such conduct and dreading to fall into a state metrius and Philip, the sons of Antigonus, of complete dependence, endeavoured to raise soon recovered those parts of Asia Minor the troops against Antigonus. Antigonus, which had been taken by Ptolemy. Ptolereceiving intelligence of this, contrived to my had for some time entertained the plan entice Pithon to come to him, and had him of marrying Cleopatra, the sister of Alexsentenced to death as a traitor by a court ander the Great, which would have increased martial. Seleucus, the other ally, with whom his power and influence; and in order to preAntigonus purposely sought to quarrel by vent the marriage, Antigonus, who himself calling him to account for his administration, had at one time wished to marry her, caused dreaded a conflict with his powerful and her to be put to death. The last member of crafty rival, and fled to Ptolemy in Egypt. the royal family being thus got rid of, the Antigonus now distributed the satrapies of bond which had hitherto united the disAsia according to his own pleasure, and laden tracted empire was broken, and the amwith immense booty returned to Western bition of the generals was now undisguised. Asia. His power induced all those who Greece seemed to be lost to Antigonus, since were anxious to maintain themselves in inde- Cassander and Ptolemy had got possession of pendence, to demand of him the recognition it. But Antigonus determined to send a large of their rights to certain provinces, and an force into Greece, and in order to gain the equal division of the royal treasures; but good will of the people, he declared his inAntigonus refused all negotiations, and a tention to carry into effect the terms of the coalition was formed against him consisting peace of the year B. C. 311, and to restore all of Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, Asander, the Greek towns to independence. The comand Cassander. Vigorous preparations were mand was given to his son Demetrius, who made to crush him by the united forces of had scarcely accomplished the liberation of these generals. The long struggle began in Athens and Megara when he was called back B. c. 315, and was carried on with one inter- by his father (B. c. 306) and ordered to take ruption, with great energy and varying suc-possession of the island of Cyprus, which had cess, partly in Syria and Phoenicia, partly in Asia Minor, and partly in Greece. Asander was defeated and capitulated in B. C. 313, and in B. C. 311 a general peace was concluded with Cassander, Ptolemy, and Lysimachus, according to which Alexander Ægus, for whose rights Antigonus pretended to have fought, was recognised as king of the whole empire, and Cassander as his chief-general in Europe, until the young king should be of age. Lysimachus received the command in Thrace, Ptolemy in Egypt and the adjoining countries of Libya and Arabia, and Antigonus had all Asia. The Greek towns were to be left free, in order that none of the rulers might possess them, all being anxious to gain possession of them. Seleucus, who is not mentioned in this peace, had established himself the year before in Eastern Asia, and it was probably after the conclusion of the peace, that Antigonus made war upon him, but he had not time to strike a decisive blow; for (B. c. 310) fresh hostilities broke out in the west and called for his presence there. Hostilities were 'commenced by Ptolemy, who took possession of several Greek towns in Asia Minor on the ground that they were still occupied by garrisons of Antigonus notwithstanding the peace which secured their independence. Cassander induced Ptolemy, the nephew of Antigonus, who commanded the forces on the Hellespont, to abandon the cause of his uncle; Polysperchon also was persuaded by Cassander to revolt against Antigonus and to poison Hercules, the son of Alexander the Great by Barsine, who had been set up as a pretender, for Alexander Ægus and his mother Roxana had been murdered by Cassander soon after the peace. De been occupied by Ptolemy. The fleets of Demetrius and Ptolemy met off Salamis, in Cyprus, and a great battle was fought in which Ptolemy was completely defeated. After this victory Antigonus assumed the title of king, and gave the same title to his only surviving son Demetrius. Their example was followed by Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Lysimachus; but Cassander did not venture to do the same, apparently from fear of the Macedonians. Elated by his success in Cyprus, Antigonus now resolved to crush Ptolemy. In the year of the victory off Salamis, Antigonus marched into Egypt as far as the