 29.; Fabricius, Biblioth. Græc. iv. 272.) L. S. APOLLO'NIUS EMPIRICUS ('ATоλλνιος ὁ Ἐμπειρικός), lived probably in the second century B. C., as Celsus says he was a successor of Serapion of Alexandria, and a predecessor of Heraclides of Tarentum. belonged to the sect of the Empirici, and is very likely the person mentioned in a corrupt passage in the first volume of Cramer's "Anecdota Græca Parisiensia.” He wrote a book in answer to Zeno's first work on the Xaрaктnрes in Hippocrates, which was answered by Zeno, and which, therefore, must not be confounded with the refutation of this second treatise, written after Zeno's death by Apollonius Biblas. Upon the whole, it seems most likely that this Apollonius is one of the persons called Apollonius Antiochenus. (Celsus, De Medic. lib. i. præfat. p. 3. ed. Argent.; Galen, De Meth. Med. lib. ii. cap. 7. tom. x. p. 142.; Id., Comment. II. in Hippocr. "Epid. III." § 5. tom. xvii. pt. i. p. 618. ed. Kühn; Cramer, Anecd. Gr. Paris. vol. i. p. 395. 1. 22.) W. A. G. APOLLO'NIUS ('Aπоλλúvios), said to have been a bishop of EPHESUS in the reigns of Commodus and Septimius Severus, about A.D.

190.

He

He wrote a work against the Christian sects called Cataphryges and Pepuziani, of which some fragments are preserved in Eusebius. He appears to have also attacked the Montanists, for it is stated that Tertullian defended them against him and Soter, bishop of Rome; and Hieronymus says that the seventh book of Tertullian's work, Пepì 'Eкσтáσews, which is now lost, was directed against Apollonius. (Anonymus, Prædestinatus, 26,

fore in or before the first century after Christ.
He was a follower of Herophilus, (and there-
fore lived at least as late as the third century
B. C.) and is said to have passed some of his
time at Alexandria, which was at that time,
under the reign of the Ptolemies, the most
celebrated medical school in existence.
Nothing more is known of the events of his
life, but it seems most probable that he is the
same person who is sometimes called Apol-
lonius Mus. He wrote a work Περὶ Μύρων,
"On Ointments," an extract from which is
preserved by Athenæus, in which he speci-
fies which cities and countries were famous for
the preparation of particular perfumes. Among
other persons he mentions a Stratonice,
"the wife (or daughter) of Eumenes" (Th
Evμévovs), who was probably the daughter
of Ariarathes IV., king of Cappadocia, who
was betrothed, B. c. 188, to Eumenes II.,
king of Pergamus, B. c. 197-159. (Clinton,
Fasti Hellenici, vol. iii.); and as Apollonius
speaks of her as a person who had apparently
been dead some time when he wrote, this
would help to fix his date in the first century
B. C. His principal work appears to have
been a pharmaceutical treatise entitled,
Εὐπόριστα Φάρμακα (οι Βοηθήματα,)
"Medi-
cines (or Aids) that are easily procured,"
consisting of at least two books.
It is very
frequently quoted by Galen, and generally
with apparent approbation, who says that it
contained almost all that was to be found in
the work of Archigenes on the same subject,
and that it was in some respects superior to
it though written earlier. It is probably this
work that is referred to by Oribasius in the
beginning of his treatise on the same sub-
ject; and it is also from this work that a
fragment is taken, which still exists in MS.
in the king's library at Paris, of which the
title is given in the first volume of Dr.
Cramer's "Anecdota Græca Parisiensia,"
and which is probably the same as that which
is preserved by Galen in the ninth chapter of
the sixth book of his work "De Compo-
sitione Medicamentorum secundum Locos."
It is uncertain which work of Apollonius is
referred to by Cælius Aurelianus, when he
says that he considered the veins and arteries

