July 4. Silver weed, 256.5. Potentilla anferina, F. Betony, 238.1. Betonica officinalis, F. Nightshade, enchanters, 189. Circæa lutetiana. f. 6. Lavender, 512. Lavendula pica, F. Cow wheat, eyebright, 284.2. Euphrafia odont. F. Bed-traw, lady's yellow, 224. Galium verum, F. 9. Angelica, wild, 208.2. Angelica fylveftris, F. Fennel, 217. Anethum fœniculum, F. 10. Beans, kidney, 884. H. Phafeolus vulgaris, podded. Sun dew, round leaved, 356.3. Drofera rotundifol. F. JI. Mullein, hoary, 288. Verbascum phlomoid. F. WILLOW, SPIKED, of Theophr. 1699. H. Spirea faliciful. F. Reft harrow, 332. Ononis fpinnfa, F. Bell flower, round leaved, 277.5. Campanula, F. Figs yellow. 13. LIME TREE, 473. Tilia Europæa, F. 15. Thermom. 39. Highest this month. 16. Asparagus, 267.1. Afparagus officinalis, berries. Mugwort, 190.1. Artemia vulgaris, F. F. 18. Willow herb, purple spiked, 367.1. Lythrum falicaria, F. YOUNG PARTRIDGES. Agrimony, water hemp, 187.1. Bidens tripart. F. 20. Flax, purging, 362.6. Linum catharticum, F. Arfmart, Spotted, 145.4. Polygonum perficaria, F. 22. Orpine, 269. Sedum telephium, f. Hart's tongue, 116. Afplenium fcolopendra, F. 24. Elecampane, 176. Inula helenium, F. Amaranth, 202. H. Amaranthus caudatus, F. 27. Bindweed, great, 275.1. Convolvulus fepium, F. 28. Plantain, great water, 257.1. Alifma plantago, F. 3 Y 28. Mint, 3. Barley cut. 5. Tanjey, 188.1. Tanacetum vulgare, F. Onion, 1115. H. Allium cepa, F. 7. Horehound, 239. Marrubium vulgare, F. Mint, water, 233.6, Mentha aquat, F. Nettle, 139. Urtica dioica, F. Orpine, 269.1 Sedum telephium, F. NUTHATCH, 47. Sitta Europæa, chatters. 8. Thermom. 20, Lowest to the 27th of this month. 9. Mint, red, 232.5. Mentha gentilis, F. Wormwood, 188.1. Artemifia abfinthium, F. ROOKS come to the neft trees in the evening, but do not rooft there. 14. Clary, wild, 237.1. Salvia verbenaca, F. STONE CURLEW, 108. Charadrius ædicnemus, whistles at night. 15. Mallow, vervain, 252. Malva alcea, F. 16. GOAT SUCKER, 26.1. Caprimulgus Europaus, makes a noife in the evening, and young orvis. Thermom, 35. The highest to the 27th of this month. 17. Orach, wild, 154.1. Chenopodium album. ROOKS rooft on their neft trees. GOAT SUCKER, no longer heard. 21. Peas and wheat cut. Devil's bit, yellow, 164.1, Leontodon, autumnal. F. 26. ROBIN RED BREAST, 78.3. Motacilla rubecula, fings. Goule, 443. Myrica gale, F.R. Golden rod, marh, 176.2. Senecio paludofus, F. 29. Smallage, 214. Apium graveolens, F. Teafel, 192.2. Dipfacus fullenum, F. Vipers come out of their holes ftill. From the 27th of this month to the 10th of September I was from home, and therefore cannot be fure that I faw the first blow of the plants during that interval. IX. MONTH. 2. WILLOW HERB, yellow, 282.1. Lyfimachia vulgaris, F. Traveller's joy, 258. Clematis vitalba, F. 5. Grafs of Parnaffus, 355. Parnaffia paluftris. 10 Catkins of the hazel formed. Thermom. 17. The lowest from the 10th to the end of this month. 11. Catkins of the birch formed. Leaves of the Scotch fir fall. Bramble ftill in blow, though fome of the fruit has been ripe fome time; fo that there 14. Leaves of the fycomore, birch, lime, mountain afb, elm, begin to change. Catkins of the alder formed. Thermom. 36.75. The higheft from the 10th to the end of this month. 17. Herrings. 20. FERN, FEMALE, 124.1. Pteris aquilina, turned brown. Ath, mountain, 452.2. Sorbus aucuparia, F. R. Laurel 1549. H. Prunus laurocerajus, f. r. Hors, humulus lupului, 137.1. f. r. 21. SWALLOWS gone. Full moon. 23. Autumnal æquinox. 25. WOOD LARK, 69.2. FIELD FARE, 64.3. Alauda arborea, fings. Turdus pilaris, appears." Leaves of the plane tres, tawny-of the bafel, yellow-of the oak, yellowish greenof the comore, dirty brown of the maple, pale yellow-of the ash, fine lemonof the elm, orange-of the bawthorn, tawny yellow-of the cherry, red-of the hornbeam, bright yellow of the willow, still hoary. 27. BLACK BIRD fings. 29. THRUSH, 64.2. Turdus muficus, fings. 30. Bramble, 467.1. Rubus fruticofus, F. October X. MON T H. 1. Bryony, black, 262. Tamus communis, F. R. Alder, black, 465. Rhamnus frangula, F. R. Holly, 466. Ilex aquifolium. F. R. Barberry, 465. Berberis vulgaris, F. R. Nightshade, woody, 265. Solanum dulcamara, F. R. 2. Thorn, black, 462.1. Prunus fpinofa, F. R. + CROW, ROYSTON, 39.4. Corvus cornix, returns. 