1st. PRIMEVAL LANGUAGE. Gen. ii, 19, 20. And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof. And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field: but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him. ORIGIN OF DIFFERENT Gen. xi, 1, 6, 7. 9. And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. Go to let us go down, and there confound their 2anguage, that they may not understand one another's speech. Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth; and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth. Deut. xxvili, 49. The LORD shall bring a nation against thee from far, from the end of the earth, as swift as the eagle flieth; a nation whose tongue thou shalt not understand. Ps. cxiv, 1. When Israel went out of Egypt, the house of Jacob from a people of strange language. Isa. xxviii, 11. For with stammering lips, and another tongue, will he speak to this people. Isa. xxxiii, 19. Thou shalt not see a fierce people, a people of a deeper speech than thou canst perceive; of a stammering tongue, that thou canst not understand. Jer. v, 15. Lo, I will bring a nation upon you from far, O house of Israel, saith the LORD: it is a mighty nation, it is an ancient nation, a nation whose language thou knowest not, neither understandest what they say. Ezek. iii, 5, 5. For thou art not Bent to a people of a strange 1 Cor. xiv, 10, 11, 21. There are, it may be, so many kinds of voices in the world, and none of them is without signification. Therefore if I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall be unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a barbarian unto me. In the law it is written, With men of other tongues and other lips will I speak unto this people; and yet for all that will they not hear me, saith the Lord. VARIOUS LANGUAGES MENTIONED IN SCRIPTURE. Gen. xlii, 23. And they knew for, he spake unto them by an innot that Joseph understood them; terpreter. Judges xil, 5, 6. And the Gileadites took the passages of Jordan before the Ephraimites: and it was so, that when those Ephraimites which were escaped said, Let me go over that the men of Gilead said unto him, Art thou an Ephraimite? If he said, Nay; Then said they unto him, Say now Shibboleth; and he said Sibboleth: for he could not frame to pronounce it right. Then they took him, and slew him at the passages of Jordan: and there fell at that time of the Ephraimites forty and two thousand. 2 Kings xviil, 26. Then said Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, and Shebna, and Joah, unto Rabshakeb, Speak, I pray thee, to thy servants in the Syrian language; for we understand it; and talk not with us in the Jews' language in the ears of the people that are on the wall, Esther ill, 12. Then were the king's scribes called on the thirteenth day of the first month, and there was written (according to all that Haman had commanded) unto the king's lieutenants, and to the governors that were over every province, and to the rulers of every people of every province, according to the writing thereof, and to every people alter their 660 language; In the name of king Ahasuerus was it written, and sealed with the king's ring. Isa. xix, 18. In that day shall five cities in the land of Egypt speak the language of Cana in, and swear to the LORD of hosts: one shall be called, The city of destruction. Isa. xxxvi, 11. Then said Elia kin, and Shebna, and Joab, unto Rabshakeh, Speak, I pray' thee, unto thy servants in the Syrian language; for we understand it: and speak not to us in the Jews' language, in the ears of the people that are on the wall. they might teach the learning Dan. i, 4. Children . . . . whom and the tongue of the Chaldeans. Dan. v, 24-28. Then was the part of the hand sent from him; and this writing was written. And this is the writing that was written, MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN. This is the interGod hath numbered thy kingpretation of the thing: MENE; dom, and finished it. TEKEL; Thon art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting. PERES; Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the Medes and Persians. Dan. vi, 25. Then king Darius wrote unto all people, nations, and languages, that dwell in all the earth; Peace be multiplied unto you. Acts ii, 8-11. And how hear we every man in our own