ANTELMI or ANTHELMI, NICOLAS, canon of Fréjus in the early part of the seventeenth century. The year and place of his birth are not given. He was syndic of the clergy of the diocese of Fréjus, and appeared in that character in the assemblies of the French clergy at Paris, A. D. 1605 and 1606. He exerted himself with the greatest diligence, at considerable pecuniary cost, and sometimes at the risk of his life, in seeking out and recovering the documents belonging to the archives of the cathedral of Fréjus. He recovered a great number of valuable records, and arranged them in two volumes. The antiquarian knowledge and zeal which he manifested recommended him to the friendship of the antiquary Peiresc, with whom he carried on an active correspondence on différent questions connected with their common pursuit. He furnished the list of the bishops of Fréjus to the authors of the "Gallia Christiana," who have passed a high encomium on the talent and skill of Antelmi. Nicolas Antelmi died 2d March, A. D. 1646. Joseph Antelmi in his treatise "De Initiis Ecclesiæ Forojuliensis" refers to the "Adversaria" of Nicolas Antelmi; but it does not appear that this work was ever published. (Joseph Antelmi, Preface to De Initiis Ecclesiæ Forojuliensis.)

J. C. M.

ANTELMI or ANTHELMI, PIERRE, canon of the cathedral of Fréjus in the seventeenth century. He was born at Fréjus, and studied theology and law at Paris, and took his doctor's degree in each of those faculties with great credit. He returned to his native town, and was appointed to a canonry vacant by the voluntary resignation of it by his uncle, Nicolas Antelmi, the subject of the preceding article. In what year the resignation of Nicolas and the appointment of Pierre took place is not stated, but it was some years be

fore the death of the former. At the desire of Nicolas, Pierre gave himself to the study and collection of antiquities, and incurred considerable labour and expense in this pursuit; but from the year 1630, whether from an abatement of his antiquarian zeal or from regard to Peiresc, his own and his uncle's friend, he gradually transmitted to him, with his uncle's consent, the contents of his museum. After the death of Peiresc, a. D. 1637, Pierre abandoned antiquarian pursuits, and gave himself to the study of theology and of ecclesiastical history. He revised the lessons of the church of Fréjus which were read in the service performed to St. Leontius, the patron, and the other tutelary saints of the church, rejecting several fabulous particulars respecting St. Leontius, and employing in the revision of the service more trustworthy documents than those which had been adopted for its compilation. Pierre Antelmi appears to have filled some public offices besides his canonry, but whether ecclesiastical or civil is not stated. He died senior canon of Fréjus, 1st December, 1668. Joseph Antelmi, his nephew, describes him as a man of great reputation for piety, knowledge, moderation, prudence, and integrity. (Joseph Antelmi, Preface to De Initiis Ecclesiæ Forojuliensis.)

J. C. M. ANTELMUS, SAINT. [ANTHELMUS,

SAINT.]

ANTELMY, PIERRE THOMAS D', was born at Trigance in Provence, on the 14th of September, 1730. Having gone through his preliminary studies, he applied himself to mathematics, and became professor of mathematics, and afterwards inspector of studies, at the military school at Paris. The newly erected observatory at the military school was also confided to his care; and many of his observations have been published in the Transactions of the Académie des Sciences. He

to compel Anthelmus to accept the bishopric. | It was about this time that he wrote a letter to Louis VII. to inform him of his election to the see of Belley. This letter is inserted by Duchesne in the "Historiæ Francorum Autores," tom. iv. p. 650.; and it is the only work of Anthelmus which exists, unless we consider him to be the author of another and a longer letter, published by Martène, who attributes it to St. Anselmo of Lucca, in the "Thesaurus novus Anecdotorum," tom. i. p. 210-214. The inscription of this letter is A. Bell., and the manuscript was found in the abbey of Barselles, which was founded in 1150. Anthelmus made a journey into Normandy, by order of Alexander III., in 1169. He returned to Belley in 1171, and died there 26th June, 1178. He was canonized, and his body was transferred, in 1630, into a chapel, which was built for the purpose at Belley. An epitaph was placed on his tomb, in which he is called Beatus Anthelmus Thaumaturgus. Many miracles are related as having been wrought at his tomb in an anonymous account of his life, which was written about 1180 by a monk who had been with him at the same time in the Chartreuse des Portes (Contubernalis .. qui ejus contubernio ædificari meruimus). This life is inserted in Bolland, "Acta Sanctorum omnium," 26 Jun. p. 226–238. (Histoire Litéraire de la France, tom. xiv. p. 612-614. 630-631.)

