tion of the alphabet by an Egyptian, as well as what Plutarch quotes from him respecting the Egyptian goddess Isis, belonged to this history of Alexander. (Vossius, De Historicis Græcis, p. 389, &c. ed. Westermann; C. W. Müller, De Cyclo Græcorum Epico, p. 126.) L. S. ANTICO, LORENZO, also known under the Latinized form of his name, ANTIQUUS, a priest, was born at the city of Lentini in the island of Sicily about the middle of the sixteenth century. Quesnel, in his "Catalogus Bibliothecæ Thuanæ," 222, has erroneously classed him with the ancient grammarians. Having entered into priest's orders, he went to Padua, and became professor of grammar in the university of that city. He wrote:- 1. "De Eloquentia Compendiarii Libri Tres. Adjecta est brevis Copia Verborum et Rerum Appendix " ("A Compendium of Eloquence, &c."), Venice, 1594, 8vo., and Padua, 1618, 8vo. 2. "De Institutione Grammaticæ Commentarii Tres" ("Three Commentaries on Grammar "), Padua, 1601, 8vo. 3. "Summa Rhetoricarum Præceptionum ex Aristotele, Cicerone et Quintiliano excerptarum" ("Substance of Precepts of Rhetoric taken from Aristotle, Cicero and Quintilian"), Padua, 1585, 8vo. (Mongitore, Bibliotheca Sicula; Mazzuchelli, Scrittori d'Italia; Adelung, Supplement to Jöcher's Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon, art. "Antiquus.") J. W. J.

a

ANTICO'NE, GIAMBATTISTA, clever miniature painter of Naples of the end of the sixteenth century. He was the scholar of Sofonisba Anguisciola. (Dominici, Vite de' Pittori, &c. Napolitani.) R. N. W. ANTI'DOTUS, a Greek painter, probably of Athens. He was the scholar of Euphranor, and the master of Nicias, which latter circumstance obtained him more celebrity than any of his own performances. He was more severe in colouring than his master, and was more distinguished for the care with which he finished his works, than for their number. Pliny mentions three of his paintings : - a warrior fighting, with a shield; a wrestler; and a flute player. (Hist. Nat. xxxv. 40.)

R. N. W.

ANTIGENES ('Avriyévns), the name of several ancient Greek physicians, who have been sometimes confounded. One of these is called by Cælius Aurelianus "Antigenes Cleophantinus," and is mentioned by him as having noticed catalepsy under the name of avavdía. He was one of the followers of Cleophantus, and as Mnemon, one of his fellow pupils, is known to have lived in the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes, king of Egypt, B.C. 247-222, Antigenes must therefore have lived about the same time. He wrote a work "On Fevers and Tumours," which is quoted by Cælius Aurelianus, but is perhaps not now extant. This is probably the same physician who is mentioned by Galen in company with Praxagoras, Erasistratus, and se

veral others who lived about the same time, whom he calls" the ancients," and who appear to have been celebrated for their knowledge of anatomy. Haller, however, considers them to have been two different persons.

Another physician of this name was one of the pupils of Quintus and Marinus, and was a contemporary of Galen in the second century after Christ. He lived at Rome, where he enjoyed some reputation, and had a great deal of practice among the noble and wealthy families of that city. Galen gives an account of his being ridiculed by Antigenes for predicting the recovery of the philosopher Eudemus, and of the wonder of Antigenes when Galen's prognosis was verified by the event. (Cælius Aurelianus, De. Morb. Acut. lib. ii. cap. 10. p. 96. ed. Amman; Galen, Comment. in Hippocr. "De Nat. Hom. " ii. § 6. tom. xv. p. 136.; De Prænot. ad Posth. cap. 3. tom. xiv. p. 613. ed. Kühn; Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd.; Fabricius, Biblioth. Græca, vol. xiii. p. 63. ed. vet.; Haller, Biblioth. Medic. Pract., tom. i.) W. A. G.