tongue, wherein we were born? Parand the dwellers in Mesopotamia, thians, and Medes, and Elamites, and in Judea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Aa. Phrygia and Pamphylia in Egypt, and in the parts of Libya about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews and Proselytes. Cretes, and Arabians, we do hear them speak in our tongues the wonderful works of God. Acts xxi. 37. And as Paul was to be led into the castle, he said unto the chief captain, May I speak unto thee? Who said, Canst thou speak Greek? SIGNIFICANCY OF ANCIENT his wife's name Eve; becauso she was the mother of all living. Gen. v, 29. And he called his name Noah, saying, This same shall comfort us concerning our work and toil of ourhands, because of the ground which the LORD hath cursed. Gen. xvii, 5, 15. Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram; but thy name shall be Abraham: for a father of many nations have I made thee. And God said unto Abraham, As for Sarai thy wife, thou shalt not call her name Sarai, but Sarah shall her name de. Gen. xxxv. 10. And God said unto him, Thy name is Jacob: thy name shall not be called any more Jacob, but Israel shall be thy name: and he called his name Israel. Gen. xli, 51, 52. And Joseph called the name of the first-born Manasseh: For God, said he, bath made me forget all my toil, and all my father's house. And the name of the second called he Ephraim: For God hath caused me to be fruitful in the land of my affliction. Exod. ii, 22. And she bare him a son, and he called his name Gershom; for he said, I have been a stranger in a strange land. Exod. xviii, 3,4. And her two sons; of which the name of the one was Gershom; (for he said, I have been an alien in a strange land;) And the name of the other was Eliezer; (for the God of my father, said he, was mine help, and delivered me from the sword of Pha raoh.) LORD to me, Call his name Ma- Dan. 1, 6, 7. Now among these Hosea 1, 4-6, 9. And the LORD said to Jesus. And when Jesus be- OF PLACES. Ruth 1, 20, 21. And she said unto them, Call me not Naomi, call me the name of the LORD that spake Gen. xvl, 13, 14. And she called Mara: for the Almighty bath unto her, Thou God seest me: for dealt very bitterly with me. I went out full, and the LORD hath after him that seeth me? Whereshe said, Have I also here looked brought me home again empty: fore the well was called Beer-lawhy then call ye me Naomi, see-hai-roi; behold, it is between ing the LORD hath testified against Kadesh and Bered. me, and the Almighty hath aill.cled me? 1 Sam. iv, 21. And she named the child f-chabod, saying, The glory is departed from Israel: (because the ark of God was taken, and because of her fatherin-law, and her husband.) 1 Sam. xxv, 25. Let not my lord, I pray thee, regard this man of Belial, even Nabal; for as his name is so is he: Nabal is his name, and folly is with him: but I, thine handmaid, saw not the young nten of my lord, whom thou didst send. 2 Sam. xii, 25. And he sent by the hand of Nathan the prophet; and he called his name Jedidiab, because of the LORD. Isa. viii, 3. 4. And I went unto the prophetess; and she conceived, and bare a son. Then said the Gen. xix, 22. Haste ye, escape till thou be come thither: therethither; for I cannot do any thing fore the name of the city was called Zoar. Gen. xxil, 14. And Abraham called the name of that place Jeday, In the mount of the LORD it hovah-jireh: as it is said to this shall be seen. Gen. xxvi, 33. And he called it Shebah: therefore the name of the city is Beer-sheba unto this day. Gen. xxxi, 47-49. And Laban ban said, This heap is a witness Num. xl, 3. 34. And he called the name of the place Taberah; because the fire of the LORD burnt among them. And he called the taavah: beceuse there they buried name of that place Kibroth-hatthe people that lusted. Josh. xxii, 34. And the children of Reuben, and the children of Gad, called the altar Ed: for it shall be a witness between us that the LORD is God. Judges ii, 5. And they called the name of that place Bochim: and they sacrificed there unto the LORD. Judges vi, 24. Then Gideon built called it Jehovah-shalom: unto an altar there unto the LORD, and this day it is yet in Ophirah of the Abi-ezrites. Judges xv, 17. And it came to of speaking, that he cast away pass, when he had made an end the jawbone