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one he kept, yet the natural ten-
dency of a superstitious faith and
habit of penance reduced his mind
to a gloomy dotage. In a fit of
fanaticism he celebrated his own
funeral, and became so worked
upon by the solemn farce, that he
was seized with a fever on the fol-
lowing day, which terminated his
existence, 78

Charles the First of England, the
second son of James the First, was
born in 1600. His elder brother,
Prince Henry, died in 1612, and
his father in 1625, whereupon he
succeeded to the throne. He was
a good, rather than a great man;
and was more fitted to rule an es-
tablished government, than either
to concede with judgment to the
confused clamours of a popular
assembly, or to set bounds to their
pretensions.

Popular dissatisfactions unhap-
pily arose civil war ensued; the
Parliament were triumphant, and
condemned their king to death in
1649. Insulted by the rabble,
brow-beaten by an unlawful court,
and condemned to death by rebel-
lious subjects, with his last words
he charged Bishop Juxon to admo-
nish his son Prince Charles to for-
give his father's murderers, 18

His attempt to escape from Ca-
risbrooke Castle, 20

Prayer of King Charles the
First, 192

Charles the Second, king of England,
the son of Charles the First, was
born in 1630. The death of Oli-
ver Cromwell in 1658 left the
English regicides without a com-
mander, and the great body of the
people, worn out with the oppres-
sions of a republican army, were
glad to welcome their rightful so-
vereign to his throne in 1660.
During his reign, London was
visited with the plague in 1665,
to which about 100,000 persons fell
victims, and by the great fire in
the following year, which consumed
400 streets, 13,200 dwelling-houses,
and 89 churches, besides numerous
chapels. All virtues, both public

and private, were openly ridiculed
by the court of Charles the Secot,
and no man was allowed to have
any talents for business, who pre-
tended to any sense of henoer er
regard to decency. This general
corruption was the natural action
from the false and hollow tnosti-
cism of the Puritans under Cra-
well, and should teach us to vale
the sober and honest doctrines at
the Church of England, which,
while they discourage all that i
not pure, are equally opposed to
the unhealthy excitement of E
guided zeal. Charles died in 1685.
15

His escape from Worcester, 32
His retreat to Jersey in 1648,
106

His return to his country, i

accession to the throne,

Cheerfulness, Captain Basil Hali,

191

Chemistry has for its object the e-
stitution of matter. All bodies in
nature are either simple or c
pound, and it is the business of
the chemist to resolve compoun
bodies into their simple elements,
and from these to form compounds
with especial reference to the quan
tities or proportions of simple su
stances required to form a
parti
cular compound. These prope
tions for the same bodies are fixed
and unalterable at all times and in
all places.

All objects in nature are com
posed of one or more of fifty-four
simple elements; by which term is
meant, that state of matter which
has hitherto resisted decomposi
tion, or resolution into simpler
forms of matter. Of the simpl
substances forty-two

are metais.

Chemistry is so important and
extensive a science, that it admits
of many divisions and subdivisions.
The study of the nature and con

stitution of the airs,
or gases, is
included in the term gaseous, of
pneumatic chemistry. Metallurgie
chemistry treats of metals and their
various combinations with each
other, and with acids, alkalies, &c.

Organic chemistry embraces the
study of animal and vegetable sub-
stances. The application of che-
mistry to the useful arts is so ex-
tensive, that without its aid they
could scarcely be said to exist.
The chief difference between the
processes of the chemist and the
natural philosopher is that the for-
mer inquires into the composition
of matter and its modes of com-
bination; while the latter studies
the laws which regulate all its va-
rious properties and phenomena.

Chemistry, under the name of
alchemy, was, during the middle
ages, perverted to the search after
various impossibilities: such as the
means for converting the inferior
metals into gold; and the elixir of
life, which was to keep its posses-
sor in a state of perpetual youth.
In the pursuit of these visionary
objects, the alchemists, neverthe-
less, made many valuable disco-
veries, and may be said to have
prepared the way for modern che-
mistry.

hester described, 163

houl, William du, a French anti-
quary of the sixteenth century,
128

hristmas carol, 226

hristmas carols and waits, 187
hronology is an account of the order
and succession of time, as marked
by a series of important events.
It is called one of the eyes of his-
tory (geography being the other);
for it marks the time of an event,
as geography does the place. Chro-
nology is distinguished into epochs
and eras: an epoch being the great
fact or circumstance which com-
mences an era, and an era being a
course of time defined by a series
of national events, or by the un-
interrupted sway of some royal

house.

