ACHES. The plural of ach; was undoubtedly a dissyllable, pronounced aitches, and continued to be so used to the time of Butler and Swift, which last had it in his Shower in London, as first printed.

Can by their pains and ach-es find All turns and changes of the wind. Hudibr., III, ii, 407. The examples are too numerous to be quoted. Mr. Kemble was therefore certainly right in his dispute with the public on this word; but whether a public performer may not be too pedantically right, in some cases, is another question. Yet ach was pro

nounced ake, as now; for proof of which see AJAX. ACOP. See Cop.

+ACQUAINTANCE. The phrase to be of acquaintance was used commonly in the sense of to be intimate.

I brought him to supper with me soone after he landed and came on the shoare; for he and I have beene of very great acquaintance alwaies from our childhood. Terence in English, 1614.

+To ACQUISE. To acquire.

Late to go to rest, and erly for to ryse Honour and goodes dayly to acquyse. Enterlude of Avoryse, n.d. +ACQUISITITIOUS, adj. Acquired;

not innate.

It was a hard question, whether his wisdom and
knowledge exceeded his choler and fear; certainly
the last couple drew him with most violence, because
they were not acquisititious, but natural.
Wilson's History of King James I.

+To ACQUIT, or ACQUITE. To requite.

His harte all vowed t' exploits magnificent

Doth none but workes of rarest price endite,
Midst foes (as champion of the faith) he ment

That palme or cypress should his paines acquite.
Carew's Tasso.

+ACROOK. On the decline.

ACTON. Hoqueton or Auqueton, Fr. A kind of vest or jacket worn with armour. From which, by some intermediate steps, the word jacket is derived.

His acton it was all of black,

His hew berke, and his sheelde,

Ne noe man wist whence he did come,
Ne noe man knewe where he did gone,
When they came from the feelde.

Percy Rel., i, p. 53. See Glossary. It is there defined, "a kind of armour, made of taffaty or leather, quilted, etc. worn under the habergeon, to save the But if it was body from bruises."

worn under the coat of mail, how
could its colour appear? Roquefort
defines it,
Espece de chemisette
courte ; cotte d'armes, espece de
tunique." He adds, that in Langue-
doc it was called jacouti, and that
Borel says, thence comes jacquette,
a child's dress. Glossaire de la
Langue Romane.

ACTRESSES. It is well known that there were none in the English theatres till after the Restoration.

Coryat says, in his account of Venice,
Here I observed certaine things that I never saw
before. For I saw women acte, a thing that I never
saw before, though I have heard that it hath been
sometimes used in London; and they performed it
with as good grace, action, and gesture, and what-
soever convenient for a player, as ever I saw any
masculine actor.
Crudities, vol. ii, p. 16, repr.

A prologue and epilogue, spoken about June, 1660, turns particularly on this subject. These lines are a part of

the former:

I come unknown to any of the rest, To tell you news, I saw the lady drest; The woman playes to-day, mistake me not, No man in gown, or page in petty coat; A woman to my knowledge, yet I can't, (If I should dye) make affidavit on't. Some French women, however, acted at the Black Friars in 1629.

Histriomast, p. 315. The circumstance may also be traced from passages in the old dramatists. In the epilogue to "As you like it,” which was spoken by Rosalind, the player says, "If I were a woman, I would kiss as many of you as had beards that pleas'd me, complexions that liked me, and breaths that I defy'd not."

Gayton censures foreign theatres for permitting women to act.

"The

permission of women personally to act, doth very much enervate the auditory, and teacheth lust, while they would but feigne it."

Fest. Notes, p. 272. They did, however, appear in the theatres of antiquity (See Cic. de Offic., i, 31; Plat. de Rep., p. 436. Fic.; Hor. Sat., II, iii, 60); but Shakespeare, who, like his contemporaries, attributed to all times the customs of his own, certainly thought of nothing more, when he gave these words to Cleopatra:

The quick comedians

Extemporally will stage us, and present Our Alexandrian revels; Antony

Ant., v, 2.