Nile, while Demetrius sailed with his fleet towards the mouth of the river. But the undertaking failed. The measures of Ptolemy rendered it impossible for Antigonus to cross the river with his troops, and the fleet under Demetrius was scattered by a storm. Antigonus was obliged to return to Syria, and Ptolemy celebrated a victory which he had won without striking a blow. In B. c. 305 Antigonus directed his forces against the island of Rhodes, partly to punish the islanders for having refused to join him in the Egyptian war, and partly to destroy their commerce, and thus indirectly to injure Egypt. The Rhodians refused to submit to the humiliating terms proposed by Antigonus, and Demetrius laid siege to the town of Rhodes. But his military skill was ineffectual against the brave defence of the islanders, and when at last the Athenians and Etolians petitioned Antigonus to raise the siege and send more forces to Greece, where Cassander assumed a threatening position, Antigonus comImanded his son to sail to Greece. After having concluded a peace honourable and favourable to the Rhodians in B. c. 304, De- | metrius sailed to Greece, and, without much difficulty, got possession of the most important towns, such as Athens, Argos, Sicyon, and Corinth. [DEMETRIUS.] Cassander soon found himself pressed so hard, that he sued for peace. The haughty Antigonus demanded unconditional surrender. | This demand roused the last energies of Cassander he formed an alliance with Lysimachus in Thrace, whose own dominions were exposed to danger if Macedonia fell into the hands of Antigonus, and the two allies sent ambassadors to Seleucus and Ptolemy. These kings had learned by experience to view Antigonus as their most dangerous enemy, and the new coalition against him was soon formed, B. c. 302. Antigonus, now eighty years of age, determined to fight a decisive battle against Lysimachus, who had crossed into Asia Minor, before Seleucus could arrive from Upper Asia. But his plan was frustrated, and the whole of the year B. c. 302 was passed in inactivity. In the mean time Seleucus joined Lysimachus, and Antigonus was obliged to call his son Demetrius from Greece. The hostile armies met in B. c. 301, in the plains of Ipsus in Phrygia. The aged Antigonus, who had always gone to battle with great calmness, entered on the decisive contest with dark forebodings. The great battle of Ipsus was fought in the summer of the year B. c. 301, and Antigonus lost his empire and his life. Demetrius fled with his mother Stratonice, and the dominions of Antigonus were divided: Seleucus received the countries from the coast of Syria to the Euphrates, together with portions of Phrygia and Cappadocia, and Lysimachus the greater part of Asia Minor. Rawlinson, London Geog. Journal, vol. ix., ANTIGONUS CARY'STIUS ('Artíyovos & Kapúσтios), an ancient Greek philosopher, the author of a work still extant, entitled Ιστοριῶν Παραδόξων Συναγωγή, “ A Collection of Marvellous Stories." He was born at Carystus, in the island of Euboea, but nothing more is known of the events of his life. With respect to his date, he is said by Aristocles to have lived near the times of Pyrrho and Timon Phliasius, whence several writers have placed him under the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, second king of Egypt, B. C. 285-247. The expression, however, in Aristocles must, as Clinton remarks, be understood with some latitude; for, as Antigonus wrote the life of Lyco, who died B. c. 226, he must have still written after that year, while Pyrrho probably died sixty years before this date. The works which Antigonus is known to have written, are 1. The "Collection of Marvellous Stories," mentioned above. In this treatise the author quotes largely from Aristotle's spurious work "De Mirabilibus Auscultationibus," (cap. 32-127.), and also from the lost work on the same subject by Callimachus (cap. 144-176.). It contains some curious matter, but the greater part of the work, as the title might lead one to expect, is occupied with the most absurd fables, many of which were afterwards repeated and embellished by Nicander, Oppian, Pliny, Ælian, and others. It was first published in Greek and Latin at Basle, 8vo. 1568, edited by Guil. Xylander, together with the works of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus "De Vita Sua,” Apollonius Dyscolus "Hist. Mirab.,” Phlegon Trallianus, and Antoninus Liberalis. It was edited with notes, and a much imAntigonus was a bold and successful proved text, together with Xylander's Latin soldier, unprincipled and cruel when he had an version by Meursius, at Leiden, 4to. 