Humboldt, Baron von, a very eminent |
philosopher of Germany, whose re-
searches have benefited almost every
department of science. He travelled
for some years in South America, and
his publications on various subjects
have been very numerous, 201.
Hume, David, born 1711, died 1776.
The opinions of this celebrated histo-
rian were unsettled as regards the all-
important subject of religion, and it
has justly been remarked, that neither
fondness for speculation, nor a love of
philosophical applause, will ever mo-
rally excuse a writer for trifling with a
faith which is universally held to be
of the highest importance to the welfare
of the human race.

Fatal effects of his opinions upon

his mother's religious peace, 18.
Hungary, a country lying between Po-
land and Turkey, and forming a very
important part of the Austrian empire.
It is bounded on the north by moun-
tains, and on the south by the Danube,
and the rivers there flow into it, and
is in general a flat and fertile plain.
The inhabitants are a bold and war-
like race, and their country has been
the scene of warfare against the Turks,
23.
Hungerford, a small town on the bor-
ders of Berkshire and Wiltshire, 64
miles from London, 101.
Hurricane, 266.

Hyder Ali, a man who from a private
soldier became sovereign of Mysore, a
powerful state in the south of India,
and proved a formidable opponent of
the English. He died in 1782, leav-
his principality to his son Tippoo
Saib, who was killed in battle, and his
power overthrown, in the year 1799,
by an alliance between the English
and some of the Indian princes, 17.
Ibex described, 149.

Ichneumon. The Indian species, 145.
Ignes Fatui, or flickering flames, in part
explained, 178.

Ilchester, a town of Somersetshire, 122
miles from London, 84.
Illuminated capitals. Before the inven-
tion of printing, the first letter of the
commencement of a chapter consisted
in the most elaborate manuscripts of
some device or picture, richly coloured
and often gilt. These devices were
transmitted to type, and have lately
been revived by the publishers of
London and Paris.

King Alfred attracted to read by

Illyria, the Kingdom of, the general
name of the Austrian provinces along
the Adriatic, as Corinthia, Carniola,
Croatia, &c., 52.

Impington, a small village three miles
from Cambridge, 80.

Indian Ocean, the great sea that sepa-
rates Asia and Africa at their southern
parts, 102.
Indian jugglers, 28.
Indian ichneumon, 145.
Indian rubber tree, 225.
Indians. This name has been given to
the native inhabitants of America,
'from the mistaken notion entertained
when this continent was discovered,
that it was part of Asia. The same
cause gave rise to the names East In-
dies and West Indies, the first denoting
Hindustan, the other the islands lying
in the Atlantic in the great hollow be-
tween North and South America, 88.
Indigenous, that which is produced na-
turally in any country; not brought
from any other, 228.

Indigo is the produce of the genus of
plants called Indigofera, several of
which are cultivated for the purpose.
When cut, the herb is macerated in
a vat, and a blue fecula, whch is the
colouring matter used as a dye, is
afterwards separated from the water,
and strained and dried.

Inductive Sciences. Those sciences in
which general truths are collected
from the consideration of a number
of separate facts; Astronomy, Geo-
logy and Natural History, are induc-
tive sciences.

Industry, a golden example of, 21.

An example of persevering in-
dustry, 21.

Industry and contentment of the

young Roscoe, 22.

Saying of Gustavus Adolphus on, 67.
Infidelity, how it embitters death, 18.
Insects, instincts of, 169.

List of those treated of in this
volume, 167.

Rapidity of travelling by, 177.
Ravages of, 168.

Superstitions connected with, 190.
Instinct, that power which in animals
supplies the place of reason, so far as
is necessary to their well-being.

Instincts of animals, 137.

Of insects, 169.

Irak-Arabi, that part of the Arabian
desert which borders on the Euphrates,

153.

Ireland, an island of great fertility and
beauty, lying in the Atlantic Ocean,

to the west of Great Britain, with
which it now forms one united king-
dom. It is about 300 miles long, and
near 200 broad, is divided into four
provinces and 32 counties, and has a
population of about 8,000,000. 112.
Isfahan, or Ispahan, the capital of the
Persian monarchy, and long celebrated
as one of the most splendid cities of
the East, though now much reduced.
It is still however a great place for
inland trade. Population 60,000. 27.
Isle of Wight, a beautiful island in the
English Channel, forming part of
Hampshire. It is about 20 miles long
and 10 broad, is particularly healthy
and pleasant, and is much visited by
tourists, 115.