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Ciampini, John Justin, a learned Ita-
lian scholar; he died 1698. 53
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, the chief of
Roman orators, was born B.C.
106, and died B.C. 43. 39
Cichorium, the botanical name for
the plant called succory, 252
Cinque Ports, history of, 13
Citron-tree, in its wild state, grows to
the height of about twelve feet;
its branches are prickly; its leaves
egg-shaped, smooth, and pale-green;
its fruit is half a foot in length,
and has two rinds, the outer thin
and speckled with innumerable
glands full of a most fragrant es-
sential oil, the inner rind is white,
thick, and leathery. It is a native
of all the warmer regions of Asia, 3
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, earl of,
and lord high chancellor of Eng-
land in the reign of Charles the
Second. He was born in Wilt-
shire in 1608; during the civil
wars he zealously attached himself
to the royal cause, and contributed
more than any other man to the
Restoration. As he equally de-
fended the privileges of royalty
against the licentiousness of the
people, and his country's freedom
against the abuses of the royal
power, he failed in affording satis-
faction to the passions of either.
He became unpopular without re-
proach, and died in voluntary exile
in 1674. He wrote a famous His-
tory of the Rebellion, 106
Clarke, Edward Daniel, a celebrated
modern traveller and professor of
mineralogy at the University of
Cambridge. He was born in 1767;
died 1821. 154

Sonnet on the house of God,
231

On the sea of Tiberias, 218
Coal, its origin, 52

Cochineal. The cochineal insect is a
native of the warm parts of Ame-
rica, particularly Mexico, where it
is found on a plant called nopal, or
Indian fig. These insects, which
are very small, are gathered from
the plants, put into pots, and killed
by the application of heat; they
then form a mass or drug, which is
the cochineal of commerce. It
was formerly employed in medi

cine, but is now only used in dye-
ing, where it produces brilliant
crimson and scarlet colours, and
in making carmine, which is em-
ployed as a cosmetic, and by minia-
ture painters.

Coinage. By this art certain metals
are stamped with such a device, as
gives them the consideration of
money. It is completed by one
blow of the coining-press. A single
die of good steel, properly hardened
and duly tempered, will strike off
more than 300,000 pieces of money.
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, eminent as
a poet, essayist, and moral philoso-
pher, was born at Bristol in 1770;
died 1834.

His address to his godchild, 195
A child's evening prayer, 236
Coliseum of Rome, 126
Colossus of Rhodes, 127
Colours, effect of light upon the ma-
nufacture of, 58

Colton, Caleb. An English author

of an indifferent moral character,
who destroyed himself at Paris,
1832

The good and the bad bargain,

188

Columbus, Christopher, born at Ge-
noa, in the year 1435; he reached
the New World, or America, in
1492, and died in 1506. See Hy-
DROGRAPHICAL SURVEY.
Conquest, the, in English history, the
overthrow of the Saxon monarchy
in England, which had continued
for more than six hundred years,
by William, duke of Normandy,

in 1066, who was thenceforth named
William the Conqueror, king of
England. He died 1087. 13
Constantine, surnamed the Great,
emperor of the Romans, was born
A.D. 274. He was declared em-
peror in 306, and in 325 became
head of the Eastern, as well as the
Western empire. He died 337.
He displayed great courage and
love of justice, and evinced an ar-
dent zeal for the Christian religion,
which he personally embraced, and
eventually established in his domi-
nions. He founded the city of
Constantinople as the metropolis of

the Eastern, as Rome was of his
Western empire, 127
Conway Castle described, 18
Cotton, its cultivation acl manufac
ture, 63

Cotton-gown, story of, 68
Coverdale, Miles, an En un divine,
and one of the earliest Res
In 1532 he joined Wiliam Tyn-
dale in translating the Serg
Died in 1568, aged 81. 179