ANTIGENES ('Avtiyévns), one of the generals of Alexander the Great. He had distinguished himself, as a young man, in the reign of Philip of Macedonia, and during the siege of Perinthus, in B. C. 340, he lost one eye by a missile. He refused to have the weapon extracted from his eye until he had helped to drive the Perinthians, who had made a sally, back into their town. He afterwards served in the army of Alexander during his Asiatic expedition, and distinguished himself on various occasions by his bravery, as in the siege of Halicarnassus, B. c. 331, and in the battle against Porus, B. c. 327. In B. C. 324, when Alexander entertained his soldiers in the most magnificent manner at Susa on the Choaspes, and paid the debts of his soldiers, Antigenes, after having made some arrangement with his creditors, made out that he owed a much larger sum than was really the case, wishing to pocket the surplus. The king on discovering the deception, drove Antigenes from his court and deprived him of his office in the army. This disgrace made so deep an impression upon him, that he meditated his own destruction. But Alexander, who esteemed him for his valour, was unwilling to let things come to extremities: and ordered that he should have the sum which he had demanded. After the death of Alexander, Antigenes, together with Teutamus, had the command of the Macedonian Argyraspids under Eumenes. In B. C. 318 Teutamus was on the point of allowing himself to be bribed by Antigonus to betray Eumenes, but Antigenes, whom Teutamus tried to gain for his project, not only resisted the temptation, but persuaded his colleague also to remain faithful to Eumenes. In a similar manner Antigenes was tried the year after by Seleucus, but all efforts were in vain. When the war between Eumenes and Anti

ANTIGONUS (AVTiyovos), an ancient Greek army surgeon, who must have lived some time in or before the second century after Christ, as the earliest writer who mentions him is Galen, by whom some of his medical prescriptions are quoted with approbation. He is perhaps the same person who is mentioned by Marcellus Empiricus, but is probably not the physician who is introduced by Lucian in his "Philopseudes," and who seems to have been a sort of impostor. Fabricius says that one of the medicines of Antigonus is mentioned by Paulus Ægineta, but this seems to be an oversight, as, in the passage alluded to, the name is not Antigonus, but Antiochus. (Fabricius, Biblioth. Græca, vol. xiii. p. 63. ed. vet.; C. G. Kühn, De Medicina Militaris apud Vett. Græcos Romanosque Conditione, fascic. v. p. 5, 6., Leipzig, 1826, 4to.; Id., Additamenta ad Elenchum Medicorum Veterum a Jo. A. Fabricio in "Biblioth. Græc." vol. xiii. p. 17456. exhibitum, fascic. ii. p. 8. Leipzig, 1826, 4to.; Id., Index Medicorum Oculariorum inter Græcos Romanosque, fascic. i. p. 9., Leipzig, 1829, 4to.; Galen, De Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos, lib. ii. cap. i. tom. xii. p. 557. 580. ed.

L. S.

Kühn; Marcellus Empiricus, De Medicam. cap. 8. p. 266, 267. 274. ed H. Steph.; Paulus Ægineta, De Re Med. lib. vii. cap. 8. init.) W. A. G.

ANTIGONUS (Avtiyovos), a Greek historian, wrote a work on the history of Italy, beginning as we may infer from Festus (sub. voc. "Romam") with the earliest times. (Dionysius Halicarn., Rom. Antiq. i. 6.) L. S.

ANTIGONUS, a sculptor. The place of his birth and his date are unknown. Pliny mentions him as one of the numerous artists who represented the battles of Attalus and Eumenes against the Gauls. Attalus I., king of Pergamus, the successor of Eumenes, obtained his great victory over the Gauls in the hundred and thirty-fifth Olympiad, or 239 years before Christ, and Antigonus probably lived about that time. Besides having executed other works in sculpture, noticed by Pliny, Antigonus is said to have written on his art. (Pliny, Hist. Nat. xxxiv. 8.) R. W. jun.

ANTIGONUS ('AvTiyovos), a son of the Jewish king ARISTOBULUS II. and brother of Alexander. [ALEXANDER, son of ARISTOBULUS II.] He was the last of the Maccabees that sat on the throne of Judæa (B. C.

the siege of Halicarnassus (B. c. 334) he was among those who had distinguished themselves by their courage. In B. c. 333 this post was given to Balacrus, the son of Amyntas, and Antigonus was appointed satrap of Phry

Fide Librorum Maccabæorum, p. 24.