1619, object to accomplish. But he was not one of which edition is sometimes bound up with the worst men of the age in which he lived. Apollonius Dyscolus and Phlegon, and a new He had a strong intellect and great know- title-page, "Historiarum Mirabilium Auctores ledge of men. He despised flatterers, and he Græci," Leiden, 4to. 1622. It is also contained was not dazzled by his extraordinary suc- in the seventh volume of the collection of cess, which nearly raised him to the sove- Meursius's works, Florence, fol. 1746. The reignty of the empire of Alexander the edition of J. Beckmann, Leipzig, 4to. 1791, Great. When a flattering poet once called contains the Greek text, Xylander's Latin him a god and a son of the sun, he replied, version, and the notes of Xylander, MeurMy servant knows nothing about it." In sius, Bentley, Schneider, Niclas, and others, his old age he had learned that gentle means besides those of the editor, who published were necessary to keep together what he had some additional observations in his edition of acquired by conquest. (Arrian, Anabasis, Marbodus "De Gemmis," Göttingen, 8vo. i. 30.; Curtius, iv. 1, 5., v. 2., x. 10.; Dio- 1799. The last edition of this work is by dorus Siculus, xviii.-xx.; Plutarch, Eu- Anton Westermann, entitled Scriptores menes and Demetrius; Mannert, Geschichte Rerum Mirabilium Græci, &c." Brunswick, der unmittelbaren Nachfolger Alexanders, 8vo. 1841. 2. Another of his works, and Leipzig, 1787, 8vo.; Droysen, Geschichte probably the principal work, was entitled der Nachfolger Alexanders, books i.-iii.; Biot," Lives," and apparently consisted chiefly Thirlwall, History of Greece, vol. vii. On of memoirs of different philosophers. It is the subject of the campaign of Antigonus not now in existence, but it is frequently and Eumenes in Susiana, and the identifica- quoted by Athenæus, Eusebius, and Diogenes tion of the rivers of Susiana, see Major Laertius, who have preserved some few 66 66 66 fragments of the work. 3. Περὶ Λέξεως, "On Style," quoted by Athenæus. 4. Пep Ζώων, "On Animals," quoted by Hesychius. 5. 'Axλoiwσeis, "Metamorphoses," quoted by Antoninus Liberalis as the work of "Antigonus," is considered by Fabricius to belong to Antigonus Carystius. To these works is added by Fabricius and others an heroic poem, entitled " Antipater," 'AvTÍTαTρos, of which two lines are quoted by Athenæus (iii. 82. ed. Casaub.). However, Schweighæuser and Clinton consider that Athenæus is here quoting the "Life of Antipater," by Antigonus, which formed part of his collection of "Lives," and that the two verses belong not to Antigonus himself, but to some unknown poet.* (Fabricius, Biblioth. Graca, vol. iv. p. 303. ed. Harles; Schweighæuser's Index to Athenæus, tom. xiv. p. 32.; Clinton, Fasti Hellen. vol. iii.; Hofmann, Lexicon Bibliograph.) W. A. G. ANTIGONÚS ('Avtiyovos) of CUMA in Asia Minor, wrote a work on agriculture, which is now lost, but is referred to by other ancient authors who wrote on the same subject. The time in which he lived is unknown. (Varro, De Re Rustica, i. 1.; Columella, i. 1.; Pliny, Elenchus, lib. 8. 14, 15, and 17.) L. S. ANTIGONUS ('Avtiyovos), surnamed DOSON (Awowv), that is, he who is about to give. This nickname is said to have been given to him by the Greeks, because he was always ready to promise, but not to keep his promises. He was sometimes also called Antigonus Euergetes, or Antigonus Soter; and as he was the guardian of Philip of Macedonia, he is sometimes called Antigonus the Guardian (èπíτρоπоS). According to the chronicle of Eusebius, Antigonus Doson was a son of Demetrius of Cyrene, the son of Demetrius Poliorcetes, by Olympias, the daughter of Polycletus of Larissa. After the death of Demetrius II., king of Macedonia, in B. C. 230, Antigonus undertook the government of Macedonia in the name of his ward Philip, the son of Demetrius II., who was then only five years old. At the commencement of his regency the Dardanians in the north and the Thessalians in the south rose in arms against Macedonia to gain their independence, but Antigonus defeated their attempts. He married Chryseis, the widow of Demetrius II., with the view of seating himself on the throne of Macedonia, and he actually assumed the diadem. The Macedonians perceiving his ambitious design revolted and besieged him in his palace. Antigonus, with heroic courage, came forward from his palace without arms or attendants, flung the diadem and his purple among the crowd, and told them to give the ensigns of royalty * A Greek epigram attributed to Antigonus Carystius is preserved in the Greek Anthology. (lib. ix. 