out of his hand, and called that place Ramath-lehi. Judges xviii, 12. And they went up, and pitched in Kirjath-joarim, in Judah; wherefore they called that place Mahaneh- dar unto jath-jearim. this day; behold, it is behind Kir made a breach upon Uzza: where1 Chron. xiii, 11. And David was displeased, because the LORD had fore that place is called Perezuzza to this day. 1 Chron. xiv, 11. So they came smote them there. Then David up to Baal-perazim; and David said, God hath broken in upon mine enemies by mine hand like therefore they called the name of the breaking forth of waters: that place Baal-perazim. Isaiah Ixii, 4. Thou shalt no more be termed Forsaken; neither shall thy land any more be termed Desolate: but thou shalt be called Hephzi-bah, and thy land Beulah: for the LORD delighteth in thee, and thy land shall be married. the days come, saith the LORD, Jer. xix, 6. Therefore, behold, that this place shall no more be called Tophet, nor, The valley of the son of Hinnom, but, The valley of slaughter. Ezek. xx, 29. Then I said unto them, What is the high place thereunto ye go? And the name thereof is called Bamah unto this lay. Ezek. xxxix, 16. And also the name of the city shall be Iamonah. Thus shall they cleanse the land. 2nd. THE ORGAN OF SPEECII. (See under BODY, MOUTH, LIPS, TONGUE.) GOVERNMENT OF THE TONGUE. 2 Chron. x, 7. And they spake unto him, saying, If thou be kind to this people, and please them, and speak good words to them, they will be thy servants for ever. Job xxxvill, 2. Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge? Job xlii, 3. Who is he that hideth counsel without knowledge? therefore have I uttered that I understood not; things too wonderful for me, which I knew not. Prov. x, 14. Wise men lay up knowledge; but the mouth of the foolish is near destruction. Prov. xii, 14. A man shall be satisfied with good by the fruit of his mouth; and the recompence of a man's hands shall be rendered unto him. Prov. xv. 23. A man hath joy by the answer of his mouth; and a word spoken in due season, how good is it! ness; and the end of his talk is but a man of understanding hold- Isa. xxxii, 6. For the vile person will speak villany, and his heart will work iniquity, to practice hypocrisy, and to utter error against the LORD, to make empty the soul of the hungry; and he will cause the drink of the thirsty to fail. Matth. xii, 35-37. A good man, ont of the good treasure of the heart, bringeth forth good things: and an evil man, out of the evil treasure,bringeth forth evil things. But I say unto you, That every idle word that men shall speak, they shall give account thereof in the day of judgment. For by thy words thou shalt be justified, and by thy words thou shalt be condemned. Eph. iv, 29. Let no corrupt communication proceed out of your mouth, but that which is good to the use of edifying, that it may minister grace unto the hearers. Col. iv, 6. Let your speech be alway with grace, seasoned with salt, that ye may know how ye ought to answer every man. Titus ill, 2. To speak evil of no man, to be no brawlers, but gentle, shewing all meekness unto all men. James 11, 12. So speak ye, and so do, as they that shall be judged by the law of liberty. James ii, 13. Who is a wise man and endued with knowledge Prov. xvil, 9, 27, 28. He that covereth a transgression seeketh love: but he that repeateth a matter separateth very friends. He that hath knowledge sporeth his words; and a man of understanding is of an excellent spirit. Even a fool, when he holdeth his peace, is counted wise; and he that shutteth his lips is esteemed a man of understanding. Prov. xxi, 23. Whoso keepeth his mouth and his tongue keepeth his soul from troubles. Prov. xxx, 32. If thou hast done foolishly in lifting up thyself, or if thou hast thought evil, ky thine hand upon thy mouth. Amos v. 13. Therefore the prudent shall keep silence in that time; for it is an evil time. 1 Cor. xv, 33. Be not deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners. James 1, 19, 26. Wherefore, my beloved brethren, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath: If any man among you seem to be religious, and bridleth not his tongue, but deceiveth his own heart, this man's religion is vain. James iii, 5, 6, 8. Even so the tongue is a little member, and boasteth great things. Behold Prov. xvi. 20-24. He that hand- among you? let him shew out of a how great a matter a little fire leth a matter wisely shall find good; and whoso trusteth in the LORD, happy is he. The wise in heart shall be called prudent; and the sweetness of the lips increaseth learning. Understanding is a well-spring of lite unto him that hath it: but the instruction of fools is folly. The heart of the wise teacheth his mouth, and addeth learning to his lips. Pleasant words are as an honeycomb, sweet to the soul, and health to the bones. Prov. xviii. 