Isthmus, a narrow neck of land, which

joins a peninsula to the main land, or
connects two continents, as the Isth-
mus of Darian does North and South
America, and the Isthmus of Suez
those of Africa and Asia.
Italy, a country of the south of Europe,
lying between the Mediterranean and
the Adriatic Seas. It is separated by
the Alps from the northern countries
of Germany, Switzerland and France,
and is divided into several indepen-
dent states; the Austrians and the
King of Sardinia occupying the north,
Tuscany, and the states of the Pope
the centre, and the kingdom of Naples
the south. The population amounts
to about 21,000,000. 226.
Jack-spaniards, 191.
Jamaica, is a large island in the West
Indies, which was conquered from the
Spaniards by the English in 1655; it
now forms the chief English possession
in that quarter, and is the see of a
bishop, 66.

James the First of England acceded
1602, died 1625.
His cruel pas-
times, 143.
Java, an island of the Indian Archi-
pelago, 600 miles long and 100 wide,
with 5,000,000 of inhabitants; it is in
the possession of the Dutch, by whom
the capital city, Batavia, was erected,
once called the Queen of the East, in
consequence of its splendour, but now
much decayed, 36.
Jersey, one of the Channel islands 18
miles south-east from Guernsey; it is
12 miles in length, 7 broad, divided
into 12 parishes, and contained in all
a population of 36,582 in 1831.

Description of Jersey cows, 148.
Jerusalem, the capital of Palestine, and
the scene of the crucifixion of our

Cuckoo, 103.

Instincts of insects, 169.
Moor-hen, 125.

Natural affection of animals, 134.
Oak struck by lightning, 269.
Plants every where, 237.
Windsor forest, 224.

Johnson, Samuel, born at Lichfield 1709,
died 1784. He was one of the noblest
writers to be found in any language;
his style is solemn and weighty, and
though sometimes apparently verbose,
is rarely, if ever, wanting in that
dignified species of thought which
justifies the use of a lofty and well-
measured phraseology. His proposals
for his celebrated Dictionary of the
English Language appeared 1747. He
published at intervals the Rambler,
the Idler, and Rasselas, and the Lives
of the Poets.

Labour and Rest, an allegory, 38.
Opportunity, 99.
Xerxes, 10.

Jordan, the river which traverses the
Holy Land. It rises in Syria, passes
through the Sea of Tiberias, and falls
into the Dead Sea, a large lake of salt
water a few miles to the east of Je-
rusalem.

Journal of a Naturalist, a book full of
observations fresh from the fields of
nature, and recorded by a cultivated
mind.

Cultivation of flowers, 242.
Harvest-mouse, 160.
Sparrows, 124.

Judæa. See PALESTINE.
Jungle, a place overgrown with plants
and small shrubs matted together, 138.
Kazeroon, a town of Persia, 55 miles
from Schiras, 46.

Kelp is the ash obtained by the burning
of sea-weed.

Manufacture of, 246.
Ken, Bishop. This good bishop of Bath

and Wells was the wholesome barrier |
against the licentious example set by
the corrupt court of Charles the Se-
cond. The Morning Hymn, and the
Erening Hymn, which are familiar to
all, were composed by him, and have
been sung, perhaps, in every church
where the English language is the ex-
pression of Christianity. He died 1711.

On odorous gales, 280.
Kendal, a town in Westmoreland, 262
miles from London, pleasantly situ-
ated, and a place of considerable
trade, 258.

Kent, a large county occupying the
south-eastern corner of England, fa-
mous for its fruit and hops, and
containing several important seaport
towns, and the two cities of Canter-
bury and Rochester, 17.
Kerry, a county in the south-west of
Ireland, in which are situated the
Lakes of Killarney, 197.

Kew is a village on the Thames, seven
miles from London, with a royal gar-
den open at stated times to the pub-
lic, 8.

Khalifat, the name of the empire found-

ed by the impostor Mohammed, 153.
Kingston-on-Thames, a very ancient
town in Surrey, 12 miles from Lon-
don.

Kinsale, a seaport in the south of Ire-
land, near Cork, 272.

Kitchener, Dr. William. The eccentric

author of The Cook's Oracle was a
doctor of medicine, who died 1827.

Recipe for quintessence of anchovy,
199.

Knees. Crooked pieces of oak timber,

or iron, which secure the beams to
the side of a ship, 213.
Labour and Rest, an allegory, by Dr.
Johnson, 38.

Advantages of labour, 40.
Labourers' Friend Society's Magazine.
This society, from which these useful
papers originate, was established in
1830. It deserves the gratitude of the
poor man, and the attention of all
who have the welfare of the poor at
heart. A golden example, 21.
Lago Maggiore, is the largest lake in
Italy, being 40 miles by 8 miles in its
greatest extent, 24.

Lair, the place of rest of a beast, 275.
Lancashire, a large county in the north

of England, the great seat of the cot-
ton manufacture, 22.

Landor, Walter Savage, a living poet of
considerable powers.

The murmur of shells, 69.

Lapland, the most northern country of
Europe, thinly peopled, and possessed
by Russia and Sweden, 52.

