a

was issued in 1592. There were great difficulties in publishing the new edition. It could not agree with that of Sixtus V., for the faults of that edition were as notorious as ludicrous. If it differed from that, the papal infallibility was exposed to derision. Bellarmine luckily hit upon a plan to correct the errors, and save the infallibility of the pontiff. All the blame was laid upon the printer. The plan was worthy of a Jesuit, and the chief of the Louvain divines. He was soon made a cardinal, and subsequently an archbishop.]

In Bellarmine's preface to this edition, it is said, "Sixtus V. commanded the work thus finished to be put to the press; and when it was printed, and ready for publication, that same pontiff, perceiving that many errors had crept into the Holy Bible, through fault of the press,...... declared and decreed that the whole edition should be recalled; but he was unable to accomplish this, being prevented by death. Gregory XIV., who had succeeded Sixtus in the pontificate,- after the twelve days' administration of Urban VII.,- determined to follow up and finish his plan....... But he, and his successor, Innocent IX., being in a short time taken from this life, the work on which Sixtus was intent was at last finished, in the beginning of the pontificate of Clement VIII. And although, in this revision of the Bible, no moderate labor was applied in comparing manuscripts, the Hebrew and Greek sources, and the com

in the Unchuldigen Nachrichten for 1749, p. 318. The congregation assembled at Zagarola, a little town in the papal dominions. In 1723, Rospigliosi, the present possessor of the town, and a descendant of the family of Pope Clement VIII., erected a monument there containing the names of all who had a hand in that edition. See Rosenmüller, l. c. p. 255, note.]

• It bears the following title: Biblia Sacra Vulgatæ Editionis Sixti V. Pont. Max. Jussu recognita et edita, &c., fol.

mentaries of the Fathers, nevertheless, in this edition now published, some things are designedly changed, and others, which seem to require change, are designedly left unaltered." [This edition contains neither the summaries of the contents of chapters, the parallel passages, nor the various readings. However, the preface promises an edition furnished with these aids. These two papal editions, differing so widely from each other, have furnished occasion for strong arguments and biting jests against the infallibility of the pope.]"

In multis magnisque beneficiis, etc. Sixtus V. opus tandem confectum typis mandari jussit. Quod cum jam esset excusum et ut in lucem emitteretur, idem Pontifex operam daret, animadvertens non pauca in sacra Biblia preli vitio irrepsisse totum opus sub incudem revocandum censuit atque decrevit. Idque cum morte præventus præstare non potuisset, Gregor. XIV., qui post Urbani VII. duodecim dierum Pontificatum Sixto successerat, ejus animi intentionem exsecutus perficere aggressus est. - Sed eo quoque, et qui illi successit, Innocentio IX. brevissimo tempore de hac luce subtractis, tandem sub initium Pontificatus Clementis VIII. opus, in quod Sixtus V. intenderat, perfectum est. Et vero quamvis in hac Bibliorum recognitione in codicibus MSS., Hebræis Græcisque fontibus et ipsis veterum patrum commentariis conferendis non mediocre studium adhibitum fuerit, in hac tamen pervulgata editione sicut nonnulla de consulto mutata, ita etiam alia, quæ mutanda videbantur, consulto immutata relicta sunt.

Clemens P. octavus ad perpetuam rei memoriam: Cum sacrorum Bibliorum Vulgatæ editionis textus - restitutus et mendis repurgatus ex nostra Typographia Vat. in lucem prodeat: Nos, ut in posterum idem textus incorruptus, ut decet, conservetur, opportune providere volentes, etc. Dat Romæ, 1592.

See Bellum Papale, sive Concordia discors Sixti V. et Clementis VIII. circa Hieronymianam Edit., Auct. Thoma James, &c.; Lond. 1600, 4to., 1678, 8vo. [See also his Treatise of the Corruptions of Scripture, Councils, and Fathers, by the Prelates, Pastors, and Pillars of the Church of Rome, &c.; Lond. 1688, 8vo.] Hist. de la Bible de Sixte V., par Prosp. Marchand, in Schelhorn, Amanitatt. Lit. vol. iv. p. 433, sqq. Hody, p. 494, sqq., who gives a specimen of the difference of the two editions, p. 503. R. Simon, Hist. crit. des Vers. du N. T. p. 526, sqq. Rosenmüller, 1. c. vol. iii. p. 249, sqq., 267, sqq. Hug, § 127—129.

[Appendix, art. G.]

This recension of Clement was reprinted in 1593, 4to., in 1598, 8vo. The

This is the basis of all subsequent editions of the Vulgate." [At the present time, the text of the Vulgate consists of passages from the old Latin version, before Jerome; from his improved edition of that version; and from his new version of the Hebrew text. The apocryphal books of Baruch, the Wisdom of Solomon, and Ecclesiasticus, and the first and second of Maccabees, are from the old Latin version. The Psalms are from Jerome's improved version, called Psalterium Gallicanum, and all the other books from his own translation of the Hebrew. But, in all these, we must expect to find the text very much changed.]'

§ 73.