5. Catkins of jallows formed. 6. Leaves of afp almost all off of chefnut, yellow-of birch, gold-coloured. Thermom. 26.50. Higheft this month. 7. BLACK BIRD, 65.1. Turdus merula, fings. Wind high; rocks fport and dash about as in play, and repair their nefts. 9. Spindle tree, 468.1. Euvonymus Europaeus, F. R. Some afh trees quite ftripped of their leaves. Leaves of marth elder of a beautiful red, or rather pink colour. Autumnal heat, according to Dr. Hales, at a medium, is 18.25. + Linnæus obferves in the Systeina Natura, and the Panua Suecica, that this bird is ufeful to the huf bandman, though ill treated by him. October 10. WOOD LARK fings. * RING DOVE cooes. 14. WOOD LARK fings. Several plants fill in flower, as panfy, white behn, black nonefuch, harkaveed, bu glofs, gentian, fmall stitchwort, &c. in grounds not broken up. A great mift and perfect calm; not so much as a leaf falls. Spiders avebs innumerable appear every where. Woodlark fings. Rooks do not flir, but fit quietly on their neft trees. 16. GEESE, WILD, 136.4 Anas, anfer, leave the fens and go to the rye lands. 22. WOODCOCK, 104. Scolopax ruflicola, returns. Some ah-trees fill green. 24. LARK, SKY, 69.1. Alauda arvenfis, fings. Privet, 465.1. Liguftrum vulgare, F. R. 26. Thermom. 7. Lowest this month. Honeysuckle, 458.1.2. Lomicera periclymen. ftill in flower in the bedges, and mallow and feverfew. WILD GEESE continue going to the rye lands. Now from the north Of Norumbega, and the Samoeïd fhore, Burfing their brazen dungeons, arm'd with ice, And Thrafcias rend the woods, and feas up-turn. MILTON. Here ends the Calendar, being interrupted by my going to London. During the whole time it was kept, the barometer fluctuated between 29.1. and 29.9. except a few days, when it funk to 28.6. and rose to 30. NATURAL Extracts from Mr. PENNANT's British § 1. The HORSE. HE breed of horfes in Great Britain the frequent introduction of foreign horfes has given us a variety, that no fingle country can boast of: most other kingdoms produce only one kind, while ours, by a judicious mixture of the feveral fpecies, by the harpy difference of our foils, and by our fuperior skill in management, may triumph over the rest of Europe, in having brought each quality of this noble animal to the highest perfection. In the annals of Newmarket, may be found inftances of horfes that have literally out-ftripped the wind, as the celebrated M. Condamine has lately fhewn in his remarks on thofe of Great Britain. Childers HISTORY. is an amazing inftance of rapidity, his fpeed having been more than once exerted equal to 82 feet in a fecond, or near a mile in a minute; the fame horse has allo run the round courfe at Newmarket (which 4 minutes and forty feconds; in which cafe his fleetness is to that of the swifteft Barb, as four to three; the former according to Doctor Maty's computation, covering at every bound a fpace of ground equal in length to twenty-three feet royal, the latter only that of eighteen feet and a half royal. Horfes of this kind, derive their origin from Arabia; the feat of the pureft, and moft generous breed. The fpecies ufed in hunting, is a happy combination of the former with others fuperior in ftrength, but inferior in point of fpeed and lineage: an union of both is neceflary: for the fatigues of the chace muft * Ariftotle fays, that this bird does not cooe in the winter, unless the weather happens to be mild. be fupported by the fpirit of the one, as well as by the vigour of the other. No country can bring a parallel to the ftrength and fize of our hories destined for the draught; or to the activity and strength united of thofe that form our cavalry. In our capital there are inftances of fingle horses that are able to draw on a plain, for a small space, the weight of three tons; but could with eafe, and for a continuance draw half that weight, The pack-horfes, of Yorkshire, employed in conveying the manufactures of that country to the most remote parts of the kingdom, ufually carry a burden of 420 pounds; and that indiffe