At Tetuan, on the coast of Barbary, the earthquake began at ten in the morning, three shocks being felt in the space of seven or eight minutes, and at the same hour at all other places on that coast; at Fez many buildings were destroyed and lives lost in consequence, but, generally speaking, the principal effect was the rising of the sea, or more correctly, the progress of one principal and the consequently successive waves which washed along the shores, which were probably caused by the sudden heaving up, or sinking down, of a vast area of the bed of the Atlantic Ocean, under which the principal focus of the earthquake appeared to lie. Near Morocco, however, the earth opened and swallowed up a village with eight or ten thousand inhabitants, and then closed again over its prey it is remarkable that on the 18th of the same month another earthquake was felt in these countries more violent and more fatal than that of the 1st: but this was much slighter in Europe, though it was felt at many places both in the Old and in the New World. To return, however, to that of the first: the great shock was felt by vessels at sea, and produced an effect on them similar to that of striking on a rock or sand-bank; in some the blow was so violent as to throw the sailors off their feet, to overturn the binnacle, and to cause the scams of the deck to open; and more than one captain, misled by these sensations, ordered out the boats, believing that they had, by an error in their reckonings, struck on some reef, but they found deep water all round their vessels.

The vast wave caused in the Atlantic by this earthquake reached, as we have seen, the coasts of Portugal, Spain, and Africa, and from the well-known undulatory motion of a body of water suddenly displaced, was succeeded by others,

gradually diminishing in magnitude: but so enormous in extent was the first, that it was felt on many parts of our own coasts, at Portsmouth, and the southern harbours especially, where vessels, even in docks, shut in by floodgates, were rocked backwards and forwards by the violence of the motion; and many forced from their moorings. Small rivers, canals, or pieces of water communicating in any way with the sea, were affected by this general wave, even to places far inland; but what is more extraordinary, even in numberless small ponds, agitation of the waters was clearly perceived, though no shock or motion in the earth was felt at the time; undoubtedly, however, it must have been chiefly to some such, that these effects were attributable, as very distinct tremors or concussions were perceived in several places, especially near to and at the bottom of a lead-mine in Derbyshire.

Effects either of the earthquake itself, or of this motion of the sea, were felt in a similar way in Norfolk, Lincolnshire, in the lakes of Cumberland, Durham, and Scotland, at the Hague, Leyden, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, &c.; at Kinsale and Cork, in Ireland; and even as far as Norway, at different hours, from 10 to 3, P. M.: according to the distance, or to other causes which regulated the progressive motion of the original shock. It was calculated from these data, that the subterranean movement was propelled at the rate of about twenty miles per minute.

EARTHQUAKE IN CHILI. AN earthquake occurred in Chili, on the 4th of April, 1819, of the effects and consequences of which Captain BASIL HALL gives some interesting particulars, in his work, intituled Extracts of a Journal on

the Coast of Chili, &c. in 1821-22. From these we select the following. “It was interesting to notice how constantly the earthquake occupied all people's thoughts at this place, however much they might seem to be engrossed by other objects. An English gentleman, residing at Copiapo, invited me to visit a family of his acquaintance, living in the undestroyed suburb Chimba, promising to show me the handsomest young woman in Chili. We found her very pretty and agreeable; but what entertained us was, her vehement desire to have a wider field for the display of her charms; the accounts she had heard from others, of the fashionable world of Santiago and Coquimbo, had so completely turned her head, that even earthquakes ceased to make the usual impression. 'I see,' said she, ‘other people running out of their houses, full of terror, beating their breasts, and imploring mercy, and decency, of course, obliges me to do the same; but I feel no alarm; my thoughts are all at Coquimbo. We consoled her as well as we could; and, as she had spoken of earthquakes, asked her if there had been one lately. 'No,' she replied, not for some time. I really do not think I have felt one myself for three days. Somebody said there was one last night; but I knew nothing of it. I am tired of these earthquakes, and would never think of them again, if I were at dear Coquimbo.' "On putting the same question to another person, he said they had not experienced one since April; meaning, as I discovered, April, 1819, two years and a half before; not conceiving we could be interested in such petty shocks as would not demolish a town.

"While listening to these descriptions, we were much struck with the occasional introduction of minute characteristic circumstances. One of the party, for instance, was

describing the effect of a severe shock, which, he said, happened at four o'clock. 'Oh, no,' said another, 'it was later I assure you.' Indeed, it was not,' replied the first; 'do not you remember we were playing at bowls at the time, and when the sound was heard, Í stopped playing, and you called out to me to look what o'clock it was.'