Articulations," which is quoted by Erotianus; another, Пepl Tav 'EKTòs Meрŵv Toû Zμaтos, καὶ τίνες αἱ Ονομασίαι Αὐτῶν, “On the external Parts of the Body, and their Names; and a third called "Opo," Definitions," both quoted by Galen. It is uncertain whether it is from either of these works that two passages are quoted by Cælius Aurelianus; but, besides these, Apollonius seems to have written a work on Materia Medica, which is not now extant, but which seems to have enjoyed some reputation, as it is quoted by Galen, Aëtius, Nicolaus Myrepsus, and the Scholiast to Nicander. (Galen, Definit., Proœm. tom. xix. p. 347. ed. Kühn, De Antid. lib. ii. cap. 14. tom. xiv. p. 188., Introd. cap. 10. tom. xiv. p. 700.; Erotianus, Gloss. Hippocr. in voce "Außny, p. 86. ed. Franzius; Cælius Aurelianus, De Morb. Chron. lib. iii. cap. 8. p. 469., lib. iv. cap. 8. p. 537. ed. Amman Aëtius, De Medic. tetrab. ii. serm. ii. cap. 84. p. 289., serm. iii. cap. 20. p. 307. ed. H. Steph.; Nicolaus Myrepsus, De Compos. Medicam. p. 831. ed. H. Steph.; Scholia in Nicand. p. 28. b., 38. b. ed. Ald.; Gronovius, Thes. Græc. Antiq. vol. iii. lit. 11.) W. A. G. APOLLO'NIUS MOLON. [APOLLONIUS OF ALABANDA.]

of the lungs to be the parts affected in pneumonia. (Cælius Aurelianus, De Morb. Acut. lib. ii. cap. 28. p. 139. ed. Amman ; Athenæus, lib. xv. cap. 38. p. 688.; Cramer, Anecd. Gr. Paris. vol. i. p. 395.; Oribasius, Eupor. ad Eunap. lib. i. Proœm. p. 574. ed. H. Steph.; Galen, De Compos. Medicam. sec. Loc. lib. ii. cap. 1. tom. xii. p. 510. 514., lib. v. cap. 5. p. 858., lib. vi. cap. 9. p. 995.) W. A. G. APOLLO'NIUS HIPPOCRATICUS, a pupil of Hippocrates II. (the most celebrated of that name) who must have lived in the fourth century B. C. Nothing more is known of the events of his life. He is said to have been excessively severe with regard to the quantity of drink which he allowed to his patients that were suffering from fever; for, having divided the cyathus into twelve parts, he gave them only two or three of these, which (reckoning the cyathus as containing .0825 of a pint, or rather more than thirteen drachms) would amount to about three or four drachms, or not quite a table spoonful. This gave occasion to Erasistratus to throw the blame on Hippocrates himself, and to accuse him of half killing his patients by starving them. He does not appear to have written any medical works. (Galen, De Opt. APOLLO'NIUS MUS ('Aπоλλúvios ó Mûs), Secta, cap. 14. tom. i. p. 144. ed. Kühn; was a contemporary of Strabo, and therefore Comment. in Hippocr. “De Acut. Morb. Victu," | lived at the close of the first century B. C. lib. i. cap. 24. tom. xv. p. 478., lib. iii. cap. 38. He was a follower of Herophilus, and a felp. 702., lib. iv. cap. 5. p. 744.; De Vena Sect. low-pupil of Heraclides of Erythræ, and adv. Erasist. cap. 9. tom. xi. p. 182.; Littré, therefore, perhaps, a pupil of Chrysermus, Euvres Complètes d'Hippocr. tome i. p. 328. who was one of the tutors to Heraclides. et seq.) W. A. G. Nothing more is known of the events of his APOLLONIUS, LÆVINUS, a geo-life; but it seems probable that he is the grapher and historian, was a native of a village in the neighbourhood of Bruges, and lived during the latter half of the sixteenth century. He called himself sometimes Gandobruganus Middelburgensis. He died in one of the Canary islands while on a voyage to Peru. Apollonius is the author of two works which in their time had a great reputation, and were translated into several languages. They are still indispensable to those who study the history of Peru and Florida. 1. " Libri Quinque de Peruviæ Regionis inter novi Orbis Provincias celeberrimæ Inventione, et Rebus in eadem gestis," Antwerp, 1567, 8vo. 2. De Navigatione Gallorum in Terram Floridam, deque Clade Anno 1565 ab Hispanis accepta," Antwerp, 1568, 8vo. (Andreæ, Bibliotheca Belgica; Swertius, Athena Belgica; Adelung, Supplement to Jöcher, Allgem. Gelehrten Lexic. i. 971.) L. S. APOLLO'NIUS MEMPHITES (ATOλλώνιος ὁ Μεμφίτης) was, as his name implies, a native of Memphis in Egypt, who belonged to the school of Erasistratus, and who, as he is first quoted by Erotianus, must have lived between the third century B. C. and the first century after Christ. He is probably the same person who is called Apollonius Stratonius. He wrote a work Περὶ ̓́Αρθρων, “On the