II. DESCENDANTS OF THE VULGATE.

1. THE ANGLO-SAXON VERSION.

There is still extant, in the Anglo-Saxon language, a version of the Pentateuch and of the book of Joshua, made by the Abbot Elfric, in the tenth century. It

last edition contains a catalogue of the places to be correctededition, one for that of 1592, and a third for that of 1593.

one for this

• EDITIONS.-By Plantin: Ant. 1599, 4to. and 8vo., reprinted nine times; the last, 1650, 4to. By Leander Van Ess, in three parts, Tüb. 1822—1824, 8vo.; editio nova auct. Pont. Max. Leonis XII., Frankfort, 1826, 8vo. See, on this subject, Leander Van Ess, Pragmatische krit. Geschichte der Vulgata in Allgem. und zunächst in Bezeich. auf das Tridentische Decret.; Tüb. 1824. [See Censura Vulgatæ atque a Tridentinis canonizatæ Versionis quinque Lib. Mosis, &c. Auct. Sixtinus Amama; Franc. 1620, 4to., and his Antibarbarus Biblicus, &c.; Amst. 1628, 8vo., and 1656, 4to.]

с

¿ [Eichhorn, § 238, a. Jahn, p. 239-241.]

Heptateuchus, Liber Job, et Evang. Nicodemi, Anglo-Saxonice. Historiæ Judith Fragm. Dano-Saxonice, ed. ex MSS. Codd. Ewd. Thwaites; Oxon. 1698, 8vo. [See the letter of Archbishop Nicolson to Mr. Thwaites, in Nicolson's Letters, vol. i. p. 111, sqq.]

has been reckoned among the descendants of the Alexandrian version." But, after a more accurate comparison with the sources, it is found to belong to the family of the Latin Vulgate. To the same source belongs the Anglo-Saxon translation of the Psalter, which is the work of an unknown author, and probably from a later date. Elfric, speaking of his manner of translating, says, "which I briefly, after my manner, translated into English."

[Professor Alter concludes Elfric translated from the Latin, and not the Greek, from the following considerations, namely: 1. It is not probable a monk in England, in that age, would be able to read the Septuagint well enough to translate from it in preference to the Latin Vulgate. 2. This version contains readings peculiar to the Vulgate and its descendants. For example, Gen. viii. 4, the Vulgate reads, super montes Armeniæ; the Septuagint, with its descendants, super montes Ararat, which was a province of Armenia. The Anglo-Saxon version reads, ofer tha Muntas Armenies Landes. Again, Deut. x. 3, the Vulgate has, de lignis Setim; the Septuagint, &z úhov άσýлτшv; the AngloSaxon, of Sethim Treowum.

Pfannkuche, Contributions to a more accurate Knowledge of the printed Anglo-Saxon Versions of the Old Testament, in the Gottingen Bibliothek der neuest. Theol. Lit. vol. iii. p. 616, sqq. Alter, in Paulus, Memorabil. vol. vi. p. 190, vol. viii. p. 194, sqq.

с

Psalterium Davidis Latino-Sax. Vetus, ed. Jo. Spelman; Lond. 1640, 4to. d See A Saxon Treatise concerning the Old and New Testaments, written about the Time of King Edgar, by Elfricus Abbas, thought to be the same that was afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, &c., now first published by Will. L'Isle, of Wilburgham; Lond. 1623, 4to. (or Diverse Ancient Monuments, in the Saxon Tongue, &c.; Lond. 1638, 4to.) p. 22. [See Horne, Bib. App. pt. i. ch. i. sect. v. § 4.]

e

[Alter, 1, c., where see other instances of agreement between the Vul

The version of Elfric was not the earliest version in the Anglo-Saxon tongue. The Psalter was translated by Adhelm, the first bishop of Sherborn, in the beginning of the eighth century. At his request, Egbert, or Eadfrid, soon after translated the four Gospels." King Alfred undertook to render the Psalms into AngloSaxon, but died in 900, before the work was complete. Besides the Pentateuch and book of Joshua, Elfric translated, also, Judith, Esther, Maccabees, and part of the Kings.

This version is of little critical value. It may, perhaps, aid in criticising the text of the Vulgate, since it contributes something to the history of its text at that period. However, but little use has hitherto been made of it. Doctor Mill collected various readings of the New Testament from this source.]

§ 74.

2. ARABIC AND PERSIAN TRANSLATIONS OF THE VUlgate.

For the use of the Roman Christians in the East, the Bible has frequently been translated from the Vulgate into the Arabic, and more seldom into the Persian.

[An Arabic translation from the Vulgate was published

gate and Anglo-Saxon version. See Lingard, Antiquities of the AngloSaxon Church, Philad., Appendix, R., for some information respecting the Latin versions used by the Anglo-Saxons, and Turner, Hist. Ang. Sax. book v. ch. iii.]

[A MS. of this version is still preserved in the British Museum. Astle, Origin and Progress of Writing, (Lond. p. 100, sqq.,) who gives a specimen of it.]

¿ [See Johnson, Account of English Translations of the Bible, in Watson's Tracts, vol. iii. Marsh's Michaelis, vol. ii. p. 159, sqq., 637. Horne, 1. c. pt. i. ch. iii. sect. iii.]