rently over the highest hills of the north, as well as the moit level roads; but the moft remarkable proof of the ftrength of our British ho fes, is to be drawn from that of our mill-horfes: fome of thefe will carry at one load thirteen measures, which at a moderate computation of 70 pounds each, will amount to 910; a weight fuperior to that which the Jeffer fort of camels will bear: this will appear lefs furpriting, as thefe hories are by degrees accustomed to the weight; and the distance they travel no greater than to and from the adjacent hamlets. Our cavalry in the late campaigns (when they had opportunity) fhewed over thofe of our allies, as well as of the French, a great fuperiority both of ftrength and activity: the enemy was broken through by the impetuous charge of our fquadrons; while the German horfes, from their great weight and inactive make, were unable to fecond our efforts; though thofe troops were actuated by the nobleft ardour. The prefent cavalry of this ifland only fupports its ancient glory; it was eminent in the earliest times: our fcythed chariots, and the activity and good difcipline of our horfes, even ftruck terror into Cæfar's legions: and the Britains, as foon as they became civilized enough to coin, took care to reprefent on their money the animal for which they were fo celebrated. It is now impoffible to trace out this fpecies; for thofe which exist among the indigene of Great Britain, fuch as the little horses of Wales and Cornwall, the hobbies of Ireland, and the shelties of Scotland, though admirably well adapted to the uses of thofe countries, could never have been equal to the work of war; but probably we had even then a larger and ftronger breed in the more fertile and luxuriant parts of the ifland. Those we employ for that purpofe or for the draught, are an offspring of the German or Flemish breed, meliorated by our foil, and a judicious culture. The English were ever attentive to an exact culture of thefe animals; and in very early times fet a high value on their breed. The efteem that our horfes were held in by foreigners fo long ago as the reign of Athelstan, may be collected from a law of that monarch prohibiting their exportation, except they were defigned as prefents. Thele must have been the native kind, or the prohibition would have been needlefs, for our commerce was at that time too limited to receive improvement from any but the German kind, to which country their own breed could be of no value. But when our intercourfe with the other parts of Europe was enlarged, we soon laid hold of the advantages this gave of improving our breed. Roger de Bellefme, Earl of Shrewsbury, is the first that is on record: he introduced the Spanish stallions into his eftate in Powifland, from which that part of Wales was for many ages celebrated for a fwift and generous race of hories. Giraldus Cambrenfis, who lived in the reign of Henry II. takes notice of it; and Michael Drayton, cotemporary with Shakespeare, fings their excellence in the fixth part of his Polyolbion. This kind was probably destined to mount our gallant nobility, or courteous knights for feats of chivalry, in the generous contests of the tilt-yard. From thefe fprung, to fpeak the language of the times, the Flower of Courfers, whofe elegant form added charms to the rider; and whofe activity and managed dexterity gained him the palm in that field of gallantry and romantic honour. Notwithstanding my former fuppofition, races were known in England in very early times. Fitz-Stephen, who wrote in the days of Henry 11. mentions the great delight that the citizens of London took in the diverfion. But by his words, it appears not to have been defigned for the purposes of gaming, but merely to have prung from a generous emulation of fhew. ing a fuperior skill in horfemanship. Races appear to have been in vogue in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and to have been carried to fuch excefs as to injure the fortunes of the nobility. The famous George Earl of Cumberland is recorded to have wafted more of his eftate than any of his ancestors; and chiefly by his extreme love to horfe-races, tiltings, and 3Y 3 other |