His translation of the B,15
Cowper, William, the celebrat
lish poet, born 1731, died 1800.

of

On cruelty to animals, 241
Coxe, William, a divine, an historia
and traveller. Born 1747; di
1828. He was archdeacon of Witts
and author of Travels in Sitzer-
land, History of the House of A
tria, Memoirs of Sir Robert Wal-
pole, and many other works equally
interesting and valuable for their
learning and adherence to truth,
Crabbe, Rev. George, a very organ
English poet. Born 1754; ded
1832. He has been justy -
pared with the English painter He
garth; the poems of the cae,
the pictures of the other, beth pre
sent elaborate representations
every-day life; neither throw false
veils over vice, or weaken the ex-
pression of virtue by unreal senti
ment,-all is true to nature, and
ingeniously correct in apparent y
trifling details; -for instance,
Crabbe's description of a Noble
Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of Cat-
terbury, was born in 1489. He
defended the divorce of the first
wife of Henry the Eighth, and that v
monarch raised him to the arch
bishopric of Canterbury, in which
office he zealously promoted the
cause of the Reformation. Through
translated
his means the Bible was
and read in churches, and he greatly
aided in suppressing the monastie
institutions. During the reign of
Edward the Sixth he helped to frame
the liturgy, the homilies, articles of
religion, &c., but during the fol-
lowing reign of the cruel Mary so
zealous a Protestant could not es

Peasant, 257

-

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cape persecution. He perished at
he stake in 1556. 179
omwell, Oliver, the arch-rebel of
England, the regicide, and usurper
f supreme power in this country,
vas born in 1599. His grave and
ober deportment, plain dress, and
Issumed religious motives, were so
nany cloaks to one of the most wily
and ambitious hearts that ever de-
ceived mankind. He caused King
Charles the First to be murdered
n 1649, and turned himself with
great energy and political wisdom
to the administration of public af-
airs; the army was regularly paid;
the public revenues were strictly
and economically managed, while
the honour of England was well
maintained at sea, and her foreign
commerce had assumed a flourish-
ing aspect, but for all this the
traitor's bed was a bed of thorns,
and the nation severely felt the
iron-bound tyranny of the usurper.
He constantly carried loaded fire-
arms, and wore defensive armour
under his clothes; it was a reign
of terror for himself, as for those
around him, and worn out by a
nervous fever, he died in 1658. 32
romwell, Thomas, earl of Essex,
one of the ablest statesmen of the

time of Henry the Eighth. He
was beheaded by that monarch on
Tower-hill in 1540, for having pro-
moted his marriage with Anne of
Cleves, 179

Crusades. See SALADIN.
Junningham, Alexander, a Scotch
historical writer of the eighteenth
century. He died 1737. 36
Cyprus, an island in the Mediterra-
nean, near the coast of Syria. Its
length is 140 miles, and its greatest
breadth 60. It was taken by the
Turks from the Venetians in 1570,
and still remains in their posses-
sion. Population 65,000. 64
Daru, Pierre Antoine, a peer of
France, and an eminent statesman,
poet, and historian; born 1767;
died 1829. His History of Venice
is one of the most valuable produc-
tions of modern literature, 136
Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, a poet and

physician, born near Newark in
1721; died 1802. 54
Dashour, a town of Egypt, fifteen
miles south of Cairo, 2
Date-tree. This is a lofty palm, with
a rugged trunk on account of the re-
mains of the decayed leaves. These
leaves, when the tree has grown to
a size for bearing fruit, are six or
eight feet long; the flowers come
out in very long bunches from the
trunk between the leaves; the
fruit is an oval berry, with a thick
fleshy pulp, enclosing a hard oblong
stone. It forms the daily food of
the inhabitants of Arabia, Egypt,
and Persia, and when steam navi-
gation becomes more developed,
and the resources of Africa are
worked with industry, it will pro-
bably become a cheap and house-
hold fruit in very humble homes in
England. It is extremely whole-
some and nutritious, and only re-
quires to be tasted to be appre-
ciated as one of the most valuable
productions of the vegetable king-
dom. The Tafilet date, a larger
and more juicy variety than either
the Persian or Egyptian, has found
its way into the London market
only within the last three years,
and is sold in the retail shops for
about a shilling a pound. It is
one of the most luscious fruits
that can be placed upon an English
table, 3

Arabs and the date-tree, 223
Davy, Sir Humphry, one of the
most eminent of modern chemists,
was born at Penzance, in Corn-
wall, in 1778, and died at Geneva
in 1829. He invented the safety-
lamp for the use of miners; dis-
covered metals in earths and alka-
lies, and developed the laws of vol-
taic electricity.

