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there is not very much that was not known to most of us before. He traces the course of revolutionary and counter-revolutionary movements in Russia, Italy, Germany and Hungary, and mentions the less defined revolutionary activities in other countries, including our own. As a survey of the present mainly chaotic social conditions in Europe, Mr. Stoddard's work may be valuable for reference in later years; but he cannot, of course, pretend to foretell the settled conditions which may ultimately emerge, and such is not his aim.

THE OCEAN OF STORY: Being C. H. Tawney's Translation of Somadeva's Katha Sarit Sagara (or Ocean of Streams of Story) now edited with Introduction, fresh Explanatory Notes and Terminal Essay by N. M. PENZER. In 10 Volumes;

Vol. IV. With a Foreword by Dr. F. W. THOMAS, Librarian,
India Office. Privately printed for subscribers only. Charles
J. Sawyer, Ltd.

This fourth volume of Mr. Penzer's edition of " The Ocean of Story maintains the high standard of the previous ones, and Mr. Penzer's notes again bear witness to his mastery of his subject. Dr. Thomas, in his introduction, refers to "the ease of the author's style, fitting the matter like a glove, objective, impersonal and unmoved . . . an unvarying style equal to the burden of the long task. And the translator, as became a ripe scholar of fine literary taste, follows with a rendering as free from display as is the original itself." It is indeed a wonderful Hindu saga, in this edition worthily edited and worthily produced.

THE FIRST NAPOLEON: Some Unpublished Documents from the Bowood Papers. Edited by the EARL OF KERRY. Illustrated. Constable. 215. net.

The correspondence between Flahault and Prince Louis Napoleon, which Lord Kerry edited some time ago, is now followed by a volume containing extracts from earlier letters in the Bowood collection. These were written when Flahault was a dashing young aide-de-camp of the First Napoleon. They treat of the campaign of 1812 (after which Flahault writes from Posen: "I am quite naked, my dear mother. Please send me a coat with which to cover myself, some trousers and a pair of boots "), of Elba and the Hundred Days, and of St. Helena. There are interesting letters about the Empress Josephine, Queen Hortense and Louis Napoleon, besides a number throwing light on the Emperor's plans of campaign. As in the former volume, the editor's notes are very valuable, whilst the illustrations include reproductions of an unpublished miniature of Napoleon and other excellent portraits.

BOOKS AND THEATRES. By EDWARD GORDON CRAIG.

Illustrated. Dent. 7s. 6d. net.

In this collection of essays Mr. Gordon Craig pays tribute to a large number of Italian archæologists and librarians who have helped him

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in his work for the theatre. The book contains much information about the origins of the theatre in Italy, and the author's researches in Italian libraries have enabled him to reproduce old plans and designs for ducal theatres to illustrate his text. Several chapters are devoted to following John Evelyn's travels in Italy. In Evelyn, Mr. Craig sees the perfect English traveller: intelligent, a gentleman, and able to accept with perfect courtesy anything strange in foreign conditions. On the other hand, Mr. Craig does not admire Pepys, and thinks he was wise in refraining from foreign travel, because he was a boor. The author's comments on men and things are often witty, often deliberately provocative, and always entertaining.

UNKNOWN CORNWALL. By C. E. VULLIAMY.

by Charles Simpson. John Lane. 15s. net.

Illustrated

The County Series published by Messrs. John Lane has already included some volumes which add materially to our knowledge of different parts of England, and "Unknown Cornwall" is a very attractive addition to the list. Mr. Vulliamy explains that the term "unknown" must be taken in a strictly relative sense; but even fairly knowledgeable folk in Cornwall will find here fresh light on Cornish antiquities, drawn partly from undeservedly neglected old writers, and partly from Mr. Vulliamy's own extensive and peculiar knowledge of the Duchy. Particularly valuable are the notes on prehistoric remains in West Penwith. It should be mentioned that Mr. Charles Simpson's numerous and charming sketches add greatly to the value of the book, for Mr. Simpson knows the natural history of Cornwall as few people do, and has the gift besides of creating with brush or crayon the real atmosphere of Cornwall, which is just as strange as any novelist's imagined atmosphere.

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SIBERIAN AND OTHER FOLK TALES: Primitive Literature of the Empire of the Tsars. Collected and Translated, with

an Introduction and Notes, by C. FILLINGHAM COXWEll. Daniel. 42s. net.

In this stout volume of over a thousand closely-printed pages, Mr. Coxwell has collected an immense mass of material concerning the little-known folk-lore of the vast tract of country formerly ruled by the Russian emperors. From all the various races, from the Koryaks and Chuckchis near the Behring Straits to the Kalmucks of the Caspian, and to the Lapps and Finns in the north-west, he gives examples of ancient legends and fairy-tales. Naturally there is little common to them all, save certain traditions which seem to run right through world folk-lore, and it is in the light the tales throw on the different races that their chief interest will be found by students of folk-lore. It is a vast field and must have involved great labour for the author; but the result is a notable contribution to the literature of folk-lore.

