one he kept, yet the natural ten- dency of a superstitious faith and habit of penance reduced his mind to a gloomy dotage. In a fit of fanaticism he celebrated his own funeral, and became so worked upon by the solemn farce, that he was seized with a fever on the fol- lowing day, which terminated his existence, 78
Charles the First of England, the second son of James the First, was born in 1600. His elder brother, Prince Henry, died in 1612, and his father in 1625, whereupon he succeeded to the throne. He was a good, rather than a great man; and was more fitted to rule an es- tablished government, than either to concede with judgment to the confused clamours of a popular assembly, or to set bounds to their pretensions.
Popular dissatisfactions unhap- pily arose civil war ensued; the Parliament were triumphant, and condemned their king to death in 1649. Insulted by the rabble, brow-beaten by an unlawful court, and condemned to death by rebel- lious subjects, with his last words he charged Bishop Juxon to admo- nish his son Prince Charles to for- give his father's murderers, 18
His attempt to escape from Ca- risbrooke Castle, 20
Prayer of King Charles the First, 192
Charles the Second, king of England, the son of Charles the First, was born in 1630. The death of Oli- ver Cromwell in 1658 left the English regicides without a com- mander, and the great body of the people, worn out with the oppres- sions of a republican army, were glad to welcome their rightful so- vereign to his throne in 1660. During his reign, London was visited with the plague in 1665, to which about 100,000 persons fell victims, and by the great fire in the following year, which consumed 400 streets, 13,200 dwelling-houses, and 89 churches, besides numerous chapels. All virtues, both public
and private, were openly ridiculed by the court of Charles the Secot, and no man was allowed to have any talents for business, who pre- tended to any sense of henoer er regard to decency. This general corruption was the natural action from the false and hollow tnosti- cism of the Puritans under Cra- well, and should teach us to vale the sober and honest doctrines at the Church of England, which, while they discourage all that i not pure, are equally opposed to the unhealthy excitement of E guided zeal. Charles died in 1685. 15
His escape from Worcester, 32 His retreat to Jersey in 1648, 106
His return to his country, i
accession to the throne,
Cheerfulness, Captain Basil Hali,
Chemistry has for its object the e- stitution of matter. All bodies in nature are either simple or c pound, and it is the business of the chemist to resolve compoun bodies into their simple elements, and from these to form compounds with especial reference to the quan tities or proportions of simple su stances required to form a parti cular compound. These prope tions for the same bodies are fixed and unalterable at all times and in all places.
All objects in nature are com posed of one or more of fifty-four simple elements; by which term is meant, that state of matter which has hitherto resisted decomposi tion, or resolution into simpler forms of matter. Of the simpl substances forty-two
Chemistry is so important and extensive a science, that it admits of many divisions and subdivisions. The study of the nature and con
stitution of the airs, or gases, is included in the term gaseous, of pneumatic chemistry. Metallurgie chemistry treats of metals and their various combinations with each other, and with acids, alkalies, &c.
Organic chemistry embraces the study of animal and vegetable sub- stances. The application of che- mistry to the useful arts is so ex- tensive, that without its aid they could scarcely be said to exist. The chief difference between the processes of the chemist and the natural philosopher is that the for- mer inquires into the composition of matter and its modes of com- bination; while the latter studies the laws which regulate all its va- rious properties and phenomena.
Chemistry, under the name of alchemy, was, during the middle ages, perverted to the search after various impossibilities: such as the means for converting the inferior metals into gold; and the elixir of life, which was to keep its posses- sor in a state of perpetual youth. In the pursuit of these visionary objects, the alchemists, neverthe- less, made many valuable disco- veries, and may be said to have prepared the way for modern che- mistry.
hester described, 163
houl, William du, a French anti- quary of the sixteenth century, 128
hristmas carol, 226
hristmas carols and waits, 187 hronology is an account of the order and succession of time, as marked by a series of important events. It is called one of the eyes of his- tory (geography being the other); for it marks the time of an event, as geography does the place. Chro- nology is distinguished into epochs and eras: an epoch being the great fact or circumstance which com- mences an era, and an era being a course of time defined by a series of national events, or by the un- interrupted sway of some royal
Ciampini, John Justin, a learned Ita- lian scholar; he died 1698. 53 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, the chief of Roman orators, was born B.C. 106, and died B.C. 43. 39 Cichorium, the botanical name for the plant called succory, 252 Cinque Ports, history of, 13 Citron-tree, in its wild state, grows to the height of about twelve feet; its branches are prickly; its leaves egg-shaped, smooth, and pale-green; its fruit is half a foot in length, and has two rinds, the outer thin and speckled with innumerable glands full of a most fragrant es- sential oil, the inner rind is white, thick, and leathery. It is a native of all the warmer regions of Asia, 3 Clarendon, Edward Hyde, earl of, and lord high chancellor of Eng- land in the reign of Charles the Second. He was born in Wilt- shire in 1608; during the civil wars he zealously attached himself to the royal cause, and contributed more than any other man to the Restoration. As he equally de- fended the privileges of royalty against the licentiousness of the people, and his country's freedom against the abuses of the royal power, he failed in affording satis- faction to the passions of either. He became unpopular without re- proach, and died in voluntary exile in 1674. He wrote a famous His- tory of the Rebellion, 106 Clarke, Edward Daniel, a celebrated modern traveller and professor of mineralogy at the University of Cambridge. He was born in 1767; died 1821. 154
Sonnet on the house of God, 231
On the sea of Tiberias, 218 Coal, its origin, 52
Cochineal. The cochineal insect is a native of the warm parts of Ame- rica, particularly Mexico, where it is found on a plant called nopal, or Indian fig. These insects, which are very small, are gathered from the plants, put into pots, and killed by the application of heat; they then form a mass or drug, which is the cochineal of commerce. It was formerly employed in medi
cine, but is now only used in dye- ing, where it produces brilliant crimson and scarlet colours, and in making carmine, which is em- ployed as a cosmetic, and by minia- ture painters.
