"it" immediate complement of "bestowing ;" "them" Consequent of a relation which has for its Antecedent "bestowing," and for its Exponent "upon;" "bestowing," Gerund from the Infinitive "bestow."

66

Second Proposition. "And he shows them, by withdrawing it ;"" and," Conjunction; "he" Subject; “shows,” i. e. is showing; "is," Verb; "showing them," Attribute; "them," Consequent of a relation whose Antecedent is "showing,” and which has no Exponent; " by withdrawing it," Circumstantial term, which contains the Exponent and Consequent of a relation whose Antecedent is "he shews them.”

Third Proposition. "That all their majesty is borrowed," Complementary Conjunctive Proposition, forming the Consequent of a relation whose Exponent is the Conjunction "that" and whose Antecedent is the Proposition, “he shows them by withdrawing it."

Fourth Proposition. "And that they are not the less under his dominion and supreme authority for being seated upon a throne," another Conjunctive Proposition, which has the same Antecedent as the preceding. All I shall remark upon this Proposition is that "are" is here an Attributive Verb, and that "for being seated upon a throne" is a circumstantial term, which contains the Exponent and Complement of a relation of which" they are not the less," etc. is the Antecedent. It is evident that this circumstantial term is equivalent to the following Conjunctive Proposition, "although they are seated upon a throne." The two circumstantial terms, " in bestowing' it upon them," "by withdrawing it," are also equivalents of the Conjunctive Propositions, "when he bestows it upon them," and "when he withdraws it."

Fourth Sentence.

"It is thus that he instructs princes, not merely by means of language, but also by means of events and examples." First Proposition. "It is thus." "It," vague and in

definite Subject; "is," here Attributive Verb; "thus," circumstantial term, that is to say, in this manner.

Second Proposition. "That he instructs princes, not merely by means of language, but, also, by means of events and examples."

This Conjunctive Proposition logically contains two, for after the Conjunction " but " we must supply the words," that he instructs princes:" the whole of this Proposition serves to define and explain the vague subject "it," for the sense is: “this, that he instructs princes (or "the instruction which he gives to princes") not only by means of language, but also by means of events and examples, is in this manner" or "way."―The parts of which this Proposition is composed require no further explanation.

I here conclude this model of Analysis, which I have protracted only so far as was necessary in order to render the principles I have followed intelligible from reiterated application, and to impress them strongly upon the memory.

CHAPTER VI.

CONTINUATION OF THE SAME SUBJECT.

Example of Analysis in the Latin Language.

In order to give beforehand an idea of the way in which I apply the principles of General Grammar to the analysis of the Latin language, I will present in a few words the system of cases in that language, and the grand distinction I make between Propositions, with reference, not to their logical, but wholly to their grammatical relations.

Nouns in Latin have six cases. The reader may again examine what I have before said on the subject of the nature

and use of these Grammatical inflections.*

These Six Cases

of the Latins are called Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative.

The Nominative always marks the subject of a Proposition whose Verb is in a Personal Mode, as, “Cato locutus est," Cato has spoken.

The Genitive marks a Noun which is the complement of another noun, or, what is the same thing, the second term of a relation whose first term is also a noun. Example: “Fili

us Catonis," Cato's son.

The Dative marks a noun which is the complement of an Adjective or a verb, and which expresses the person or thing who is the end of an action. Examples: "Addictus Catoni," attached to Cato; "Dare aliquid Catoni," to give any thing to Cato.

The Accusative characterizes the Noun which serves as the immediate complement of a Verb and upon which the action of the Verb directly falls, as in this example: "Occidi Catonem," I have killed Cato. This same case marks also the complement of several Prepositions. Examples: "Veni ad Catonem," I have come to Cato; "Introïvit in Urbem," he entered into the city. Lastly, the subject of every Proposition whose verb is in the Infinitive Mode is put in the Accusative, as," Putabam Catonem esse venturum," I thought that Cato was about to come, i. e. that Cato would come.

The Vocative is used for that part of speech only which we have denominated the Compellative, as " Cato, dic nobis quid sentias," Cato, tell us what you think.

The Ablative marks the place whence any thing is taken, whence any thing comes, the means or instrument by which any thing is done. It is the opposite of the Dative; for the Dative marks the object or end towards which any thing tends,

* Vide supra, pp. 45 and 69 seq.

go on foot;

and the Ablative the point from which any thing proceeds, as, "Exiit Româ, he departed from Rome. It is frequently employed adverbially in circumstantial terms, as "Calamo et atramento scribere, to write with pen and ink; “fuste percutere," to strike with a club; "pedibus ire," to 66 curru vehi," to be carried in a chariot, etc. The Ablative also marks the complement of various Prepositions: examples: A Catone arguitur," he is blamed by Cato; "sub Catone militavit," he has served under Cato.-Lastly, this Case characterizes the subject of every Proposition whose Verb is in the participial mode and in the Ablative of that mode. Example: "Catone loquente, omnes in eum oculos defixos habebant," Cato speaking, or while Cato spoke, all had their eyes fixed upon him.

Such is the primary and usual employment of Cases in the Latin language. There are cases in which they seem to have deviated from their primitive use, but I shall not go into a discussion of them here, nor shall I examine the subject of the agreement, in respect to Cases, of Adjectives with nouns or of the subject with the Attribute.

Three of these cases may, as we have just seen, characterize the subject of a proposition: these are the Nominative, Accusative, and Ablative. The form under which the verb appears in the Proposition determines which of these three Cases belongs to the Subject.

If the verb be in a Personal mode, whether Indicative, Imperative, or Subjunctive, the subject is in the Nominative. In this case the Proposition may be called Direct, whether otherwise it be Principal, or Conjunctive, or Subordinate, etc.

If the verb be in the Infinitive mode the subject is put in the Accusative, and then the Proposition is always complementary. As there are various forms of Complementary Propositions, I denominate this the Infinitive-Complementary Proposition.

Lastly, if the Verb be in the Participial Mode, the subject is always put in the Ablative: the participle is also in the same Case. If the Verb be "sum" to be, which has no participle, the Subject and Attribute are expressed by putting both in the Ablative. Example: "Cicerone consule," Cicero (being) consul.

As this form of Proposition always expresses a circumstantial term, which is exactly the same office as that of Adverbs, I denominate these Adverbial Propositions.

This distinction is, as it were, the key to all analysis of the Latin language, and, as I may remark by the way, it is equally applicable to the Greek language, with the substitution of the Genitive for the Ablative.

Indeed whenever the Verb appears under either of these three forms it belongs to a complete Proposition. When we have found the Verb it serves as a guide to the discovery of the subject. When we have found the subject and Verb, it is easy to perceive what words are in agreement with the subject, and what are direct or indirect complements of the Verb. The Genitive marks the complements of Nouns; the Ablative circumstantial terms; Prepositions show the relation that exists between the various parts of a Proposition, of which relation they are the exponents; lastly, Conjunctions or Conjunctive words determine the relations that connect the different Propositions which compose a sentence or paragraph. Three important observations which yet remain to be made will very much facilitate analysis and the restoration of the natural construction.

I. In a sentence composed of several Propositions the Verb of the principal Proposition is almost always in the Indicative mode.

II. Generally, Subordinate Propositions whose verb is in a Personal Mode begin with a conjunction or conjunctive word, which helps to distinguish them from the principal Proposition.