66

same physician who is sometimes called Apollonius Herophileus. He wrote a long work, "On the Sect founded by Herophilus," Περὶ τῆς Ηροφίλου Αἱρέσεως, of which the twenty-eighth book is quoted by Cælius Aurelianus, on the subject of pleurisy, and the twenty-ninth by Galen, on the subject of the pulse. This is also referred to in a corrupt passage* by Soranus, where, in treating of the question whether or not there are any diseases peculiar to women, he mentions Apollonius Mus together with Herophilus and Erasistratus as holding the negative. He is said by Celsus to have written a work on pharmacy, which is probably the treatise by Apollonius Herophileus, "On Medicines that are easily procured." Perhaps too this may be the work alluded to by Palladius, when he says that he wrote a Dynameron, in which he ordered the same troche for every kind of dysentery. (Cælius Aurelianus, De Morb. Acut. lib. ii. cap. 13. p. 110. ed. Amman; Celsus, De Medic. lib. v. Præf. p. 221. ed. Argent.; Strabo, Geogr. lib. xiv. cap. 1. p. 182. ed. Tauchn; Galen, De Differ. Puls. lib. iv. cap. 10. tom. viii. p. 744. or 746., De Dignosc. Puls. lib. iv. cap. 3. tom. viii. p. 955.,

* Instead of τρίτῳ τῆς αἱρέσεως, we should read τρίτω Περὶ τῆς Αἱρέσεως, οι τρίτῳ Περὶ τῆς Ηροφίλου Αἱρέσεως.

|

W. A. G. APOLLO NIUS ORGA'NICUS ('Aπоλλwvios 'Oрyavikós), if the reading be not corrupt, is the author of some medical formulæ quoted by Galen, and must therefore have lived in or before the second century after Christ. Perhaps, however, the work quoted may be the Európiora of Apollonius Herophileus. (Galen, De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. lib. v. cap. 15. tom. xiii. p. 856. ed. Kühn.) W. A. G. APOLLONIUS PERG ÆUS ('Απολλώνιος Пeрyaîos), so called from Perga in Pamphylia, his birth-place, was born in the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes, and lived at Alexandria under Ptolemy Philopator (B. c. 222—205). The time of his death is not known accurately: but he was living when Archimedes died (B. c. 212). Pappus represents him as inclined to do injustice to the merits of others: Eutocius, his commentator, states that, while living, he was called "the great geometer," on account of his discoveries in conic sections. This title, with the definite article, belongs rather to Archimedes. But Apollonius lived at Alexandria, the geometrical capital, and Archimedes in Sicily, then the "ultima Thule" of all science. Nothing more is known of his life.