After his father had been poisoned by some of the partisans of Pompey the Great, and his brother, Alexander, had been put to death at Antioch (B. c. 49), Antigonus was expelled from Judæa by Antipater and his sons, Herodes and Phasaël, who were then all-powerful in Judæa. Antigonus applied to Julius Cæsar for support, but in vain. In B. c. 42 he attempted an invasion of Judæa, but was repelled by the sons of Antipater, who were supported by Antony. A great number of the people were in favour of Antigonus, but nothing could be done until the war of the Romans with the Parthians, in which the Parthians made themselves masters of Syria. Antigonus gave the Parthians one thousand talents of silver and five hundred women, in return for which he received auxiliary troops, by means of which he took possession of Jerusalem, and expelled Herodes and Phasaël, B. C. 40. Herodes escaped to Rome, and Phasaël, who fell into the hands of the Parthians, had his ears cut off by the command of Antigonus, in order that he might never be able to obtain the office of high priest. Herodes was recognised by the Roman senate as the legitimate king of Judæa, and Antigonus was declared an enemy of the Roman state. Herodes accordingly hastened to Judæa and laid siege to Jerusalem, but being ill-supported by his Roman friends, who allowed themselves to be bribed by Antigonus, he could effect nothing. At last M. Antony took an active part in the affair, and sent his legate, C. Sosius, to support Herodes. C. Sosius besieged Jerusalem for five months, at the end of which Antigonus surrendered, and in the most cowardly manner fell prostrate before Sosius, and implored his mercy. The Roman general treated him with contempt. Antony himself wished to spare his life, that he might adorn his triumph at Rome, but Herodes, who felt unsafe as long as Antigonus was alive, bribed Antony to put him to death. Antigonus was accordingly beheaded by the axe of a lictor at Antioch, or, according to others, nailed to a cross, in B. C. 37. (Josephus, Jew. Antiq. xiv. 13-16., XV. 1.; Jewish War, i. 13, &c.; Dion Cassius, xlviii. 4., xlix. 22.; Plutarch, Antonius, 36.) L. S. ANTIGONUS ('Avtiyovos), often called king of ASIA, (though on his coins and in ancient authorities he is simply called king, and surnamed Cyclops, or the "one-eyed," was the son of Philip, a prince of Elymiotis in Macedonia, and was born about B. c. 382. He accompanied Alexander the Great on his Asiatic expedition as commander of the allies; and at

of the generals of Darius collected their scattered forces and attempted to recover Lydia, but Antigonus, although he had few troops at his command, gained three successive victories over the barbarians, and dispersed the enemy. The year following he made a successful campaign in Lycaonia. This is all we know about Antigonus during the reign of Alexander the Great, and the time in which he displayed his energy and ambition does not begin till after the death of Alexander. In the division of the empire which was then (B. C. 323) made, Antigonus obtained Lycia, Pamphylia, and the Greater Phrygia. Eumenes, a friend of Perdiccas, was to have Cappadocia, and Antigonus was commanded by Perdiccas to assist him in gaining possession of it but Antigonus disobeyed the command of Perdiccas, who assumed the authority of sovereign, to which Antigonus was unwilling to submit. Perdiccas making preparations to punish him, Antigonus fled with his son Demetrius, afterwards surnamed Poliorcetes, to Antipater, the regent of Macedonia, who was at war with the Etolians (B. C. 321). Antipater, Craterus, and Ptolemy, who were themselves in danger, espoused the cause of Antigonus, and war broke out between these confederates and Perdiccas, but Perdiccas was murdered in the same year. Antipater, who succeeded him as regent of the empire, restored to Antigonus his satrapy, and gave him the command of the greater part of the armies in Asia, for the purpose of making war against Eumenes and the other friends of Perdiccas. Antigonus gradually gained over nearly the whole army of Eumenes, who was at last besieged in the stronghold of Nora in Cataonia. Leaving a portion of his troops to maintain the siege, Antigonus marched with the rest of his forces into Pisidia to attack Alcetas and Attalus, who, as friends and relations of Perdiccas, still held out against Antipater. Both were defeated in the course of the winter of B. c. 320 and 319, and Antigonus came into the possession of a great power. The death of Antipater in B. c. 319 was a favourable event for Antigonus, who had for some time entertained the intention of making himself independent of the regent. When Polysperchon became the successor of Antipater, and Cassander, the son of Antipater, laid claims to the regency, Antigonus also refused to recognise Polysperchon in his new dignity, and allied himself with Cassander, although they seem to have hitherto been unfriendly. Their alliance was joined by Ptolemy, and Antigonus, perceiving the advantage which he might derive if Eumenes also, who was still blockaded in Nora, could