A story of Lapland, 52.
Lark, Jeremy Taylor on the, 111.
Larva, Latin for a mask, but in entomo-
logy signifies the second stage of the
transformations of insects, the egg
being the first, the pupa, or grub
period, the third, and the fly, or moth,
or butterfly, the last and perfect
form, 113.

Lasso, described, 147.

Used in a lion hunt, 78.
Latimer, Hugh, Bishop of Worcester,
was another of those examples, of
which St. Paul is the brightest, of
having been devoted with no lukewarm
spirit to a mistaken cause, and after-
wards, when convinced of error, fight-
ing with still greater energy against
his former position. At first a zealous
adherent to the church of Rome,
Bishop Latimer afterwards espoused
the pure doctrines of the Reformation,
boldly vindicating its just and holy
cause, and perishing in the flames at
Oxford to ensure its triumph. He was
one of the martyrs of 1555.

Saint Anthony and the cobbler, 46.
Latitude and Longitude. Latitude is the
distance of any place on the earth's
surface north or south of the equator;
longitude, its distance east or west of
any given place. We speak of pa-
rallels of latitude, and of meridians of
longitude. English geographers take
Greenwich Observatory as their first
meridian. French geographers the Ob-
servatory of Paris, and Americans
reckon from Washington.

Latreille, an eminent French naturalist.
On ants, 186.

Laudanum, a compound tincture of
opium, that is, a solution of opium in
spirits of wine together with spices
and saffron, 253.

Lava, from the German word lauffen,
to run, a stream of melted mineral
substances that flows from volcanoes.
Lava is met with of all colours and
densities; some varieties are of great
beauty, and are manufactured, espe-
cially at Naples, into ornaments of
every description; others are only fit
for building or paving; and it is worthy
of remark that the streets of the city
of Pompeii, which was overwhelmed
by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in
79 A.D., are paved with the lava of a
former irruption. Lava may be said
to be a kind of opaque natural glass,

the soil and stones and all kinds of mineral substances being fused at an intense heat into a hard mass, which takes a high polish and has a glassy fracture.*

Lebanon, a range of mountains in Pa

lestine and Syria, 133.

Legerdemain, sleight of hand, or the power of deceiving the eye by rapidity of motion, an ingenuity peculiar to pickpockets and conjurors. Leghorn, Livorno of the Italians, is a seaport on the western coast of Italy, 45 miles from Florence. Population 75,000. 22.

Leith, is the port of Edinburgh, situated

on the Frith of Forth, 264.

Leo, the tenth pope of that name, well known to English readers, by his life written by Roscoe of whom Liverpool is so justly proud. The boundless extravagance that Leo displayed in patronizing art and literature, tempted him to prostitute the all-important interests of Christianity to further these lower ambitions. To carry out his designs, he issued indulgences, by the purchase of which, the darkened people of those times deluded themselves into the foolish belief that they could violate God's laws with impunity, and so procure pardon before and after the deliberate commission of such violations. The reaction of common sense, and the recoil of righteous indignation against the folly and crimes which were the cause and effect of these indulgencies, were no inconsiderable elements in the Protestant Reformation began by Martin Luther, and carried on in our own country by so many great and good men, 22. Leopard described, 138. Levant, the eastern part of the Mediterranean sea, and the countries bordering upon its eastern shore, 168. Lever, a straight inflexible bar of wood or metal resting in one part on a prop called a fulcrum, which is its centre of motion. As a practical instance of the power and purpose of this simple machine, see page, 12. Leyden, a city of Holland, 10 miles from the Hague, 272. Leyden, John, born 1775, died 1811. A

Lava, properly laver, probably from the verb to lave, from its being washed up on the shore, is a kind of sea-weed, the ulva lactuca of botany, which is sold in the London market as a luxury, and is eaten stewed with lemonjuice. The idea that it is good for consumptive patients is said to have introduced it to the table.

doctor of medicine, and an eminent poet, and oriental scholar. Liber, the inner bark of a tree. Lightfoot, John, born 1735. A botanist, and author of Flora Scotica. George the Third purchased his Herbarium. Lightning, effects of, on oaks, 267.

A severe thunder storm is always an awful and dangerous phenomenon ; and while, on the one hand, it is the extreme of folly to neglect common precaution, or to ridicule those that are alarmed, it is, on the other hand, equally weak to give way to unnecessary apprehensions and unjustifiable fears. If the storm overtakes us while we are out of doors, trees should be avoided, and if, from the rapidity with which the explosion follows the flash, it should be evident that the electric clouds are near at hand, a recumbent posture upon the ground is the most secure. It is seldom dangerous to take shelter under carts, sheds, or low buildings, or under the arch of a bridge. The distance of twenty or thirty feet from tall trees, or houses, is rather an eligible situation, for, should a discharge take place, such prominent bodies are most likely to receive it, and the less elevated objects in the neighbourhood may therefore escape uninjured. It is also right during a thunder storm, to avoid rivers, ponds, and all streams of water, for they are good conductors, and the height of a human being when connected with them is likely to determine the course of the discharge. We owe the foregoing observations to the Manual of Chemistry by Mr. Brande, one of the most accomplished teachers of that

science.