Coinage. By this art certain metals are stamped with such a device, as gives them the consideration of money. It is completed by one blow of the coining-press. A single die of good steel, properly hardened and duly tempered, will strike off more than 300,000 pieces of money. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, eminent as a poet, essayist, and moral philoso- pher, was born at Bristol in 1770; died 1834.
His address to his godchild, 195 A child's evening prayer, 236 Coliseum of Rome, 126 Colossus of Rhodes, 127 Colours, effect of light upon the ma- nufacture of, 58
Colton, Caleb. An English author
of an indifferent moral character, who destroyed himself at Paris, 1832
The good and the bad bargain,
Columbus, Christopher, born at Ge- noa, in the year 1435; he reached the New World, or America, in 1492, and died in 1506. See Hy- DROGRAPHICAL SURVEY. Conquest, the, in English history, the overthrow of the Saxon monarchy in England, which had continued for more than six hundred years, by William, duke of Normandy,
in 1066, who was thenceforth named William the Conqueror, king of England. He died 1087. 13 Constantine, surnamed the Great, emperor of the Romans, was born A.D. 274. He was declared em- peror in 306, and in 325 became head of the Eastern, as well as the Western empire. He died 337. He displayed great courage and love of justice, and evinced an ar- dent zeal for the Christian religion, which he personally embraced, and eventually established in his domi- nions. He founded the city of Constantinople as the metropolis of
the Eastern, as Rome was of his Western empire, 127 Conway Castle described, 18 Cotton, its cultivation acl manufac ture, 63
Cotton-gown, story of, 68 Coverdale, Miles, an En un divine, and one of the earliest Res In 1532 he joined Wiliam Tyn- dale in translating the Serg Died in 1568, aged 81. 179
His translation of the B,15 Cowper, William, the celebrat lish poet, born 1731, died 1800.
On cruelty to animals, 241 Coxe, William, a divine, an historia and traveller. Born 1747; di 1828. He was archdeacon of Witts and author of Travels in Sitzer- land, History of the House of A tria, Memoirs of Sir Robert Wal- pole, and many other works equally interesting and valuable for their learning and adherence to truth, Crabbe, Rev. George, a very organ English poet. Born 1754; ded 1832. He has been justy - pared with the English painter He garth; the poems of the cae, the pictures of the other, beth pre sent elaborate representations every-day life; neither throw false veils over vice, or weaken the ex- pression of virtue by unreal senti ment,-all is true to nature, and ingeniously correct in apparent y trifling details; -for instance, Crabbe's description of a Noble Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of Cat- terbury, was born in 1489. He defended the divorce of the first wife of Henry the Eighth, and that v monarch raised him to the arch bishopric of Canterbury, in which office he zealously promoted the cause of the Reformation. Through translated his means the Bible was and read in churches, and he greatly aided in suppressing the monastie institutions. During the reign of Edward the Sixth he helped to frame the liturgy, the homilies, articles of religion, &c., but during the fol- lowing reign of the cruel Mary so zealous a Protestant could not es
cape persecution. He perished at he stake in 1556. 179 omwell, Oliver, the arch-rebel of England, the regicide, and usurper f supreme power in this country, vas born in 1599. His grave and ober deportment, plain dress, and Issumed religious motives, were so nany cloaks to one of the most wily and ambitious hearts that ever de- ceived mankind. He caused King Charles the First to be murdered n 1649, and turned himself with great energy and political wisdom to the administration of public af- airs; the army was regularly paid; the public revenues were strictly and economically managed, while the honour of England was well maintained at sea, and her foreign commerce had assumed a flourish- ing aspect, but for all this the traitor's bed was a bed of thorns, and the nation severely felt the iron-bound tyranny of the usurper. He constantly carried loaded fire- arms, and wore defensive armour under his clothes; it was a reign of terror for himself, as for those around him, and worn out by a nervous fever, he died in 1658. 32 romwell, Thomas, earl of Essex, one of the ablest statesmen of the
time of Henry the Eighth. He was beheaded by that monarch on Tower-hill in 1540, for having pro- moted his marriage with Anne of Cleves, 179
Crusades. See SALADIN. Junningham, Alexander, a Scotch historical writer of the eighteenth century. He died 1737. 36 Cyprus, an island in the Mediterra- nean, near the coast of Syria. Its length is 140 miles, and its greatest breadth 60. It was taken by the Turks from the Venetians in 1570, and still remains in their posses- sion. Population 65,000. 64 Daru, Pierre Antoine, a peer of France, and an eminent statesman, poet, and historian; born 1767; died 1829. His History of Venice is one of the most valuable produc- tions of modern literature, 136 Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, a poet and