"Upon another occasion, our host said, 'I was just going to look what the hour was at which one of those sounds was first heard, when my attention was diverted from the watch by a hideous scream of terror from a person near me. was such a little insignificant fellow, that I could not conceive such a yell could come from him; and so we all forgot the shock, in quizzing this little mannikin.'

He

The quickness with which natives of countries exposed to frequent earthquakes feel them, when strangers are not aware of their existence, is also mentioned by the same gentleman.

"In the course of a long walk which our party took after dinner, an earthquake was felt. We were walking slowly along, when the gentlemen stopped, and one of them seeing us look surprised at their doing so, cried out,-Tremblor,' (Earthquake.) A sound like distant thunder was then heard for about a quarter of a minute; but it was impossible to say from whence it proceeded; and, though conscious that there was something unusual in the noise, I cannot say exactly in what respect it was particular. The residents declared that they felt the tremor; but none of us were sensible of any motion. This was the fifth occasion, since my arrival in the country, on which I had been present at earthquakes, without ever feeling any of them in the slightest degree."

An earthquake commenced in Chili on the 19th of November,

1822, the first shocks of which were felt, at the same moment, over a distance of 1200 miles, and the coast, for a length of 100 miles from Valparaiso, was raised more than three feet above its former level; part of the bed of the sea remained dry at high water, and there is reason to believe that a permanent change of surface, with respect to elevation, was effected over 100,000 square miles. The shocks continued to the end of the ensuing September, and, even at that distance of time, two days never passed without one, and often two or three were felt in the course of twenty-four hours.

The following account of the effects experienced on this occasion are narrated by Mrs. Graham, in her Journal of her Residence in Chili, and convey a vivid idea of such an event; the authoress was at Quintero, about thirty miles from Valparaiso.

"November 20th.-Yesterday after dinner, Glennie having fallen into a sound sleep in his arm-chair by the fire-side, Mr. Bennet and I, attracted by the fineness of the evening, took our seats to the veranda, overlooking the bay; and for the first time since my arrival in Chili, I saw it lighten; the lightning continued to play over the Andes until after dark, when a delightful and calm moonlight night followed a quiet and moderately warm day. We returned reluctantly to the house on account of the invalid, and were sitting quietly conversing, when at a quarter past ten, the house received a violent shock, with a noise like the explosion of a mine; and Mr. Bennet starting up ran out, exclaiming, 'An earthquake, an earthquake; for God's sake, follow me!' I, feeling more for Glennie than any thing, and fearing the night-air for him, sat still: he, looking at me to see what I would do, did the same;

until the vibration still increasing, the chimneys fell, and I saw the walls of the house open. Mr. Bennet again cried from without, For God's sake, come away from the house! So we rose and went to the veranda, meaning of course to go by the steps; but the vibration increased with such violence, that hearing the fall of a wall behind us, we jumped down from the little platform to the ground; and were scarcely there, when the motion of the earth changed from a quick vibration to a rolling like that of a ship at sea, so that it was with difficulty that Mr. Bennet and I supported Glennie. The shock lasted three minutes; and by the time it was over, every body in and about the house had collected on the lawn, excepting two persons, one the wife of a mason, who was shut up in a small room which she could not open: and the other Carillo, who in escaping from his room by the wall which fell, was buried in the ruins, but happily preserved by the lintel falling across him.

"Never shall I forget the horrible sensation of that night! In all other convulsions of nature, we feel or fancy that some exertion may be made to avert or mitigate danger; but from an earthquake there is neither shelter nor escape; the mad disquietude' that agitates every heart, and looks out in every eye, are too awful to be described. Amid the noise of the destruction before and around us, I heard the lowings of the cattle all the night through: and I heard the screaming of the sea-fowl, which ceased not till morning. There was not a breath of air, yet the trees were so agitated that their topmost branches seemed on the point of touching the ground. I got a man to hold a light, and venture with me to the inner rooms to fetch medicine. A second and a third shock had by this time taken place, but so much

less violent than the first, that we had reasonable hopes that the worst was over, and we proceeded through our ruined sitting-rooms to cross the court where the wall had fallen, and as we reached the top of the ruins, another smart shock seemed to roll them from under our feet; at length we reached the first door of the sleeping-apartments, and on entering I saw the furniture displaced from the walls, but paid lit tle attention to it; in the second, however, the displacing was more striking, and then it seemed to me that there was a regularity in the disposal of every thing; this was still more apparent in my own room, but it seemed in all to have been moved in the same direction. The night still continued serene, and though the moon went down early, the sky was light, and there was a faint aurora-australis. It was now twelve o'clock; the earth was still at unrest, and shocks accompanied by noises like the explosion of gunpowder, or rather like those accompanying the jets of fire from a volcano, returned every two minutes; and then, wearied out, I fell asleep; but a little before two, a loud explosion and a tremendous shock roused every one, and a horse and pig broke loose and came to take refuge among us. At four o'clock, there was another violent shock, and the interval had been filled with a constant trembling, with now and then a sort of cross motion, the general direction of the undulation being north and south. Since that hour, though there has been a continued series of agitations, such as to spill water from a glass, and though the ground is still trembling under me, there has been nothing to alarm us.”

