earth;" "I find this horse too old ;" "God called him Abraham;" so also in the following, in which the Attribute is Passive or Neuter: " my son has been made priest ;" "Jeroboam has been appointed king over Israel;" "Solomon was made the wisest prince on the earth;" "this horse has been found too old ;" "he was called Abraham;" "it appeared too short;"" he became more circumspect."

In order fully to comprehend the office performed by this kind of accessory, which is not, properly speaking, an Attribute, nor in reality a Complement of the Verb, but which I call a Sur-Attribute, we must observe that in many languages this accessory idea is comprehended in the Verb itself. Thus, in Hebrew, Malac, signifies to reign, and

Himlic, TO CAUSE to reign, or to appoint king. Even in English we may often substitute a single word for this sort of compound expression: in place of saying, "I have rendered it white" or 66 black," we may say, "I have whitened," or "blackened it." We may say “to Latinize,” "to Anglicize," for "to render Latin" or English" any expression borrowed from another language; liquefy," etc. for "to render rare,' liquid," etc.

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"to rarefy," "to

In some languages, this accessory idea is expressed under the form of a circumstantial term, either as Complement of a Preposition or as an Adverb. We might say in English : "he has been appointed for king," which will give us an idea of this mode of expression.

We may always regard the Sur-Attribute as an Elliptical expression, that is to say, as the Attribute of a Proposition whose Subject and Verb are not expressed. By this principle, the examples we have given might be developed thus: "I made my son, so that he was priest :" "God appointed Jeroboam, so that he was king over Israel:" "God made Solomon, so that he was the wisest prince on the earth:" "I find this horse in such a state that he is too old :" "God

called him so that his name was Abraham," etc. Besides relations composed of a word relatively employed and a complement which is necessary in order to determine with accuracy the signification of the Antecedent, we frequently express a great many other accidental relations, which are not necessary to complete the sense of a relative word, but by which are denoted various circumstances which have a more or less immediate relation either to the entire Proposition or some one of its constituent parts. In the following example: "I met, yesterday, to my great surprise, in Washington Street, as I was coming out of church and going home, my mind wholly occupied with something else, my eldest child," there is an essential and indispensable relation between the Antecedent, "I met," and the consequent, " my eldest child;" but the relation between this same antecedent and the other consequents, "yesterday," " to my great surprise," etc. is not of the same nature, it being only accidental. I call all such accessory terms of a Proposition, Circumstantial Terms. These Circumstantial Terms are sometimes Adverbs, as "yesterday," sometimes Prepositions with their Complements, as " in Washington Street," sometimes Conjunctive Propositions, as "as I was coming out of church," and, lastly, sometimes Adverbial Propositions, as "my mind wholly occupied with something else."

With these remarks, well digested, we shall find no difficulty in Grammatical Analysis.

CHAPTER V.

EXAMPLE OF ANALYSIS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

I shall take for an example that magnificent exordium with which the immortal Bossuet commences his funeral eulogy upon Henrietta Maria of France, queen of England ;* and if this Analysis shall deprive this piece of any of its grace and foree, the reflecting reader will learn to perceive what the orator owes to the Logic which furnishes him with thoughts, and for what he is indebted to the oratorical art which teaches him how to dispose them.

"MY LORD,

He, who reigns in the heavens, and by whom all kingdoms are upheld, to whom alone belongs glory, majesty, and independence, is, likewise, the only being who can boast of ruling kings, and of giving them, when it pleases him, great and terrible lessons. Whether he raise up thrones or cast them down, whether he communicate his power to princes or withdraw it within himself and leave them but their own weakness, he teaches them their duty in a sovereign and dignified manner: for, in bestowing his power upon them, he commands them to use it, as does he himself, for the benefit of mankind; and, by withdrawing it, he shows them that all their majesty is borrowed, and that they are not the less under his dominion and supreme authority for being seated upon a throne. It is thus that he instructs princes, not merely by means of language, but, also, by means of events and examples."

* Unwilling to risk the occurrence of mistakes and inaccuracies in any attempt to analyze an example selected by myself from the range of English oratory, I have thought it more prudent and safe to translate the above passage of Bossuet, together with its analysis by M. De Sacy. TR.

We will analyze successively the various Propositions which compose this paragraph.

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First Sentence.

My Lord, he who reigns in the heavens and by whom all kingdoms are upheld, to whom alone belongs glory, majesty, and independence, is, likewise, the only being who can boast of ruling kings, and of giving them, when it pleases him, great and terrible lessons."

This sentence forms only a single Complex Proposition. COMPELLATIVE. "My Lord."-The Compellative is not a constituent part of the Proposition.

SUBJECT. "He who reigns in the heavens and by whom all kingdoms are upheld, to whom alone belongs glory, majesty, and independence." This Subject is Simple and Complex it is the Logical Subject: the Grammatical Subject is "he."

In this Logical Subject there are three Conjunctive Propositions, which all serve to define the Grammatical Subject 66 he: 1st, "who reigns in the heavens."-" who " is a Conjunctive Adjective, referring to "he," and is the Logical and Grammatical Subject; "reigns," i. e. is reigning; "is," Verb; "reigning in the heavens," Logical Attribute; "reigning," Grammatical Attribute; "in the heavens,” circumstantial term; "in," Exponent of a relation of which 'reigning" is the Antecedent; "the heavens," Consequent of the same relation and Complement of the Preposition “in.”

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2d," And by whom all kingdoms are upheld." "And," Conjunction; "by whom," substitute for "by him," in order to render the Proposition, "all kingdoms are upheld by him," Conjunctive; "all kingdoms," Logical Subject; "kingdoms," Grammatical Subject; "all," Circumstantial Adjective, qualifying the Grammatical Subject; " are," Verb; "upheld by him," Logical Attribute; "upheld," Grammatical Attribute; "by him," Logical Complement of the

Verb; "by," Exponent of the relation of which the Verb is the Antecedent and Complement of the Verb; "him,” Consequent of the relation and Grammatical Complement of the Preposition, "by."

3d, "To whom alone belongs glory, majesty, and independence." "To whom," substitued for "to him" in order to render the Proposition," glory, majesty, and independence belong to him alone," Conjunctive. "Glory, majesty, and independence," a Subject composed of three particular Subjects. If three Propositions were formed of this one, each of the three Subjects, separate from the two others, would be a Simple Subject and would be both the Logical and Grammatical Subject. These three Subjects united form a Compound Subject which is both Logical and Grammatical. Belong," i. e. are belonging; “are,” Verb; “belonging to him alone," Logical Attribute; " belonging,” Grammatical Attribute; "to," Exponent of a relation of which the Antecedent is, " belonging" and the Consequent, "him alone," and Grammatical Complement of " belonging;" "him alone," Logical Complement of the Preposition "to;" "him," Grammatical Complement; "alone," Circumstantial Adjective qualifying the Complement “him.”

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Bossuet said “ 66 belongs," and not belong" because, the Subject coming after the Verb, he made the Verb agree with the first only of the particular Subjects which form the Compound Subject.

In a language like the Hebrew, in which a Simple Conjunction is employed instead of the Conjunctive Adjective "whom," the Conjunctive Proposition we have just analyzed would have been thus constructed: "God, as he reigns in the heavens, and as all kingdoms are upheld by him, and as glory, majesty, and independence belong to him alone."

VERB,-" is :" this Verb is here purely Abstract.

ATTRIBUTE-"likewise, the only being who can boast