21. Death and life are in the power of the tongue; and they that love it shall eat the fruit thereof. Prov. xxii, 18, 21. For it is a pleasant thing it thou keep them within thee; they shall withal be fitted in thy lips. That I might makethee knowthe certainty of the words of truth; that thou mightest answer the words of truth to them that send unto thee? Prov. xxiv, 26. Every man shall kiss his lips that giveth a right answer. Eccles. x, 13. The beginning of the words of his mouth is foolish good conversation his works with meekness of wisdom. 1 Pet. ii, 1. Wherefore, laying aside all malice, and all guile, and hypocrisies, and envies, and all evil-speakings. 1 Pet. ili, 9, 10, 15. Not rendering evil for evil, or railing for railing but contrariwise blessing; knowing that ye are thereunto called, that ye should inherit a blessing. For he that will love life, and see good days, let him refrain his that they speak no guile: But tongue from evil, and his lips sanctity the Lord God in your hearts; and be ready always to give an answer to every man that ask eth you a reason of the hope that is in you with meekness and fear. AND ITS BENEFITS ETC. Job xiii, 5. Oh that ye would altogether hold your peace! and it should be your wisdom. Ps. Ixiv, 8. So they shall make their own tongue to fall upon themselves: all that see them shall flee away. Prov. xi, 12. He that is void of wisdom despiseth his neighbour: kindleth! And the tongue is a fire, a world of iniquity: so is the tongue among our members, that it defileththe whole body and setteth on fire the course of nature; and it is set on fire of hell. But the tongue can no man tame; it is an unruly evil, full of deadly poison. PROPRIETY OF SPEECH. Job xxxii, 11-14 Behold, I waited for your words; I gave ear to unto you; and, behold, there was out what to say. Yea, I attended your reasons, whilst ye searched none of you that convinced Jʊb, or that answered his words; Lest ye should say, We have found out wisdom: God thrusteth him down, not man. Now, he hath not di rected his words against me; neither will I answer him with your speeches. Ps. xxxvii, 30. The mouth of the righteous speaketh wisdom, and his tongue talketh of judg ment. Prov. xviii, 4. The words of a man's mouth are as deep waters and the well-spring of wisdom at a flowing brook. Prov. xx, 5. Counsel in the heart of man is like deep water: but a man of understanding will draw it out. Prov. xxv, 15. By long forbearing is a prince persuaded, and a Bolt tongue breaketh the bone. Prov. xxxi, 26. She openeth her mouth with wisdom; and in her tongue is the law of kindness. will receive commandments: but a prating fool shall fall. Prov. xiii, 3. He that keepeth his mouth keepeth his life: but he that openeth wide his lips shall have destruction. Prov. xviii, 2, 3, 6, 7, 13. A fool then hath no delight in understanding, self. Whenthe wicked cometh, but that his heart may discover itcometh also contempt, and with the day of the LORD is at hand: presence of the Lord GOD; for for the LORD hath prepared a sacrifice, he hath bid his guests. INSTANCES OF CHALLENGE OR Therefore Eccles. xii, 11. The words of the ignominy reproach. A fool's lips have pleasure, my lord being old wise are as goads, and as nails fastened by the masters of assemblies, which are given from one shepherd. James iii, 2. For in many things we offend all. If any man offend not in word, the same is a perfect man, and able also to bridle the whole body. IMPROPRIETY. Prov. x, 11. 