406. ed. Tauchn.) to some one whom they knew how to obey. He reminded them of the benefits he had conferred upon his country, and the enumeration of his services together with his intrepidity had such an effect upon the people, that they expressed their regret for what they had done, and entreated him to resume the government. But Antigonus refused until the leaders of the insurrection were given up to him for punishment. The influence of Macedonia in Greece had been gradually lost, and Aratus, by his prudent and generous conduct, induced Diogenes, the Macedonian commander at Athens, to withdraw his garrison, and to restore Athens to independence. About B. c. 228 the Etolians endeavoured to induce Antigonus to make war upon the Achæan league, but he was prudent enough not to enter into the scheme; he foresaw a change in the affairs of Greece, and determined to wait his time. Aratus in the mean time kept up an understanding with Antigonus, and negotiated with him for assistance against Cleomenes III. of Sparta. When the war between the Achæans and Cleomenes broke out, Antigonus was invited into southern Greece by Aratus, and Acrocorinthus, the citadel of Corinth and the key of Peloponnesus, was surrendered to him. Antigonus had been prepared for this event, and had been waiting in Thessaly. Towards the autumn of the year B. c. 223, he arrived at the isthmus of Corinth. The war against Cleomenes III. and the Etolians, which now began, lasted nearly three years. Cleomenes had a fortified position near Corinth, but an insurrection at Argos compelled him to withdraw into Peloponnesus, especially as a part of the hostile fleet sailed to the coast of Argolis, and thus the road into the Peninsula was open to Antigonus, who quickly followed Cleomenes to Argos. Several important towns opened their gates to the Macedonians, but as the winter was approaching Antigonus stopped further operations and went to the diet of the Achæans at Egium, where he himself dictated the terms of peace between himself and the Achæans, and he was overwhelmed with honours and flattery. spring he moved towards Tegea in Arcadia, which surrendered to him. Orchomenus was taken and plundered by his soldiers. Mantinea after a short siege fell into his hands the most distinguished citizens were put to death or sent in chains to Macedonia, and the remaining population, women and children included, were sold as slaves. The empty town was given as a present to the Argives, and the name was changed into Antigonea, which was still in use in the time of Plutarch. Antigonus having concluded his campaign before the end of the summer, sent a part of his troops to Macedonia, and went himself again to Ægium. In the summer of the next year, B. C. 221, Antigonus marched In the following with a large army to Sellasia, where Cleomenes was encamped. In the battle which ensued, Cleomenes and his army were completely defeated, and Antigonus took Sellasia, which was plundered and destroyed. Sparta now surrendered at discretion, and was treated with moderation, as Antigonus wished to appear the deliverer of the Peloponnesus. But he changed the constitution of Sparta, and appointed Brachylles, a Boeotian, governor of the city. The king only remained a few days at Sparta, as he received intelligence that the Illyrians had invaded Macedonia. Antigonus accordingly hastened back, and drove the Illyrians from his dominions. Immediately after this victory he was attacked by an illness which terminated his life in the autumn of the year B. C. 221. He was succeeded by his ward Philip, who was only fourteen years old. The nine years during which Antigonus Doson governed Macedonia were comparatively a happy period for the country. His courage and prudence secured the kingdom against internal and external enemies, and re-established the Macedonian influence in Greece. Antigonus is praised by Polybius for his prudence and moderation, but his cruel treatment of the Mantineans is inexcusable. (Justinus, xxviii. 