Shall be brought drunken forth, and I shall see Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness I' the posture of a whore. Hart, Člun, and Burt played female parts when boys. See Historia Histrion., O. Pl., xii, 340, &c.

James Duport, who translated the Psalms, &c., was much offended at the scandal of introducing actresses, and wrote some indignant Alcaics on the subject, which he entitled "In Roscias nostras, seu Histriones fœminas.'

Let me rejoyce in sprightly sack, that can
Create a brain even in an empty pan.
Canary! it's thou that dost inspire,
And actuate the soul with heavenly fire.
Witts Recreations, 1654.

ACTURE. Apparently, for action.

All my offences that abroad you see

Are errors of the blood, none of the mind: Love made them not; with acture [i, e. in action] they may be,

Where neither party is nor true nor kind.
Sh., Lover's Compl. Suppl., i, 751.
Nor is for or in the last line.
ADAMANT. The magnet; a very com-
mon usage in old authors.

As true as steel, as plantage to the moon,
As sun to day, as turtle to her mate,
As iron to adamant.

Tro. & Cr., iii, 2.
As true to thee as steel to adamant.
Green's Tu. Q., O. Pl., vii, 107.

Dr. Johnson has remarked this sense,

Away

The one shall shun the other. White Devil, O. Pl., vi, 315. Lyly, in a foolish sentence, founded on an error, has joined adamant in the sense of magnet, with the mention of a diamond. Euph., L. 2, b, and Euph., Eng. R. 1, b.

We'll be as differing as two adamants;

Adamant is thus used so lately as in the English translation of Galland's Arabian Nights; and, what is more extraordinary, it stands unaltered in Dr. J. Scott's corrected edition (1810). In the story of the third Calendar we have this passage:

To-morrow about noon we shall be near the black mountain, or mine of adamant, which at this very minute draws all your fleet towards it, by virtue of the iron in your ships; and when we approach within a certain distance, the attraction of the adamant will have such force, that all the nails will be drawn out of the sides and bottoms of the ships, and fasten to the mountain, so that your vessels will fall to pieces and sink. Vol. i, p. 254.

As the word is now not current in this sense, it ought to have been changed to loadstone.

+ADAMANTINE, adj. Intensely hard; impossible to be broken.

Quoth he, My faith, as adamantine
As chains of destiny, I'll maintain :
True as Apollo ever spoke,

Or oracle from heart of oak.

Hudibras, II, i. ADAM BELL, a northern outlaw, so celebrated for archery that his name became proverbial. Some account of him, with a ballad concerning him and his companions Clym of the Clough and William of Cloudesley, may be found in the Reliques of ancient Poetry, vol. i, p. 143, and in Ritson's Pieces of ancient popular Poetry. Shakespeare is thought to have alluded to him in the following passages:

Bened. If I do, hang me in a bottle like a cat, and shoot at me; and he that hits me let him be clap'd on the shoulder, and call'd Adam. Much Ado, i, 1. Young Adam Cupid, he that shot so him. Rom., ii, 1. See also O. Pl., vi, 19; viii, 413. A serjeant, or bailiff, is jocularly called Adam, from wearing buff, as Adam wore his native buff.

Downe high Olympus, Jupiter

Went in adoores, not minding her.
Homer a la Mode, 1665.

TADORNATION.
coration.

To gild, or adorn.

Like to the hore

AW's W., i, 1.

Congealed drops, which do the morn adore. Spens., IV, ii, 46. And those true tears, falling on your pure crystals, Should turn to armlets, for great queens t'adore. B. & Fl., Eld. Bro., iv, 3. Theobald, not recollecting the word in this sense, altered the passage to "for great queens to wear. In the above reading, which is the original, the for is however a vile expletive. ADORN, 8. Adorning; ornament.

