empirical or visible side, but has likewise an ideal or invisible side, and the predicate "invisible" belongs to it through a "determination of worth" proceeding from faith-the organ by which we apprehend "things not seen" (Heb. xi. 1). We are not convinced that Ritschl has succeeded in disproving the truth or scripturalness of the usual distinction, but his able and searching discussion well deserves con sideration. The remaining papers in the volume, the subjects of which have been indicated above, must be passed over without further remark. JAMES ORR.

The Meeting-Place of Geology and History. By Sir J. William Dawson, LL.D., F.R.S. London: Religious Tract Society. Second Edition. Cr. 8vo, pp. 223. Price, 5s.

THIS book discusses the problems presented by the earliest traces of Man, and gives a picture of that strange shadowland where geological research begins to blend with tradition and archæology. This region is intensely interesting because of the light it throws on the questions of Man's Origin, Antiquity, and Primitive Condition, and few are better fitted to discuss these difficulties than the author.

After a brief outline of the World's history before Man, he enters upon the question of the Antiquity of our race, and gives it as his opinion that Man has not inhabited the Earth for more than 7000 years. Looking to the phenomena of river-gorges, such as the gorge of the Niagara, which has been entirely cut in PostGlacial times, and are reckoned to be from 7000 to 8000 years old, he infers a very moderate antiquity for the human race. But the question of Tertiary Man comes in here, and Sir J. W. Dawson discusses the evidences of Man's presence in the Miocene and Pliocene eras, and he declares that although there is no proof that Man lived in the former of these epochs, there would be nothing opposed to the Bible in the idea that he then existed. Now, no living geologist would place the Miocene Epoch at a period less removed from the present time than half a million of years, and how this opinion of Man's existence at that time can be reconciled with any scheme of Biblical chronology we cannot understand. The signs of Man's presence in this geological era are only a few minute fragments of flint, which are found in France and Spain, and which it is not possible to suppose were made by Man. In the Pliocene Period, which immediately follows, the evidences of Man's existence are much stronger, for here, for the first time, we find

human bones. In Italy skulls and skeletons have been discovered, and at Castelnedolo, near Brescia, several skeletons were discovered, which, it has been asserted, belonged to men who were shipwrecked in the Pliocene Period! If Man, a quarter of a million of years ago, was already a navigator on the sea, then Evolutionists may at once abandon all hope of gaining any support for the theory of the ape-origin of Man from geology; it is, however, very likely that the Castenedolo skeletons belong to later times.

It has been supposed that Man existed in Europe and in America during the early days of the Glacial Period, and in the time of the great Ice-Sheets; but Sir J. W. Dawson rejects this view, and considers that the so-called implements in the North American glacial gravels belong to a comparatively recent period. He believes that the first certain traces of Man occur just after the close of the Glacial Period, when large portions of Europe rose out of the waters of the icy sea. Archæologists have divided the Prehistoric Period of the Stone Age into two great divisions, from the character of the weapons then used by Man. The oldest of these has been called the Paleolithic Age, because at that time Man used only rough stone weapons, which were never ground nor polished; and the later of the eras has been termed the Neolithic Period, for then Man's stone weapons were carefully ground and polished. Sir J. W. Dawson rejects these terms, because he says that rough stone and polished stone weapons are often found together, and he substitutes Palanthropic for Palæolithic, and Neanthropic for Neolithic. We do not see any reason to discard the use of the old words, for the two periods are marked not merely by a difference in human weapons, but by a still more marked difference in the animals that then existed. Thus in the Paleolithic Period we find elephants, lions, rhinoceroses, and hippopotamuses, but these all completely disappear when we enter the Neolithic Period. The distinction between the characters of the stone weapons in these two epochs is of little consequence, but difference in the faunas is of the greatest importance. Thus the Paleolithic Era is the Period of the Stone Age, when the great extinct mammalia lived in Europe, and the Neolithic Era is the period in which they no longer existed.

The description which Sir J. W. Dawson gives of the Paleolithic (or as he calls is) the Palanthropic Period of Western Europe, is certainly the most valuable portion of his book. The Paleolithic Age was a time of great mountains, dense forests, and mighty rivers. The land in Western Europe stretched much further west then than now, and England was united to France and Denmark. The mammoth, elephant, rhinoceros, and hippopotamus ranged the lowlands; lions, hyænas, and bears filled the woods; and reindeer and musk-oxen peopled the uplands. Man existed in considerable numbers, and, it Vol. V.-No 3.

