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INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS.
་
Page
13
17
CHAPTER I.
What is Language?-First Connection between Thought and Word-The-
ories of the Ancients-Erroneous Theories-The Materialists-The
Spiritualists-Language a Gift of the Creator
CHAPTER II.
Unity of Language.-Various Theories-Biblical Theory-Supported by
Science-Languages point to a common Fountain-head
CHAPTER III.
Opinions of Prichard, Picket, and Bopp-Of Keyser and Retzius-Of Bun-
sen, Humboldt, &c.-Words common to all Idioms-No positive result
as yet obtained
CHAPTER IV.
History of Comparative Philology.-The Egyptians and Greeks-The Ro-
mans-The Jews and Eastern Nations-Change produced by Christi-
anity
CHAPTER V.
Want of Material-No Writing-Curious Substitutes-Voyages of Disco-
very-Colonies and their Policy-Commerce-Missionaries and their
Collections-First Scientific Study of Languages-New System of Writ-
ing in Foreign Idioms
CHAPTER VI.
First Attempts in Comparative Philology.-Greek in England-Erasmus-
Hebrew, &c., for Bible Researches-Modern Languages for Reforma-
tion-Forgery of Psalmanazar-Present Position of Comparative
Philology
24
28
31
35
42
CHAPTER VII.
Literature of Comparative Philology.-Greek Authors-Cæsar and Cicero
-The Alexandrians and Byzantines-J. C. Scaliger-Collections of
Lord's Prayers-Poça, Du Cange, and Hervas-Bacon and Locke
CHAPTER VIII.
Leibnitz-German Philosophers-Universal Language-J. Harris and
Horne Tooke-Adelung-Mithridates-S. de Sacy, Gamba, Pott, &c.—
Klaproth, Balbi, Pallas and Schischkow
CHAPTER IX.
Present state of Comparative Philology.-Eichhorn-Frederick von Schle-
gel-Bopp-Duponceau-William von Humboldt-Jacob Grimm-Rask
-Arndt-Prichard-Latham, &c.
CHAPTER X.
Practical Results of Comparative Philology.-Study of Foreign Languages
-Grammar, &c.-Use of the Vernacular-Orators and Authors-Chat-
terton-Anglo-Saxon in English-Translation of Foreign Works-Re-
vival of Ancient Authors-Modern style
CHAPTER XI.
Comparative Philology and History.-Lost races-Ethnology-Relation of
races-Provincial Dialects-Literature and Early History
48
54
60
5
72
CHAPTER XII.
Anglo-Saxon and English History.-For the Reformation-For Constitu-
tional History
80
CHAPTER XIII.
Comparative Philology and Recent Discoveries.-The Etruscans, &c.-An-
cient Inscriptions-Bunsen and Egypt-Niebuhr and Rome
84
CHAPTER XIV.
Languages and National Character-Latin and Rome-Suetonius and
Pliny-Language and the National Intellect
87
CHAPTER XV.
The Indo-European Languages.—Ex Oriente Lux-All Great Creeds from
the East-All Great Impulses from the East-All Great Languages
from the East
.
91
CHAPTER XVI.
The Sanscrit as Oldest of Indo-European Languages.-Early Studies of
Sanscrit-Its Advantages for Comparative Philology-Its extensive Lit-
erature-Its present Representative in Europe-Its clear Organism, &c.
96
The Ruling Languages of the World.-The Sanscrit-The Iranian-The
Greek-The Latin-The Celtic-The Gothic and Germanic-The Slavic
-Other European idioms
101
CHAPTER XVIII.
Purposes of Comparative Philology.-General Rules-Laws of Language 109
CHAPTER XIX.
Physical Influences Operating on Language.-Climate and geographical
position-Decline of idioms when removed to unfavorable regions-
Remarkable instances
CHAPTER XX.
Conquest Operating on Language.-Languages are not destroyed-The
idiom of the conquered race prevails
CHAPTER XXI.
112
116
118
The Norman Conquest of England.-French and Saxon part of English-
French in England before the Conquest-Favored by King and Court-
Marie de France-French prevailing in England
CHAPTER. XXII.
The Anglo-Saxon and the People -The Saxons in the majority-Igno-
rance of Normans-Germanic elements of Norman French-The Nor-
mans cut off from Normandy-Danish aid
CHAPTER XXIII.
The Anglo-Saxon and the Church.-The Bible-The Ministry and the Sax-
ons
127
132
CHAPTER XXIV.
Restoration of the Anglo-Saxon.-In Poetry--Gower-Mixture of the two
Idioms-Charter of Confirmation-Statute of Edward III .
136
CHAPTER XXV.
The English resulting from the Amalgamation.-Use of French now-
English taught first in schools in 1355-Caxton and Printing
The Occupation of a Nation Operating on Language.-Mental peculiarities
of nations-The Ethic element in language-In words, in sounds, in
structure
145
CHAPTER XXVII.
Fashion Operating on Language.-The Latin-Lexicographers-Danish
in English-Italian in French-Les Précieuses
152
CHAPTER XXVIII.
Literature Operating on Language.-Poets-Dante-Luther-Predominant
Dialects
CHAPTER XXIX.
156
English Literature and the English Language.-Anglo-Saxon version of
the Bible-Gospel of St. Cuthbert and Rushworth's Gloss-King Al-
fred-Layamon, the Ormulum-Robert of Gloucester-Robert Man-
nyng-Richard Rolle
160
CHAPTER XXX.
The Rhymour-Minot and Davie-Robert Langland-Barbour-Andrew
of Wyntown-Trevisa-Gower-Chaucer-English Orthography
CHAPTER XXXI.
Occleve and Lydgate-James I.-Charles of Orleans-Caxton and Con-
temporaries-Sir Thomas More
CHAPTER XXXII.
Henry VIII-Elizabeth-Surrey and Wyatt-English Satirists-John
Skelton-Spenser-Ancient Languages in England-Sir Thomas
Browne
CHAPTER XXXIII.
The English Reformers-Sir John Cheke-Roger Ascham-Thomas Wil-
son and early English Grammars-The Latinists of the age of James
Hooker-Milton
167
173
182
CHAPTER XXXIV.
The Restoration-French in England-Addison and the Essayists-John-
son's Dictionary-Horne Tooke-Recent changes in English
189
CHAPTER XXXV.
American English.-Not influenced by Literature-Older and Purer Forms
preserved-Dutch, French, and Indian Elements
194
CHAPTER XXXVI.
Philosophic Results of Comparative Philology.-Researches in Language-
Mode of Study-Etymology-Laws of Euphony-Linguistique-Highest
purposes of Language
CHAPTER XXXVII.
Methods of Comparative Philology.-V Language original and unmixed
-Historical School-Lexical School-Fatal Errors-Critical School