SCOTCH SNOW-STORMS. THE most dismal of all these snowstorms on record, is "the thirteen

drifty days." This extraordinary storm, as near as I have been able to trace, must have occurred in the year 1620. The traditionary stories and pictures of desolation that remain of it, are the most dire imaginable; and the mention of the thirteen days to an old shepherd, in a stormy winter night, never fails to impress his mind with a sort of religious awe, and often sets him on his knees before that Being who alone can avert such another calamity.

It is said that during thirteen days and nights, the snow-drift never once abated; the ground was covered with frozen snow when it commenced, and, during all that time, the sheep never broke their fast. The cold was intense to a degree never before remembered; and, about the fifth and sixth days of the storm, the young sheep began to fall into a sleepy and torpid state, and all that were so affected in the evening, died during the night. The intensity of the frostwind often cut them off, when in that state, instantaneously. About the ninth and tenth days, the shepherds began to build up large semicircular walls of their dead, in order to afford some shelter for the remainder of the living; but they availed but little, for about the same time they were frequently seen tearing at one another's wool with their teeth.

When the storm abated, on the fourteenth day from its commencement, there was, on many a highlying farm, not a living sheep to be seen. Large misshapen walls of dead, surrounding a small prostrate flock, likewise all dead, and frozen stiff in their lairs, were all that remained to cheer the forlorn shepherd and his master; and though, on low-lying farms, where the snow was not so hard before, numbers of sheep weathered the storm, yet their constitutions received such a shock,

that the greater part of them perished afterwards; and the final consequence was, that about ninetenths of all the sheep in the south of Scotland were destroyed. In the extensive pastoral district of Eskdale Moor, which maintains upwards of twenty thousand sheep, it is said none were left alive, but forty young wedders on one farm, and five old ewes on another. The farm of Thorp remained without a stock, and without a tenant, for twenty years after the storm; at length one very honest and liberalminded man ventured to take a lease of it, at the annual rent of a grey coat and a pair of hose. It is now rented at 500l. An extensive glen in Tweedsmuir, belonging to Sir James Montgomery, became a common at that time, to which any man drove his flocks that pleased, and it continued so for nearly a century.

The years 1709, 40, and 72, were all likewise notable years for severity, and for the losses sustained among the flocks of sheep. In the latter, the snow lay from the middle of December until the middle of April, and all the time hard frozen. Partial thaws always kept the farmer's hopes alive, and thus prevented him from removing his sheep to a low situation, till at length they grew so weak that they could not be removed. There has not been such a general loss in the days of any man living, as in that year. It is by these years that all subsequent hard winters have been measured, and of late, by that of 1795; and when the balance turns out in favour of the calculator, there is always a degree of thankfulness expressed, as well as a composed submission to the awards of Divine Providence. The daily feeling naturally impressed on the shepherd's mind, that all his comforts are so entirely in the hand of Him who rules the elements, contributes not

a little to that firm spirit of devotion for which the Scottish shepherd is so distinguished. I know of no scene so impressive as that of a family sequestered in a lone glen, during the time of a winter storm; and where is the glen in the kingdom that wants such a habitation? There they are left to the protection of Heaven, and they know and feel it. Throughout all the wild vicissitudes of nature, they have no hope of assistance from man, but are conversant with the Almighty alone.

Before retiring to rest, the shepherd uniformly goes out to examine the state of the weather, and makes his report to the little dependant group within-nothing is to be seen but the conflict of the elements, nor heard but the raving of the storm. Then they all kneel around him, while he recommends them to the protection of Heaven; and though their little hymn of praise can scarcely be heard even by themselves, as it mixes with the roar of the tempest, they never fail to rise from their devotions with their spirits cheered, and their confidence renewed, and go to sleep with an exultation of mind, of which kings and conquerors have no share.

But of all the storms that ever Scotland witnessed, or I hope, will ever again behold, there is none of them that can once be compared to the memorable 24th of January 1795, which fell with such peculiar violence on that division of the south of Scotland, that is between Crawford-muir and the border. Within these bounds seventeen shepherds perished, and upwards of thirty were carried home insensible, who afterwards recovered: but the number of sheep that were lost, far outwent any possibility of calculation. One farmer alone, Mr.Thomas Beattie, lost 1440; and many others, in the same quarter, from 600 to 800 each. Whole flocks were overwhelmed with snow, and no one