3, 4.; Athenæus, vi. 251.; Livy, xl. 54.; Polybius, ii. 45-70.; Plutarch, Cleomenes and Aratus; Suidas, under 'Avtiyovos; Niebuhr, Kleine Schriften, p. 232. &c.; Schorn, Geschichte Griechenlands, von der Entstehung des ätolischen und achäischen Bundes bis auf die Zerstörung Corinths, p. 92. &c., and p. 114135.) L. S. ANTIGONUS ('Avtiyovos), son of ECHECRATES, the brother of Antigonus Doson. He was a faithful friend of Philip V. of Macedonia, and hated by Philip's son, Perseus, who had induced his father by calumny to put to death his son Demetrius. Philip from the moment that the act was committed sank into deep grief, as he was haunted by the idea that he might have wronged Demetrius. Antigonus often hinted that he knew who was the guilty person; and when Philip at last insisted upon knowing the secret, Antigonus, unwilling to make the revelation himself, produced Xychus as a witness. When the crime thus became known to the king, Perseus withdrew to Thrace. Philip, to prevent Perseus reaping the fruit of his falsehood, declared Antigonus his successor on the throne of Macedonia, and soon after died, B. C. 179. His physician, who had kept up a secret correspondence with Perseus, immediately informed him of the event. Perseus succeeded in gaining possession of the throne, and immediately put Antigonus to death. (Livy, xl. 54-58.) L. S. ANTIGONUS EUE'RGETES. [ANTIGONUS DOSON.] ANTIGONUS (AVTίyovos), surnamed GONA'TAS or GONNA TAS (Tovaτás), a grandson of Antigonus, king of Asia, and son of Demetrius Poliorcetes, by Phila, the daughter of Antipater. During the lifetime of his father, Antigonus stood by him in his varied fortunes. In B. c. 287, when Demetrius was expelled from Macedonia and fled into Asia, Antigonus kept possession of his post in the Peloponnesus, and when at last Demetrius fell into the hands of Seleucus, Antigonus offered himself and all he possessed as a ransom for his father: but Demetrius died a prisoner. [DEMETRIUS POLIORCETES.] Antigonus had been declared king of Macedonia by his father, but he does not appear to have adopted that title till after his father's death, in B. c. 283. Antigonus at this time possessed only a few towns in Greece, which were occupied by his garrisons, and gave him some influence in the affairs of Greece. After the murder of Seleucus, in B. c. 280, by Ptolemy Ceraunus, Antigonus began the contest for the throne of Macedonia with Ptolemy Ceraunus, but being defeated in a sea-fight, he withdrew to the coast of Boeotia. During the period which followed, he was prevented from making any further attempts upon Macedonia, partly by the insurrections in the Greek towns, where the spirit of freedom was reviving, and partly by the invasion of Greece by the Gauls under Brennus. After the death of Sosthenes, one of the claimants of the throne of Macedonia, who had maintained himself for two years and then was killed in battle against the Gauls, Macedonia fell into anarchy, and several pretenders disputed the throne. Antipater, a nephew of Cassander, maintained his position longest, but he was defeated in B. C. 276 by Antigonus Gonatas, who now occupied the throne of Macedonia. Antigonus owed his victory in a great measure to his Gallic mercenaries. His active energy was required in several quarters at once to secure his tottering throne against attacks from within and without, as well as to recover several districts which had been severed from his kingdom. A new pretender now rose in the person of Antiochus I., king of Syria, who claimed the kingdom of Macedonia as the heir of his father Seleucus; but the matter was settled amicably between the two kings. Scarcely was this danger averted when the Gauls again invaded Macedonia, but they were completely defeated, and Antigonus now besieged the tyrant Apollodorus in his fortress of Cassandrea. The siege lasted ten months without any prospect of a successful result, until at last the tyrant was betrayed into the hands of his enemy and put to death. The throne of Macedonia was now apparently secure, and the king thought that the time was come for crushing the spirit of liberty in the towns of Greece. But while he was preparing his campaign, Pyrrhus returned from Italy, in B. c. 274, and having no means to support his troops, and bearing also a personal grudge against Antigonus, who had refused to send him relief to Italy, Pyrrhus invaded Macedonia. The people flocked to his standard, and a great battle showed that the power of Antigonus rested merely on his mercenaries. Antigonus lost his throne in B. c. 273, but maintained himself in the maritime towns of Macedonia, where he waited for an opportunity of recovering what was lost. Before Pyrrhus undertook any thing further, he marched into Peloponnesus, and Antigonus availed himself of the absence of Pyrrhus to recover Macedonia, which he found the more easy as the cruel and savage conduct of the soldiers whom Pyrrhus had left behind had disgusted the Macedonians. Spartans were compelled to return home. After this victory Antigonus again turned his thoughts towards Athens, the conquest of which was his favourite scheme, notwithstanding his oaths and treaties. He besieged the city in vain until the autumn of B. c. 263, and then concluded a truce. The