COLERIDGE AT HIGHGATE. By LUCY ELEANOR WATSON (née Gillman). Longmans. 10s. 6d. net. Mrs. Watson has written this book to show that Coleridge, when he was living at Highgate with her grandparents, Dr. and Mrs. Gillman, was not the hopeless opium-addict he has been represented; that he was greatly beloved by a large circle of friends, and was far from being a grasping, irritable drug-taker, continually making demands on the time of reluctant friends. In this tribute to his memory, Mrs. Watson has drawn upon recollections of her grandmother's conversation, and also upon letters and family papers in her possession.

WILLIAM ROWNTREE

CORRESPONDENCE

BRITAIN ROME: ENGLAND.

The Editor, THE EDINBURGH REVIEW.

Sir, Mr. Randall has attacked my History in your pages with noticeable violence, and for the most part in general terms, a reply to which serves no purpose. But he includes nine specific statements, on each of which he accuses me of incapacity, and on each of which I think anyone acquainted with the sources would come to the conclusion that it was rather I than he who had gone into the original authorities and weighed all the available evidence; and that, while he depends upon the easy routine of official academic history, I have been at the pains of co-ordinating all the material.

(1) He sees no gravity in Professor Oman's error about the Battle of Ockley. He does not quote the whole point of my exposure, to wit, the fact that Professor Oman did not know of the existence of one of the principal roads in England, or of its relation to the pre-historic track leading from Hampshire to the Straits of Dover. He was actually ignorant that Ockley in Surrey lies right on the Stane Street. That was the whole gist of my astonishment at so crude an error.

(2) He denies that Freeman pompously introduced as something of his own discovery the word " Senlac," and in proof of his position quotes a somewhat apologetic note by that author. What he omits to tell the reader is that the note was written after Freeman had been taken to task for his folly in solemnly boasting that he had restored an ancient native term. Nor does he inform his readers that Freeman thought it a Saxon word and prints it in huge capitals. It is evident where Freeman got it he got it from Lingard, and made no acknowledgment.

(3) He says I call Lingard "great" because Lingard was a Catholic. The exact converse is the truth. The only possible reason for the boycott and suppression of Lingard's name is that he was a Catholic. If Mr. Randall does not know that Lingard was the founder of all modern English history; that he was the first man to go to the original documents and patiently read them; that he was the first writer in our tongue to produce a modern scientific history; and that upon him all later work has reposed-then he ought not to deal with the subject. Had Lingard been your average don, with the strong anti-Catholic feeling of the Universities, we should never have heard the last of him. He would be on everybody's lips as the creator of modern history and the source to which every subsequent writer is compelled to turn.

(4) Mr. Randall jeers at my acceptance of a Saint's body being found uncorrupted and the story of the discovery of the True Cross by

St. Helena.

As to the first point: if Mr. Randall does not know the great mass of evidence in favour of the discovery of bodies uncorrupted, then he ought not to write history. It is legitimate in a sceptical historian to ascribe the strange phenomenon to natural causes, though in doing this he must often stretch facts to fit in with theory; but not to know of the historical fact is as unpardonable, at this time of day, as it would be to deny so-called miraculous cures, or the phenomenon of levitation.

As to the second: I maintain (and the full argument will appear shortly in my book on Gibbon) that the weight of evidence is heavily in favour of the traditional story. There is only one point against it, and that is merely negative: the silence of the Bordeaux Pilgrim. On the other hand, you have the almost contemporary evidence of St. Cyril, and that of every other ecclesiastical writer of the next generations who deals with the subject at all, and no word of doubt expressed.

(5) Mr. Randall follows the regular routine in denying the presence of cavalry at Stamford Bridge, and he rejects, as most modern academic writers also do, the authority of the Heimskringla; but he seems to have no idea of the convergence of proof in favour of my contention. He simply copies Freeman and appears to imagine that I have not even his acquaintance with the evidence. I believe there was cavalry at Stamford Bridge because by far the fullest traditional account, accepted by everyone after it appeared, written down from traditions not three generations old (Snorre was probably born little more than a century after the battle) makes cavalry the great feature of the battle, because not a single other and nearer authority (or later authority) denies the presence of cavalry; because cavalry was the feature of the very similar contemporary Battle of Hastings; and in general because there is no sort of reason why cavalry should not have been present. A body on the defensive, of course, fought dismounted, and if Mr. Randall will read Vegetius, he will see what that guide of the Dark and Middle Ages has to say about it. I may add that William of Poitiers, the one chief witness to Hastings, distinctly says that Harold dismounted his mounted men. If Mr. Randall will read him he will find the phrase " having left their horses "equorum ope relictâ are, if I remember right, the exact words. Freeman hadn't read him thoroughly or he would never have made the blunder which Mr. Randall copies.

(6) Mr. Randall says that pre-history is beyond my vision. If he means that I cannot read the modern guesswork upon pre-history, his gibe is simply silly. I can and do read it as well as he, or any other of my contemporaries. I probably appreciate better than he does the difference between guesswork and ascertained facts, and I make it a habit to analyse what I read, especially upon these modern hypothetical subjects, and sift out the little grains of real science from the mass of humbug. But I was not writing on pre-history, nor had I any occasion to deal with it. I was writing on the period upon which we have record, and upon that alone.

(7) In the matter of place names, Mr. Randall has evidently not followed my controversy with that serious and learned critic of my

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