19-21. The mouth of a righteous man is a well of life: but violence covereth the mouth of the wicked. In the multitude of words there wanteth not sin: but he that refraineth his lips is wise. The tongue of the just is as choice silver: the heart of the wicked is little worth. The lips of the righteous feed many; but fools die lor want of wisdom. Prov. xii, 22, 23. Lying lips are abomination to the LORD: but they that deal truly are his delight. A prudent man concealeth knowproledge: but the heart of fools claimeth foolishness. Prov. xiil, 2, 16. A man shall eat good by the fruit of his mouth: but the soul of the transgressors shall eat violence. Every prudent man dealeth with knowledge: but a fool layeth open his folly. Prov. xv, 1-4,7, 28. A soft answer turneth away wrath; but grievous words stir up anger. The tongue of the wise useth knowledge aright: but the mouth of fools poureth out foolishness. The eyes of the LORD are in every place, beholding the evil and the good. A wholesome tongue is a tree of life: but perverseness therein is a The lips breach in the spirit. of the wise disperse knowledge: but the heart of the foolist: doeth not so. The heart of the righteous studieth to answer: but the mouth of the wicked poureth out evil things. Eccles. ix, 17. The words of wise men are heard in quiet, more than the cry of him that ruleth among fools. Eccles. x, 12. The words of a wise man mouth are gracious; but the lips of a fool will swallow up himself. also? And the LORD said unto Abraham, Wherefore did Sarah Alaugh, saying, Shall I of a surety bear a child, which am old? enter into contention, and his Prov. xxix, 11, 20. A fool utter- Eccles. x, 14. A fool also is full of words: a man cannot tell what shall be; and what shall be after him, who can tell him? SILENCE. Gen. xxiv, 21. And the man 2 Kings xviii, 36. But the people Job xili, 19. Who is he that will Job xxix, 9. The princes re- Job xxxii, 15, 16. They were Ps. xxxix, 1, 2. I said, I will take Isa. xxxvi, 21. But they held their peace, and answered him not a word: for the king's commandment was, saying, Answer him not. Isa. xli, 1. Keep silence before Zeph. 1, 7. Hold thy peace at the Gen. xxiii, 5, 6. And the children of Heth answered Abraham, sayThou art a mighty prince among ing unto him, Hear us, my lord: us; in the choice of our sepulchres bury thy dead: none of us shall withhold from thee his sepulchre, but that thou mayest bury thy dead. Gen. xxiv. 49. And now if ye will deal kindly and truly with my ine; that I may turn to the right master, tell me: and if not, tell hand, or to the left. Gen. xxvii, 21--23. And Isaac said unto Jacob, Come near, I pray whether thon be my very son thee, that I may feel thee, my son, Esau or not. And Jacob went near unto Isaac his father; and he Gen. xxxi, 36, 37. And Jacob Num. xi, 10, 11, 13, 14, 28, 29. Then Moses heard the people weep throughout their families, every man in the door of his tent: and the anger of the LORD was kindled greatly; Moses also was the LORD, Wherefore hast thou displeased. And Moses said unto afflicted thy servant? and wherefore have I not found favour in thy sight, that thou layest the burden of all this people upon me? unto all this people? for they weep unto me, saying, Give us flesh, Whence should I have flesh to give that we inay eat. I am not able to bear all this people alone, because it is too Leavy for me. And Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of Moses, one of his young men, answered and said, My lord Moses, forbid them. Aud Moses Baid unto him, Enviest thou for my sake? Would God that all the LORD's people were prophets, and that the LORD would put his Spirit upon them! 1 Sam. xvii, 28. And Eliab his eldest brother heard when he spake unto the men: and Eliab's anger was kindled against David, and he said, Why camest thou down hither? and with whom hast thou left those few sheep in the wilderness? I know thy pride, and the naughtiness of thine heart; for thou art come down that thou mightest see the battle. Job iv, 2. If we assay to com mune with thee, wilt thou be grieved? but who can withhold himself from speaking? Job xiii, 2, 3, 6, 13, 17. What ye know, the same do I know also: I am not inferior unto you. Surely I would speak to the Almighty, and I desire to reason with God. Hear now my reasoning, and hearken to the pleadings of my lips. Hold your peace, let me alone, that I may speak, and let come on me what will. Hear diligently my speech, and my declaration with your ears. Job xv, 5. For thy mouth uttereth thine iniquity, and thou choosest the tongue of the crafty. Job xvi, 4--6. I also