Linnæus. Charles Linné was a native of Sweden, born 1707, son of a village pastor. Finding him fonder of fields than books, his father determined to bind him an apprentice to a shoemaker, but ardently attached to natural objects, the young Linné succeeded in being sent to the university to study medicine; there, midst poverty, in want of shoes and even bread, he prosecuted his favourite study, botany; rose to distinction, and was chosen by the Academy of Sciences at the University of Upsal to explore the natural productions of Lapland. After visiting England and Paris, he returned to Stockholm at the age of thirty-one, but soon left that city for his favourite university at Upsal, where he obtained

the chair of botany. Here he laid the |
foundation of his reputation. Though
a labourer in every field of nature, his
name is associated more particularly
with the classification of plants, and
when we compare the science of Bo-
tany as it was before and after his
improvements were introduced, we
must confess Linné to have been a
great teacher; he reduced the crude
mass of materials that had accumu-
lated, so as to clog the progress of the
student, into classes, and orders, ge-
nera and species, so lucid in arrange-
ment as to invite every mind to the
task, and the consequence was, that
botany became a portion, and that a
healthy one, of general education.
Linné or Linnæus, (for thus after the
custom of the time they translated his
name into Latin,) died of apoplexy
1778.

Migration of swallows, 104.
Repose of plants, 236.
Lion, African lion, 141.

South American Lion-hunt, 78.
Wombwell's lion Nero, 142.
Llamas are properly the camels of the
New World. When the Spaniards
conquered South America the llama
seems to have been the only beast of
burden possessed by the natives, to
whom it also afforded food and rai-
ment. It is described, 131.
Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, on the
Tagus, near the mouth of that river,
270.

Liverpool, a great commercial town in
Lancashire, 209 miles from London,

22.

Lobster, the periodical casting of its
shell, 202.

Locke, John, born 1632, died 1704. One

of the greatest ornaments of the Eng-
lish nation as a philosopher and a
Christian. His Essay on the Human
Understanding raised him at once to
an equality with the greatest writers of
his age. His reason was of remarkable
acuteness, and he always reasoned on
the side of Christianity.
Locusts, ravages of, 168.
Logwood tree, 226.

Lombardy. A state of northern Italy,
comprising the old duchies of Milan
and Mantua, and the late republic of
Venice, 24.

London, the capital of the British em-

pire, and one of the largest cities in the
world, is situated on the river Thames,
and has a population of one million
and a half of inhabitants, 128.

Londonderry, a city in the north of Ire-
land, built by some of the trading com-
panies of London.

Low Countries, a name often applied
to what is now the kingdom of Bel-
gium, 65.

Lowestoffe, a town of Suffolk, 198.
Luther Martin. This sagacious and in-
trepid priest was born in Saxony in
1483, died 1546. He was the morning
star of the Reformation. See RE-
FORMATION.

Lycia. A country of Asia Minor; see
Acts of Apostles, chap. xxvii. 5. 213.
Lyell, Charles, an eminent geologist of
the present day, whose researches have
greatly advanced our knowledge of
the science, 279.

Lyndhurst, a small town in Hampshire,
86 miles from London, 215.
Maceration, from the Latin verb macero,
I soften: maceration is the steeping a
body in a cold liquid.

Mackerel and the mackerel fishery, 197.
Madagascar is a large island 960 miles

in length and 500 miles in its greatest
breadth, and situated about 240 miles
distant from the eastern shore of Africa.
It is calculated to cover a surface of
225,000 square miles. Population,
from four to five millions.

Anecdote of King Radama of Mada-
gascar, 25.

Madras, a city of Hindustan, on the Co-
romandel coast, the British capital of
Southern India, 18.

Madrid. A city and capital of Spain in
New Castile, near to the centre of the
kingdom; it is about 650 miles from
Paris and 350 from Rome. Popula-
tion in 1825, including strangers,
201,344. Madrid is situated in a large
plain upon several eminences, and is
2200 feet above sea-level, being the
most elevated capital in Europe, 271.
Maestricht. A town of France, in the
department of the Lower Meuse.

Its crucifix, 268.

Magi, a sect of ancient Persia, who
were worshippers of fire, 68.
Magic, on the delusion of, 244.
Magliabecchi, Antonio, born at Florence,

1633; was an indefatigable reader, and
a man of immense erudition, but vain
and irritable in his temper. He died
1714, leaving a vast library to the city
of Florence.

His extraordinary memory, 29.
Magpies clustering together for warmth,
120.

Instance of the affection of a magpie
for a brood of ducks, 110.