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has been supposed, formed at that time three distinct races. The first is the race of Cannstadt, the men of which were rough, brutal, and savage, and of comparatively short stature; to this race belong the skulls of Eguisheim, Spy, and Neanderthal. It has been thought that this race was the oldest of the three, but there is no proof of this, and the skulls from Engis and Solutré-which belong to the race of Cro-Magnon-are at least as old as any relics of the men of Cannstadt. The skulls belonging to the Cannstadt men are long, with very low retreating foreheads, and with but small cranial capacity, and owing to these features many naturalists have thought that they approximate towards the skulls of apes, and favour the theory of the simian characteristics of the earliest men. But this idea utterly breaks down when we discover that amongst the clever and cultured mound builders in North America, skulls have been found exactly like those of the Cannstadt men in shape, and of even smaller cranial capacity. The second of the Paleolithic races has been termed the Cro-Magnon race, and its remains are abundant in Central France, in Belgium, and in Northern Italy. The men of this race were of great height-often over seven feet-of immense strength, and fine mental power, for their cranial capacity was greater than that of the average modern European. They dressed in skins, painted their faces, domesticated the horse; and used weapons of stone and of polished bone. They were artists also of great skill, for they engraved figures of animals, and even of men, on bits of slate, and on fragments of ivory and of reindeer horn. The dead were carefully buried, the weapons being interred with the deceased, showing that the men of those ancient days, had a belief in immortality, and probably also in the existence of a Supreme Being. Such was the Cro-Magnon race, and the gigantic warriors belonging to it might well be termed "mighty men of renown." The third of the Paleolithic races, has been called the Truchère Race, but, as it is founded upon one skull only, it is rather early to consider that there was a definite race bearing the characteristics of the skull, and as distinct and well defined as the races of Cannstadt and Cro-Magnon. Having described the men and animals of the Paleolithic, or Palanthropic Age, Dr Dawson passes on to consider the great catastrophe which brought this period to a close. We are here at the close of the Paleolithic Period -face to face with four striking facts. First, the sudden and complete disappearance of the great beasts of the Palæolithic Period, which vanished completely at the close of the earliest stone age, for not a trace of any of them can be found in the period which immediately follows. Secondly, the fact that the remains of these animals are heaped together in great masses, young and old, carnivorous and herbivorous being promiscuously mingled. Thirdly,

the total disappearance of Palæolithic Man, and the complete gap which exists between him and his immediate successors in the Neolithic Period. Fourthly, the existence of enormous beds of sand, clay, and gravel, spread out in vast sheets, which were deposited at the same time, and which indicate the power of tumultuous inundations. From all these facts Sir Henry Howorth, the Duke of Argyll and others have maintained that a tremendous inundation or series of inundations took place at the close of the Palæolithic Period. This gap is as pronounced in America as it is in Europe, for the earliest men in North America disappear at the close of the Palæolithic Age, and all efforts to identify them with the present Eskimo, are perfectly useless. Dr Dawson thoroughly admits the occurrence of this great diluvial catastrophe, which closed the Paleolithic Age, and he declares that it was owing to a general subsidence of the land in Western Europe, which took place less than 6000 years ago.

The Neolithic Period (Neanthropic of our author) followed the the Paleolithic Period, but was quite of a different character. In Europe only the fauna known in the historical times existed, the elephant, lion, rhinoceros, and hippopotamus, having quite disappeared. The men of the time were no longer tall, long-headed, and artistic, but were of medium height, round-headed and agricultural, they possessed strong affinities to the Iberians or to the Guanches of the Canary Islands.

We now come to the important question-How are these discoveries to be brought into harmony with the earlier portions of the Book of Genesis? Sir J. W. Dawson sets himself to the task of harmonising those parts of the Sacred Record with the recent results of geology. He first maintains that the Paleolithic Age in Western Europe is the Antediluvian Period in Genesis, and in this he follows Sir Henry Howorth. The three great races of the Palæolithic Period he arranges as follows:-The Cannstadt Race signifies the ancient Cainites, rough, low, and brutal; the Truchère Race, he thinks, belongs to the descendants of Seth, who were only just on the verge of Europe; as to the mighty Cro-Magnon Race, he considers that they were the "giants" of the Book of Genesis, and that they formerly inhabited the lost Atlantis which existed in the Western Ocean, and were driven eastwards as those old lands slowly sank beneath the waves. Of course these identifications are purely hypothetical, especially as the existence of the Truchère Race is so doubtful, but the enormous size and vast strength of the CroMagnon people, who are supposed by our author to have been a mixed race, sprung from the union of the Cannstadt and Truchère Races-supports the idea that they were the Giants of the Book of Genesis. The Noachian Deluge is considered by Dr Dawson to be

the great diluvial catastrophe which closed the Paleolithic Period, and which is so strongly evidenced by geological investigations in Europe, America, and in Siberia. The Neolithic Age represents the early portions of the Postdiluvian Period, when the descendants of Noah spread over the earth and became the Neolithic (Neanthropic) tribes. The account given by Dr Dawson of Prehistoric Egypt and Syria is most interesting, and the discoveries in the Lebanon caverns show that, before Noah's Flood, the rhinoceros and reindeer lived in Syria. Egypt was in those days a beautifully-wooded country, while the sea ran up for a long distance between the two bordering ranges of limestone hills which enclose the valley of the

Nile.

We have not space to follow Sir J. W. Dawson in his speculations on the situation of the Garden of Eden, and in the outline which he gives of the Postdiluvian dispersion. These topics have been frequently discussed, and belong to the province of Biblical Criticism as well as to that of archæological investigation. The book is not a large one, and argument consequently is put briefly. But the Bible Student will find much to interest him in it. D. GATH WHITLEY.

Morality and Religion.

Being the Kerr Lectures for 1893-4. By Rev. James Kidd, D.D. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. 8vo, pp. 464. Price, 10s. 6d.

IN discoursing of the distinction and connection of morality and religion, Mr Kidd has returned to a theme which may be said to have been classic since Kant and Schleiermacher. Certain of his discussions might indeed have been spared or abridged in order to make room for a history of its treatment in the modern schools of philosophy and theology. A German writer would have considered it an elementary duty to furnish such a critico-historical sketch, and would thereby have materially assisted the reader to grasp his own positions and to appreciate their distinctive significance. It was also well worth while, on general grounds, to write this interesting chapter of modern thought-starting with the great triangular conflict at the end of last century, in which, as against the ecclesiastical tradition, rationalism merged religion in morality, while romanticism detached it from both creed and conduct; thence advancing to examine the Hegelian apology for religion as the complement of morality, and its rejection by the English Empiricists as useless or pernicious; and finally going on to judge of the contributions made to the elucidation of the question by the vigorous