Athenians confiding in the king's honesty provided themselves only with sufficient supplies till the autumn of the next year, and just before the harvest of the year B. c. 262 was about to commence, Antigonus unexpectedly appeared with his army before the city. The Athenians were compelled to admit Macedonian troops. The upper part of the city and the Museum however were evacuated again after the fortifications were destroyed. After the death of Pyrrhus at Argos, Antigonus was now at peace for several in B. C. 272, Antigonus again appeared safe years, during which however he did every in his dominions, and he now resumed his thing to prevent the extension of the Achæan project of uniting all Greece with Mace- league. In B. C. 243 Aratus succeeded in donia. He succeeded in extending his sway taking possession of Acrocorinthus and exover Peloponnesus, and to accomplish his pelling the Macedonian garrison, and after plans the more successfully he supported the this event the Macedonian influence in Pelonumerous tyrants who sprang up in various ponnesus died away. Corinth and Megara parts of Greece, and some of whom owed joined the league, which also concluded an their power to him. Some of the tyrants, as alliance with Egypt, to protect itself against Aristotimus of Elis, committed, under his pro- Macedonia. Antigonus, bent upon recovertection, the most revolting outrages. But the ing what he had lost, formed still closer conmeans which Antigonus had recourse to for nections with the tyrants who still existed in establishing his supremacy in Greece did not several parts of Greece, and concluded an answer their end, and only revived an ancient alliance with the Ætolians. Emissaries were union among a great portion of the Greeks, even sent by Antigonus and Aristippus, tyrant which is known by the name of the Achæan of Argos, to assassinate Aratus. A war broke league. After the subjugation of several Greek out between the Achæans and Ætolians, in towns, Antigonus began, in B. c. 268, the siege which Antigonus took no part. After the of Athens; and when, after a long protracted defeat of the Etolians near Pallene in Peloblockade, Athens was on the point of sur- ponnesus by Aratus, a peace was concluded rendering, an event occurred which saved with Macedonia, as Antigonus now saw that Athens, and again threatened to deprive An- it was impossible to effect any thing against tigonus of his throne: Alexander of Epirus, the Achæan league, and he thought it adthe son of Pyrrhus, marched with an army visable to secure by a treaty what he still into Macedonia. Antigonus raised the siege possessed in Greece. He died shortly after, of Athens, and hastened to Macedonia. His at the age of eighty, in B. C. 240, and left his army treacherously went over to Alexander. kingdom in a prosperous condition to his son Macedonia was lost: Thessaly alone and Demetrius II. The surname Gonatas is his Greek subjects remained faithful to him. usually derived from Gonni or Gona, a town But fortune quickly turned in his favour. of Perrhæbia in Thessaly, which is said to Demetrius, whom Justin calls a son, and have been the place where he was born and others a brother of Antigonus Gonatas, col- educated. But Niebuhr thinks that Gonatas lected fresh troops, defeated Alexander in a is a Macedonian word and the same as the battle near Derdium, and not only expelled Romaic yovaràs, an iron plate to protect the him from Macedonia, but compelled him to knee, and that Antigonus derived his sursurrender his own kingdom of Epirus, and name from wearing this unusual piece of flee to Acarnania. Epirus however re- armour. His reason for thinking so is the mained only a short time in the possession circumstance that Demetrius Poliorcetes did of Antigonus, as the Epirots, with the assist- not come into the possession of Thessaly till ance of the Etolians, expelled the Macedo- after Antigonus had grown up to manhood. nians and restored Alexander to the throne. If his name is derived from the town, the In the meantime Areus of Sparta had con- penultima will be long (Gonátas) according quered several possessions in Peloponnesus to the best analogy. (Plutarch, Demetrius, which belonged to Antigonus, and as soon as Pyrrhus, Aratus, Apophthegm. Reg.; Justinus, Antigonus had settled the affair with Alex-xvii. 2., xxiv. 1., xxv. 1, 2, 3., xxvi. 1, 2.; ander of Epirus, he hastened to the isthmus of Corinth. In B. C. 265 he fought a battle near Corinth, in which Areus fell, and his Pausanias, i. 13.; Polybius, ii. 43—45., ix. 29. 34.; Niebuhr, Kleine Schriften, p. 227.; Schorn, Geschichte Griechenlands, von der |