physician, born near Newark in 1721; died 1802. 54 Dashour, a town of Egypt, fifteen miles south of Cairo, 2 Date-tree. This is a lofty palm, with a rugged trunk on account of the re- mains of the decayed leaves. These leaves, when the tree has grown to a size for bearing fruit, are six or eight feet long; the flowers come out in very long bunches from the trunk between the leaves; the fruit is an oval berry, with a thick fleshy pulp, enclosing a hard oblong stone. It forms the daily food of the inhabitants of Arabia, Egypt, and Persia, and when steam navi- gation becomes more developed, and the resources of Africa are worked with industry, it will pro- bably become a cheap and house- hold fruit in very humble homes in England. It is extremely whole- some and nutritious, and only re- quires to be tasted to be appre- ciated as one of the most valuable productions of the vegetable king- dom. The Tafilet date, a larger and more juicy variety than either the Persian or Egyptian, has found its way into the London market only within the last three years, and is sold in the retail shops for about a shilling a pound. It is one of the most luscious fruits that can be placed upon an English table, 3
Arabs and the date-tree, 223 Davy, Sir Humphry, one of the most eminent of modern chemists, was born at Penzance, in Corn- wall, in 1778, and died at Geneva in 1829. He invented the safety- lamp for the use of miners; dis- covered metals in earths and alka- lies, and developed the laws of vol- taic electricity.
On the effect of light upon the manufacture of colours, 58 Death, Bishop Porteus, on, 242 Decomposition of animal matter, 59 Dendera, a town of Egypt, built at a short distance from the west bank of the Nile, about 242 miles south of Cairo, 142 Devil's Bridge described, 161
Dido, queen and founder of Car- thage, a great commercial city upon the northern shore of Africa. She died B.C. 950. 260 Dieppe, a sea-port town of France, situated 138 miles north-west of Paris in the department of the Lower Seine, 35 Diodorus Siculus, an ancient histo- rian, a native of Sicily, who flour- ished about B.C. 44. Quoted, 10 Dol, a small town in France, in the department of Ille and Vilaine.
It is 249 miles west of Paris, 100 Domesday-Book. When King Al- fred divided his kingdom into counties, hundreds, and tythings, he had an account taken of the several districts, and digested into a register called the Domesday- Book; that is, the judgment-book. William the Conqueror, in the year 1085, following the example of Alfred, had also a general re- gister drawn up, from which judg. ment might be given as to the tenure of estates.
The Domesday-Book of William the Conqueror is still preserved in the Chapter-House at Westmin- ster, among the records of the Exchequer. It is in two volumes, one a large folio, the other a quarto, written on vellum, and con- taining together 832 leaves. The first volume contains a sort of topographical description of thirty- one counties; the other volume contains three more; the northern counties of Northumberland, Cum- berland, Westmoreland, and Dur- ham, being only partially described. This description or survey is ex- ceedingly minute and exact. contains an account of the subdi- visions of the counties, under the old names of wapentakes, rapes, laths, hundreds, &c.: an account of cities, towns, villas, boroughs, manors, castles, &c., with the quantity of ground belonging to each manor:-the value of each manor, 1st, in the time of Ed- L. ward the Confessor, 2nd, when William gained the throne, 3rd, at
ime of making the Domesday
survey: what and how much arable land, pasture, meadow and wood land there was; how many men occupied each estate, and of what condition they were, whether freemen, soemen, villains, bordars, freedmen, cottagers, serfs, trades- men, labourers, Englishmen, Nor mans, &c.:-the number of hogs, goats, sheep, horses, asses, oXƐE, cows, calves, colts, stocks of bees, &c.; together with the number of mills, fish-ponds, fisheries, marshes, vineyards, &c., on each manor:- an account of the rents, tributes, census, services, tolls, customs, homage, and what works were to be done for the lords of the manors. In several counties also was noted down an account of what goods, chattels, and treasure each person possessed, what were his debts, and how much was owing to him.
A work of such extraordinary extent and minuteness must have required a well arranged system to put it into execution. The plan which William adopted was this Men of the greatest discretion, whose talents were familiar to him, and in whom he could confide, were sent into every county throughout England with authority to summ and impanel juries in every hun- dred, lath, and wapentake; the jury to be composed of all orders of freemen, from the great barons downwards. These juries were bound by oath to communicate to the commissioners, by verdict or presentment, every particular rela- tive to the estates, manors, &c, contained in that hundred, lath, or wapentake. The commissioners having received the inquisitions, they were transmitted to the king. and shortly afterwards arranged in systematic order, the lands of each tenant being entered separately from those of others, and classed under their respective heads: the whole detail was then written in Domesday-Book and deposited in the king's treasury. Every retura and statement had to be made on the oath of the sheriffs of each county,
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