Without adorne of gold and silver bright,
Wherewith the craftesman wonts it beautify.
Spens., F. Q., III, xii, 20.

†ADOWN, adv. Down.

With that the shepheard gan to frowne,
He threw his pretie pypes adowne,
And on the ground him layd.
Drayton's Shepherds Garland, 1593.

ADRAD, or ADREDD, part. Frighted.

Seeing the ugly monster passing by,
Upon him set, of peril naught adrad.
Sp., F. Q., VI, v, 16.
As present age, and eke posteritie
May be adrad with horror of revenge.

Also, Terrified, v.

O. Pl., i, 154.

Wilt thou believe me, sweeting? by this light
I was adreamt on thee too.
O. Pl., vi, 351.
I was adreamt last night of Francis there.
City N. Cap., O. Pl., xi, 335.
+Qui amant ipsi sibi somnia fingunt: hee is adreamd
of a dry sommer. Withals' Dictionary, ed. 1634.
Then said he, for I was adream'd that I kill'd a
buck in such a place, and that thou didst see me
where I did kill him, and hide him; and thinking
thou wouldst betray me, I thought to kill thee; but
I am glad (said he) that it was but a dream.

Lupton's Thousand Notable Things. ADULTERATE is used for adulterous, sometimes, by Shakespeare:

Rich. III, iv, 4. Ham., i, 5.

Th' adulterate Hastings, Rivers, Vaughan, Grey.
Aye, that incestuous, that adulterate beast.
Thoughts, characters, and words, merely but art,
And bastards of his foul adullerate heart.
Lover's Complaint, Suppl., i, 751.
[It is also used for adulterated.]

+How hath that false conventicle of Trent
Made lawes, which God or good men never meant,
Commanding worshipping of stones and stockes,
Of reliques, dead mens bones, and senslesse blocks,

Good forresters and skilfull woodmen, in beasts of
venerie and chase, do call the round roll of the horne,
that is next to the head of the hart, the bur: the main
horne itselfe, they call the beame: the lowest antlier
is called the brow antlier, or beas antlier: the next,
roial: the next above that, surroial: and then the top.
In a buck they say, bur, beame, braunch, adrauncers,
palme, and spellers.
Manwood's Forest Lawes.

†To ADVENE, v. To come to; the Latin advenire.

Venus (saith one) spontan'ous doth advene Unt' all things: doth he not unt' all men mean? Owen's Epigrams. ADVENTURERS. It was common in the reign of Queen Elizabeth for young volunteers to go out in naval enterprises in hopes to make their fortunes, by discoveries, conquests, or some other means. These adventurers, probably making amorous conquests a part of their scheme, vied with each other in the richness and elegance of their dresses. Sir Francis Drake, in his expedition against Hispaniola, had two thousand such volunteers in his fleet. To this Ben Jonson alludes under the name of the Island Voyage.

I had as fair a gold jerkin on that day, as any worn in the island voyage, or at Cadiz. Epic., i, 4. ADVENTURERS UPON RETURN. Those travellers who lent money before they went, upon condition of receiving more on their return from a hazardous journey. This was probably their proper title. See PUTTEROUT; and the quotations there from Taylor the water poet.

†ADVENUE, s. A passage, or avenue.

Then the lady made me rise, and (through an advenue that conveyed the light into the cavern) led me by the hand into a spacious hall, the walls of which were hung about with wanton pictures, that represented the soft sports of love in many vary'd postures. History of Francion, 1655. Contention; op

+ADVERSACION, s. position.

And of Englyshe with Peightes, I understand, And Britons also did gret adversacion. Hardyng's Chronicle, fol. 79. ADVERSE. In Orthoepy, p. 227, it is said that Shakespeare always accents. this word on the first syllable. The following exception has been since. remarked:

Though time seem so advérse, and means unfit. All's W., v, ADVERTISE. This word anciently had the accent on the middle syllable.