C. J. S. ANTHE'MIUS ('Avééμios), an ancient architect, mathematician, and mechanic of the sixth century. He was a native of Tralles, in Lydia, whence he is sometimes surnamed Trallianus. He was the brother of Alexander Trallianus the physician, and Agathias mentions three others of his brothers who distinguished themselves. Anthemius was the most distinguished of all the architects of Justinian who were employed at Constantinople. He rebuilt for this emperor, with the assistance of Isidorus of Miletus, in commemoration of his victories over the Persians, Goths, and Vandals, the celebrated church of St. Sophia at Constantinople, after it was burnt down by the populace in 531, in a style far surpassing the original building; he died however before it was completed; in 534, according to some authorities.

The

new church was finished in 537 by Isidorus, and Justinian is said to have been so well satisfied with it that he exclaimed "Solomon, I have surpassed thee!" The dome, however, fell in through the shock of an earthquake in 557; but Justinian ordered it to be immediately restored; and it was again finished by Isidorus, in nearly the same style, five years afterwards; and, with the exception of a few alterations which were made when it was converted into a mosque by the Turks, it still remains in the state in which it was left at that time. Its ground plan is nearly square; it measures 228 French feet wide by

250 long, and its dome, which is of stone, and is the first that was ever built upon arches and piers, is 108 feet in diameter. Even in Justinian's time this church was several times imitated; and it is generally considered to have been the original type of the Byzantine style, and of the numerous mosques of the Turkish capital, some of which, though not in extent, surpass it for beauty of proportions. There is a poem by Paulus Silentiarius upon this building. A small quarto from some MSS. of Anthemius was published by M. Dupuy in 1777 at Paris, under the following title, "Fragment d'un Ouvrage Grec d' Anthemius sur des Paradoxes de Mécanique," &c., with a French translation, and notes. It is a fragment of the work of Anthemius, which was entitled "Пepl Пapaδόξων Μηχανημάτων.” Agathias praises the mechanical ingenuity of Anthemius. The commentaries of Eutocius upon the Conica of Apollonius Pergæus are addressed to Anthemius, which proves that he must have had reputation as a mathematician. An edition in Greek and Latin of the Conic Sections with the commentaries was published by Halley, at Oxford, in 1710. (Procopius, De Edificiis Justiniani, lib. i.; De Templo Sancta Sophia; Agathias, Hist. lib. v.; S. D'Agincourt, Histoire de l'Art, &c.; Kugler, Handbuch der Kunstgeschichte.) R. N. W.

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ANTHEMIUS ('Ανθέμιος), was prætorian præfect of the east in the latter part of the reign of Arcadius, and during the first six years of the reign of Theodosius II. Anthemius was grandson of Philip, præfect of the east in the reign of Constantius. His first important public service was his embassy to Persia, when he concluded with Yezdegerd the Persian king, an alliance that remained unbroken during his administration. On his return Anthemius was appointed master of the offices, consul with Stilicho, the minister and general of the western empire, in A. D. 405, præfect of the east, and finally was created patrician by Arcadius. On the death of Arcadius in A. D. 408, Anthemius acted as guardian and prime minister to the infant emperor, Theodosius II. He retained his præfecture until A. D. 414, when Pulcheria, the sister of Theodosius, assumed the administration and the guardianship of her brother. From this time Anthemius retired from public life, since he could neither approve nor control the malversation of Pulcheria and her court. (Fragment of Eunapius in Niebuhr's edition of the Byzantine historians, p. 97.) As the guardian of the emperor he displayed all the qualities of an able and upright minister. "I congratulate you not," says Joannes Chysostom in his hundred and forty-seventh epistle, addressing Anthemius, on uniting in your own person the consulate and the præfecture; rather do I congratulate