On the effect of light upon the
manufacture of colours, 58
Death, Bishop Porteus, on, 242
Decomposition of animal matter, 59
Dendera, a town of Egypt, built at
a short distance from the west
bank of the Nile, about 242 miles
south of Cairo, 142
Devil's Bridge described, 161

Dido, queen and founder of Car-
thage, a great commercial city
upon the northern shore of Africa.
She died B.C. 950. 260
Dieppe, a sea-port town of France,
situated 138 miles north-west of
Paris in the department of the
Lower Seine, 35
Diodorus Siculus, an ancient histo-
rian, a native of Sicily, who flour-
ished about B.C. 44. Quoted, 10
Dol, a small town in France, in the
department of Ille and Vilaine.

It is 249 miles west of Paris, 100
Domesday-Book. When King Al-
fred divided his kingdom into
counties, hundreds, and tythings,
he had an account taken of the
several districts, and digested into
a register called the Domesday-
Book; that is, the judgment-book.
William the Conqueror, in the
year 1085, following the example
of Alfred, had also a general re-
gister drawn up, from which judg.
ment might be given as to the
tenure of estates.

The Domesday-Book of William
the Conqueror is still preserved in
the Chapter-House at Westmin-
ster, among the records of the
Exchequer. It is in two volumes,
one a large folio, the other a
quarto, written on vellum, and con-
taining together 832 leaves. The
first volume contains a sort of
topographical description of thirty-
one counties; the other volume
contains three more; the northern
counties of Northumberland, Cum-
berland, Westmoreland, and Dur-
ham, being only partially described.
This description or survey is ex-
ceedingly minute and exact.
contains an account of the subdi-
visions of the counties, under the
old names of wapentakes, rapes,
laths, hundreds, &c.: an account
of cities, towns, villas, boroughs,
manors, castles, &c., with the
quantity of ground belonging to
each manor:-the value of each
manor, 1st, in the time of Ed-
L. ward the Confessor, 2nd, when
William gained the throne, 3rd, at

It

ime of making the Domesday

survey: what and how much
arable land, pasture, meadow and
wood land there was; how many
men occupied each estate, and of
what condition they were, whether
freemen, soemen, villains, bordars,
freedmen, cottagers, serfs, trades-
men, labourers, Englishmen, Nor
mans, &c.:-the number of hogs,
goats, sheep, horses, asses, oXƐE,
cows, calves, colts, stocks of bees,
&c.; together with the number of
mills, fish-ponds, fisheries, marshes,
vineyards, &c., on each manor:-
an account of the rents, tributes,
census, services, tolls, customs,
homage, and what works were to
be done for the lords of the manors.
In several counties also was noted
down an account of what goods,
chattels, and treasure each person
possessed, what were his debts,
and how much was owing to him.

A work of such extraordinary
extent and minuteness must have
required a well arranged system to
put it into execution. The plan
which William adopted was this
Men of the greatest discretion,
whose talents were familiar to him,
and in whom he could confide, were
sent into every county throughout
England with authority to summ
and impanel juries in every hun-
dred, lath, and wapentake; the
jury to be composed of all orders
of freemen, from the great barons
downwards. These juries were
bound by oath to communicate to
the commissioners, by verdict or
presentment, every particular rela-
tive to the estates, manors, &c,
contained in that hundred, lath, or
wapentake. The commissioners
having received the inquisitions,
they were transmitted to the king.
and shortly afterwards arranged in
systematic order, the lands of each
tenant being entered separately
from those of others, and classed
under their respective heads: the
whole detail was then written in
Domesday-Book and deposited in
the king's treasury. Every retura
and statement had to be made on the
oath of the sheriffs of each county,

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