How shall I doat on her with more advice, That thus without advice begin to love her. 2 Gent., ii, 4. Neither this word, nor the verb to advise, are quite obsolete in this kind of acceptation.

TADVISEFUL, adj. Attentive.

Which everywhere advisefull audience bred,
While thus th' inditement by the clerke was read.
The Beggar's Ape, c. 1607.

AERY.

See AIERY.

Vicars' Virgil, 1632.

And had not his wise guides advisement let,
And made him from those corps-lesse soules to fly,
And passe in peace, those thin shapes subtiltie
He had assail'd, but vainly beat the aire.

Virgil, by Vicars, 1632. And so with more hast than good advisement, they set up cries amaine, and prepared to encounter. Holland's Ammianus Marcellinus, 1609. +ADVOCATION. Pleading. Alas! thrice gentle Cassio,

Othello, iii, 2. Adul

My advocation is not now in time. ADVOWTRY, or AVOWTRY. tery. Avoutrie, old Fr.

This staff was made to knock down sin. I'll look
There shall be no advowtry in my ward
But what is honest.
O. Pl., x, 299.
At home, because duke Humfrey aye repined,
Calling this match advoutrie, as it was.
Mirror for Mag., p. 342.
The word is used by Butler in Hudi-
bras.

+ADUST, adj. Parched; burnt.

The ears are ingendred of abundance of matter, and such men have commonly a little neck, and fair; They be sanguine, something adust. And those men are very unpatient and prone to anger. When the ears be great, and right beyond measure; it is a sign of folly. Arcandam, bl. 1.

+ADUSTION. Burning; drying up. Melancholy, may be easily commixed with bloud. Therefore if melancholy be mixed with bloud, it is called phlegmone scirrhodes: if choler (which then is conflated of both kinds) it is called phlegmone erysipelatodes: if fleame, it is termed phlegmone ædematodes. But of bloud, which is filthy and corrupted through the adustion and corruption of his owne proper substance, according to the manner of the thinnesse or thicknesse thereof.

Barrough's Method of Physick, 1624. When adustion is to be used. Furthermore if (notwithstanding these burning medicines) the evill shall yet remaine, you must burne that place which is betweene the whole and corrupted member. But all these remedies are wont sometime to profit nothing at all, and then this is the onely helpe, although (as Celsus saith) it be a miserable helpe, that is, to cut off the member, which by little and little waxeth dead, that so the other parts of the body may be

without danger.

Ibid.

ADWARD, for AWARD. Judgment;

sentence.

And faint-heart fooles whom shew of peril hard Could terrify from fortune's faire adward. Spens., F. Q., IV, x, 17. To ADWARD, v. To award.

summer.

Estival solstice, the sum

mer solstice.

2.

Each trembling leafe and whistling wind they heare, And ghastly bug, does greatly them affeare.

Sp., F. Q., II, iii, 20.

Hence the participle affear'd, for which afraid is now used, but which is very common in Shakespeare. Be not affear'd; the isle is full of noises.

Temp., iii, 2.

The spelling varies, as in other cases, sometimes with one f, and sometimes with two.

To AFFEAR, or more properly AFFEER. An old law term, for to settle or confirm. From affier.

Wear thou thy wrongs, His [Macbeth's] title is affeard. Macb., iv, 3. Hence affeerers, in our law dictionaries, are a sort of arbiters, whose business was to affirm upon oath what penalty they thought should be adjudged for certain offences, not settled by law. +AFFECTATE, adj. Affected, conceited.

Accercitum dictum, an oracion to muche affectate, or, as we saie, to farre fet. Eliotes Dictionarie, 1559.

TAFFECTED. Beloved.

-in all the desperate hours

AFFECTION. In the sense of affectaOf his affected Hercules. Chapman, Il., viii, 318. tion.

No matter in the phrase that might indite the author
of affection.
Ham., ii, 2.
Pleasant without scurrility, witty without affection.
L. L., v, 1.