De Antid. lib. ii. cap. 7, 8. tom. xiv. p. 143. | Hippocrates. (Erotianus, Gloss. Hippocr. 146. ed. Kühn; Palladius, Comment. in p. 8. ed. Franzius.) Hippocr. Epid. VI." in Dietz, Schol. in Hippocr. et Gal. vol. ii. p. 98.; Soranus, De Arte Obstetr. p. 210. ed. Dietz.) W. A. G. APOLLO'NIUS ('ATоλλάvios), of MYNDUS, an astronomer and astrologer who lived in the time of Alexander the Great. He asserted that he had learned his science from the Chaldæans. He maintained that the comets were stars like the sun and the moon, only of a different form; that they were very numerous and moved in the more distant regions of the universe, but that they became visible only when they came nearer to our earth. He also maintained that the Chaldæans knew the courses of the comets as well as those of the planets. These statements are just sufficient to show the importance of his works, which are completely lost, with the exception of the above-mentioned notices, which are preserved in Seneca. Apollonius was also greatly skilled in explaining nativities. Stephanus of Byzantium speaks of a grammarian, Apollonius, who was likewise a native of Myndus, but his identity with the astronomer is more than doubtful. (Seneca, Naturales Quæstiones, vii. 3. 17.; Stephanus Byzant., under Múvdos.) L. S. APOLLO'NIUS ('Aπоλλvios), a Greek sophist and rhetorician of NAUCRATIS in Egypt. He was a pupil of the sophists Adrianus and Chrestus, but resembled them in his oratory as little as if he had never heard them. taught rhetoric at Athens as an opponent to Heraclides, and consequently in the reign of Septimius Severus, that is, about A. D. 200. He chiefly cultivated political oratory, which is said to have been very polished and studied, but without spirit. He and his pupils and friends formed a faction, which in its hostility to Heraclides went so far as to compel him to quit Athens. Apollonius was at one time engaged as private tutor to a Macedonian family of not very high rank, and he is censured for this as if he had made the engagement out of mere love of money; but he was nevertheless very generous towards the Greeks whenever they needed assistance; and it is also stated that it was very easy to make a bargain with him for instruction. He was universally beloved at Athens, where he died at the age of seventy. He had a son Rufinus, by a concubine, who likewise devoted himself to rhetoric, but appears to have been a person of no talent. (Philostratus, Vita Sophistarum, ii. 19. 26. § 2.; Eudocia, p. 66.)

He

L. S.

APOLLO'NIUS OPHIS ('ATоλλvios & 'Opis), lived probably in the second or first century B. C., and is by some persons supposed to be Apollonius Pergamenus, by others Apollonius Ther. He wrote a work, which is not now extant, in which he abridged and arranged the treatise of Bacchius in explanation of the obsolete words to be found in

Apollonius was an astronomer as well as a geometer. Ptolemy has preserved his theorems on the stationary points of the planets; and we must suppose that he was the first who solved the problem of finding the stationary points and arc of retrogradation, on the epicyclic hypothesis, which, though it now bears the name of Ptolemy, had been struck out by Hipparchus. Another Ptolemy (not the astronomer, but the one surnamed Chennus, the son of Hephæstio, whose fragments are preserved in Photius) says that Apollonius, who became a celebrated astronomer under Philopator, got the nickname of Epsilon, because he was a diligent observer of the moon, which was signified by the letter €. Fabricius thinks this refers to another Apollonius, but without assigning any reason. Copernicus (according to his biographer, Gassendi) attributes to Apollonius an astronomical system identical with that afterwards proposed by Tycho Brahe, of which we never could find any other notice. But lately, in the extracts from the Harmonicon Cœleste" given by M. Libri, we have seen an assertion of Vieta, that the system just mentioned was called Apollonian, because the Sun (Apollo) is the centre of the planetary epicycles and this is likely enough to have been the true state of the case.

The works of Apollonius which have been preserved are seven books of Conic Sections, and a book " De Sectione Rationis." Besides these, Pappus, in the celebrated preface to his seventh book (in Halley's edition of the tract" De Sectione Rationis," this preface is