be induced to join them, made overtures towards a reconciliation and offered favourable terms. Eumenes, unshaken in his adherence to the royal house of Macedonia, and unwilling to submit to a man who seemed to wish to usurp the throne, commenced negotiations, but availed himself of an opportunity which occurred during the transactions, and escaped from Nora into Cappadocia. Polysperchon now appointed Eumenes commander of the troops in Asia, and empowered him to make use of the royal treasures, which were kept in a place in Cilicia, and guarded by the Argyraspids, the veterans of Alexander's army, under Antigenes and Teutamus. Eumenes was well received on his arrival in Cilicia by the commanders of the Argyraspids, raised troops, and soon put himself in possession of nearly the whole of Phoenicia. But when Antigonus, who had gained a victory near Byzantium over Clitus, the admiral of Polysperchon, in the year B. c. 317, advanced, Eumenes withdrew to Upper Asia. Here the satraps of Persia, Carmania, Aria, and Bactria were in arms against Pithon of Media and Seleucus of Babylonia. Eumenes joined the satraps, and Antigonus allied himself with Pithon and Seleucus. On his arrival in Susiana Eumenes was joined by his allies. A considerable force was thus assembled, and if union had existed, the partisans of Eumenes might have maintained themselves against their enemy. But while they were considering who was to have the command, Antigonus, who had already arrived in Mesopotamia, hastened to meet Eumenes, hoping to overtake him before he was joined by his allies. The news that this junction had already taken place delayed his march a little, and he rested his exhausted troops. At Babylon he was joined by the troops of Pithon and Seleucus, and then crossed the Tigris towards Susa. The intelligence of his approach induced Eumenes to retire towards the mountains of the Uxii, along which the Pasitigris flows, and to leave the citadel and the treasures of Susa in the care of Xenophilus. Eumenes took up his position on the eastern bank of the Pasitigris. On his arrival at Susa, Antigonus made Seleucus satrap of the province of Susiana, and giving him a sufficient army to besiege the citadel, he marched against the enemy. It was in the heat of the summer (B. C. 317), and it was not without great difficulty that he reached the river Copratas, the modern river of Dizful, a western tributary of the Pasitigris (the river of Shuster). Antigonus sent a part of his troops across the river, and Eumenes in the mean time recrossed the Pasitigris, and defeated that part of the army of Antigonus which had crossed the Copratas. Antigonus, who was unable to assist his troops which had crossed the Copratas, withdrew towards the town of Badaca, which Diodorus places on the Eulæus (the modern Shapur),

where the army rested for several days, and then marched into Media, through the country of the Cossæans, to join Pithon. This march of nine days was through narrow defiles between high mountains, in which the troops were constantly attacked by the natives and suffered severe losses. The soldiers became disheartened and discontented, but Antigonus succeeded in inspiring them with fresh confidence, and on their arrival in Media a supply of provisions and pay restored their courage. The army of Antigonus received also great reinforcements here. Eumenes in the meantime marched to Persepolis, where Peucestas treated the army with the utmost liberality. About the autumn (B. c. 317), Antigonus marched into Persia, and Eumenes and his allies set out to meet him. The two armies encamped at a short distance from one another. Several days passed without any thing decisive, and Eumenes broke up in the night and marched towards Gabiene, to prevent Antigonus joining Seleucus. On discovering this diversion, Antigonus hastened in pursuit of the enemy. In Gabiene the two armies met, and a great battle was fought which, though indecisive, lasted during a whole day. In the following night the two armies quietly retreated. Antigonus, although his losses were greater than those of Eumenes, appeared master of the field, and withdrew to the district of Gadamarta in Media, where he found ample provisions and a favourable place for winter quarters. Eumenes took up his winter quarters in Gabiene, but his army was dispersed over the whole province, and the soldiers abandoned themselves to pleasure. Antigonus, who was informed of this, thought it a favourable opportunity for crushing his enemies. With a view to surprise them he broke up at the close of the year, and marched with the greatest precaution through the great salt desert towards Gabiene. But Eumenes was informed of his movements, and hastily assembled his troops. Antigonus determined to fight a decisive battle at any cost.

The elephants of Eumenes, while they were driven to his camp, nearly fell into the hands of Antigonus. The armies met in the neighbourhood of Gadamarta, and a fierce battle ensued. Antigonus had a decided advantage, and in the evening Eumenes retreated in order to deliberate on his future operations. No resolution was come to, and, on the next day (B. C. 316), the discontented and treacherous Argyraspids delivered Eumenes and their own commanders into the hands of Antigonus, who put to death Eumenes, Antigenes, and several other men of distinction.

Antigonus, who had now the whole army of Eumenes at his command, was by far the most powerful among the generals of Alexander He was, however, unwilling to share his booty with allies whom he treated as if he was their master. Pithon, dissatisfied with