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those offices on being so well bestowed. Your tribunal is the refuge and asylum of suffering virtue, and your administration will be for the whole east a period of rejoicing and repose." His severe impartiality awed, if it could not reconcile, the factions of the court and the sects of the church. His firm alliance with Persia enabled him to direct the whole force of the eastern empire against the Huns, whom he expelled from Thrace, and one of whose tribes, the Scyrri, he destroyed, or dispersed as slaves in Asia. (Sozomen, ix. 5.) The public establishments and monuments of Anthemius improved and adorned Constantinople and he strengthened and enlarged the city with a new and wider circuit of walls. He repaired also the fortifications of the Illyrian frontier; and he had formed the design of rendering the Danube impassable to the barbarians by a permanent fleet of two hundred and fifty ships of war. (Codex Theodosian. vii. tit. 13., xv. tit. 49.; Socrates, Histor. Ecclesiast., vii. i. ff.; Codex Theodosian. vii. tit. 10. § 1, 2., tit. xi. § 1.; Tillemont, Histoire des Empereurs, vi. p. 1. ff.; Sirmond's note to Sidonius Apollinaris, Anthemii Panegyricus, 94. p. 108.) W. B. D. ANTHE'MIUS PROĈO'PIÚS, ('Av0éμios ПрокúжiOS) was grandson, on the mother's side, of Anthemius, prætorian præfect of the east (A. D. 405-414), son of Procopius, patrician and master-general under Arcadius and Theodosius II. (Codex Theodosian. vii. tit. iv. §. 36. De Erogatione Annona Militaris), and of the same family with the Procopius of Cilicia who usurped the purple, for a short time, in the reign of Valens (A. D. 365). It is uncertain whether Anthemius was born at Constantinople or in Galatia. After serving in Illyria and on the banks of the Danube against the| Huns, he was chosen by the Emperor Marcianus for the husband of his daughter Ælia Marciana Euphemia, by whom, besides a daughter married to the patrician Ricimer, he had three sons, Marcianus, Romulus, and Procopius. His alliance with the emperor raised Anthemius rapidly from the dignity of count to those of master-general, of consul (A.D. 456), and of patrician; and on the death of Marcianus he probably expected to become his successor. But, at that time, the patrician Aspar was all-powerful at the Byzantine court, and Aspar placed the steward of his household, Leo the Thracian, on the vacant throne. Anthemius, however, stood high in Leo's favour: he was again employed against the barbarians on the Danube, and entrusted with the command of the fleet of the Hellespont. In A. D. 462, the Roman senate solicited Leo to give a ruler to Italy, and to send an army and a fleet to repel the Vandals from Rome. (Evagrius, ii. 16.) Leo then adopted Anthemius as his colleague; invested him with the robe and diadem of the western

empire; and sent him to Rome, attended by

several counts of high rank, and a train of soldiers and followers scarcely inferior to an army. At Rome Anthemius was welcomed unanimously by all ranks of the citizens: he entered the city in triumph; and his own inauguration was followed by the nuptials of his daughter with the patrician Ricimer, the real emperor of the west. On the 1st of January, A. D. 468, Anthemius commenced his second consulship, and the event was celebrated by the poet Sidonius Apollinaris, the delegate and orator of the Arverni (Auvergne in Aquitaine) in a panegyric of more than 500 lines, which is still extant, and which gave a flattering sketch of the past life and the future glories of Anthemius. His predictions, however, were not verified. The reign of Anthemius was marked by calamities abroad and dissensions at home. In the expedition undertaken by Leo in A. D. 468, against the Vandals in the Roman Numidia, Anthemius did not sustain his former reputation. In A. D. 471-2, Spain was finally severed from the western empire by the Visigoths; and Anthemius could only protect his Gaulish provinces from the same enemy, by inviting from Britain a band of turbulent auxiliaries, who were more dreaded by the provincials than even the Visigoths. His civil government was distinguished by the celebration of the Lupercalia, an ancient festival which was not abolished till the end of the fifth century A. D., and by the trial of Arvandus, præfect of Gaul. The Lupercalia were probably solemnised with unusual pomp by Anthemius, and may have strengthened the imputation of paganism, and of a design to restore the worship of the ancient gods, to which his intimacy with the philosopher Severus subjected him. (Damascius, Vita Isidori, ap. Phot. Biblioth. p. 1049. Cod. 242.) From Philotheus, a Macedonian sectary, Anthemius had imbibed also the doctrines of toleration, and was with some difficulty restrained by Pope Hilary (Baronius, Annal. A. D. 467. No. 3.) from permitting heretics to assemble publicly in Rome. Yet on his departure from Constantinople in A. D. 467, Anthemius had devoted his palace on the shores of the Propontis to the pious and useful purposes of a chapel, an almshouse, and a bath. The trial of Arvandus was perhaps the last act of jurisdiction of the Roman senate over its Gaulish provinces. Arvandus, who had been twice præfect, was condemned for malversation, and Sidonius Apollinaris, the friend of the accused, remarks that under an emperor like Anthemius one might openly assist a state criminal. His quarrel with Ricimer divided Italy into two hostile provinces, of which Rome and Milan were the respective capitals. A brief reconciliation between Anthemius and his son-in-law was effected by Epiphanius, bishop of Pavia. But, on learning that Leo had dispatched Anicius Olybrius [OLYBRIUS] to