could speak as ye do: if your soul were in my soul's stead, I could heap up words against you, and shake mine head at you. But I would strengthen you with my mouth, and the moving of my lips should asswage your grief. Though I speak, my grief is not asswaged; and though I forbear, what am I eased? Job xvii, 2. Are there not mockers with me? and doth not mine eye continue in their provocation? Job xviii, 2. How long will it be ere ye make an end of words? mark, and afterwards we will speak. Job xxi, 2--5. Hear diligently my speech, and let this be your consolations. Suffer me that I may speak; and after that I have spoken, mock on. As for me, is my complaint to man? and if it were 80, why should not my spirit be troubled? Mark me, and be astonished, and lay your hand upon your mouth. Job xxxii, 10, 17--20. Therefore I said, Hearken to me, I also will shew mine opinion. I said, I will answer also my part; I also will shew mine opinion. For I am full of matter, the spirit within me constraineth me. Behold, my belly is as wine which hath no vent; it is ready to burst like new bottles. I will speak, that I may be refreshed: I will open my lips and answer. Job vi, 21-26. For now ye are nothing, ye see my casting down, Job xxxiii, 1-3. 5, 31-33. Where- and are afraid. Did I say, Bring fore, Job, I pray thee, hear my unto me? or, Give a reward for speeches, and hearken to all my me of your substance? Or. Dewords. Behold, now I have openliver me from the enemy's hand? ed my mouth, my tongue hathor, Redeem me from the hand of Teach me, and I spoken in my mouth. My words the mighty? shall ve of the uprightness of my will hold my tongue; and canse heart; and my lips shall utter me to understand wherein I have knowledge clearly. If thou canst erred. How forcible are right answer me, set thy words in order words! but what doth your argubefore me, stand up. Mark well, ing reprove? Do ye imagine 10 O Job; hearken unto me: hold thy reprove words, and the speeches peace, and I will speak. If thou of one that is desperate, which hast any thing to say, answer me: are as wind? speak; for I desire to justify thee. If not, hearken unto me: hold thy peace, and I shall teach thee wisdom. Job xxxiv, 2, 16, 34, 35. Hear my words, O ye wise men; and give ear unto me, ye that have knowledge. If now thou hast understanding, hear this; hearken to the voice of my words: Let men of understanding tell me, let a wise man hearken unto me. Job hath spoken without knowledge, and his words were without wisdom. Job xxxv, 3, 4. For thou saidst, What advantage will it be unto thee? and, What profit shall I have, if I be cleansed from my sin? I will answer thee, and thy companions with thee. and I will shew thee that I have Job xxxvi, 2. Suffer me a little, yet to speak on God's behalf. Acts xiii, 16. Then Paul stood up, and beckoning with his hand, said, Men of Israel, and ye that fear God, give audience. 2 Cor. xii, 19. Again, think ye that we excuse ourselves unto you? we speak before God in Christ; but we do all things, dearly beloved, for your edifying. Job viii, 2. How long wilt thou speak these things? and how long shall the words of thy mouth be like a strong wind? Job ix, 2, 3. I know it is so of a truth: but how should man be just with God? If he will contend with him, he cannot answer him one of a thousand. Job xi, 2, 3. Should not the multitude of words be answered? and should a man full of talk be justified? Should thy lies make men hold their peace? and when thou mockest, shall no man make thee ashamed? Job xiii, 14. Wherefore do I take my flesh in my teeth, and put my life in mine hand? Job xv, 2. 3. Should a wise man utter vain knowledge, and fill his he reason with unprofitable talk? belly with the east wind? Should or with speeches wherewith he can do no good? Job xvi, 2, 3. I have heard many such things: miserable comforters are ye all. Shall vain words have an end? or what emboldeneth thee that thou answeres!? Job xviii, 4. He teareth himself in his auger: shall the earth be forsaken for thee? and shall the rock be removed out of his place? Job xix, 2-4. How long will ye vex my soul, and break me in pieces with words? These ten times have ye reproached me: ye are not ashamed that ye make yourselves strange to me. And mine error remaineth with mybe it indeed that I have erred, self. |