ducted me to a rough house situated on the plaza. Unlocking the door, he ushered me into the council-room, and showed me the rude kitchen and dining-room where the local council are provided for. The building was a smaller edition of the Casa dels Valls; and, as there, a cupboard containing a religious painting, with the arms of the valley on its doors, ornamented the chief room. The prisoner unlocked this cupboard, and gave me a minute explanation of the arms, in connection with the feudal history of the valley. Meanwhile, a number of the villagers entered the room, and listened, in attentive silence, to the lecture. He then showed his audience out, and locked the door of the building. Putting the keys in his pocket, he next took me to his own house, and, after much conversation regarding mines and metals, accompanied me to the outskirts of the village. His manner of undergoing punishment was a scarcely unfair specimen of the mild justice of Andorra. But he showed me a stout iron collar, chained to the wall of the town-house, and by which the convicted thief, with the stolen article placed before him, was pilloried in former times. The old-fashioned stocks may also still be seen in the Andorran villages. mainly on the quality of the dishes; but | ing to show me the building, he then conafter the first courses, there arrived, by special messenger from Urgel, an angry manifesto of the bishop, declaring that the recent tribunal had been illegal, because the episcopal viguier had not been present. The sonorous Latin of this document, couched in the style of a papal bull, and read out by one of the lawyers, was calculated to awe the heart. But the momentary silence that followed its delivery was soon broken by assertions of detailed privileges, and quotations of ancient precedent, uttered by the notaries and other sages of the state, and amply proving that the bishop was in the wrong, and that the Andorrans had acted strictly within the limits of their chartered rights. The bishop had appointed a viguier not approved by the General Council; and this viguier had attempted to meddle in the internal government of Andorra; saved with difficulty from the enraged militia by the wiry bailli who sat on one side of me, the bishop's functionary had been conducted to the frontier. Strong in their ancient rights, and now countenanced by the presence of the viguier of France, the Andorran authorities knew that the bishop must ultimately yield, and his manifesto became the subject of hearty laughter and cautious jokes, in which respect for serviceable authority was curiously mingled with republican sentiment. The shrewd republicanism of the Middle Ages could be well conceived at that Andorran banquet, where the democrats, with their foreign theories, were distrusted as the allies of the encroaching suzerain. The next day I learned the views of the democrats. After walking with the bailli already mentioned, and who paused to pray at each chapel on our road, I parted from him at his hamlet, and proceeded towards the village where the intelligent blacksmith was supposed to be confined. His brother, whom met on the way, informed me that he was undergoing his punishment, but that I should have no difficulty in seeing him. I stopped to breakfast at the posada of the place, and there, in the public room, found the prisoner calmly smoking a cigarette. While I breakfasted, he gave me his own account of all the recent troubles, showing that an intelligent desire to obtain an enlarged field for his own skilled labor, was the main source of his democratic opinions. When I at length inquired regarding his imprisonment, he informed me that he was undergoing his sentence; and, apparently in proof, produced the keys of the town-house from his pocket. Offer Calling at the Casa Molines before leaving Andorra, I found the men of the household at dinner, while the ladies were superintending the kitchen; and in the poorest houses I observed that the women did not sit down with the men. Throughout the Pyrenees, including the Basque Provinces, the position of the women is the same, in proportion as old customs have been preserved; but their servitude is more apparent than real, and their rights as regards property and primogeniture are singularly liberal. From the capital of Andorra, I descended the valley to San Julian, where I enjoyed a long conversation with a leading representative of the smuggling interest. Having spent his youth in the exciting occupations of a contrabandista, he had now adopted a purely modern costume, and devoted himself to the interests of the gaming-house project. His views were purely commercial, and opposed to the privileges of the old aristocracy. Following the narrow mule-path that led down the valley, I arrived in three hours at Urgel (or La Seu, the episcopal see), which is not only isolated from Andorra by a long and narrow gorge, but still more effectually separated from the rest of Spain by the magnificent cañons of the Segre. These profound cuttings, where there is barely room for the river to pass, and along which the mule-road to Urgel from the plain is roughly hollowed in the rock, sufficiently explain the independence of all external influences which Urgel appears to have usually maintained, and which has aided the power of the bishop to the present day. Two recent visits to Andorra have not altered my impressions of its people. Remarkable prudence and perspicuity have distinguished the dealings of the Andorran authorities with all the successive governments of their Spanish neighbors. The only leading proprietor who had joined the democrats having been expelled from the state, all imprudent innovations will prob. ably be prevented. The bishop has made peace with his Andorran vassals, having proved his metal by inspiring, with his presence and commands, the gallant de fence of Urgel, under the crushing bombardment by the Alfonsists. P. W. STUART MENTEATH. From The Lancet. A CENTENARIAN. THE causes of life and of death are, to some extent, identical. Influences which kill the weak, strengthen the strong, and in the mutual reaction of a perfect constitution, and a mode of life free from those lethal influences which no strength of constitution can resist, may be found the secret of extreme longevity. The history of centenarians often illustrates this, but it is not often that the conditions of their existence can be accurately known. Not long ago the death was announced, at the age of one hundred and two, of the Rev. Canon Beadon, of Stoneham, the particulars of whose life are, in this respect, of some interest. Born in the year 1777, he succeeded his father in the living of Stone ham in 1812, the living having been held by the two, father and son, for more than a hundred years. His ancestors presented examples of moderate but not extreme longevity, his father having died at eighty and his mother at eighty-six. Canon Beadon was probably the last person living who remembered the Lord George Gordon riots. At the time (1780) he was three years of age, and he distinctly recollected having been held up to the window by his nurse to see the soldiers in the streets. His good health was almost uninterrupted; in early manhood he had a slight illness, the exact nature of which is difficult to ascertain, since it occurred in the year 1798. He was about five feet nine inches in height, broad-shouldered and deepchested, with very long arms and large hands. In early life he possessed great muscular power, which was well indicated by his frame. Even when long past seventy his strength of wrist was remarkable. He was fond of shooting and fishing; the former amusement he kept up till ninetyfour, the latter till eighty-eight. When middle-aged he could walk out shooting from morning till night, exposed to any amount of cold and wet, and completely knock up many younger men. He seemed quite impervious to the ailments to which ordinary men are subject. He never knew what a headache or rheumatism was. His digestion appeared perfect, and he could eat anything with impunity. He not only ate heartily at every meal, but used often to eat biscuits, etc., between meals. He was a "moderate drinker "- by no means a total abstainer, and was to the last ex. tremely fond of sweet things. As he grew older his step became slower, but he never tottered in his gait. To the last his com plexion was ruddy in tint, never showing the parchment-like appearance so often an accompaniment of extreme old age. His condition remained as in middle age up to his death, neither stouter nor thinner. At ninety-seven he had his first severe illness- an attack of bronchitis, contracted through going out on a very cold day, and he was never afterwards quite the same. Up to this date he had taken service in his church every Sunday, and his three months' duty in Wells Cathedral, his voice continuing distinct and powerful; but after the attack of bronchitis he was more or less of an invalid. Nevertheless, he was able to answer, himself, seventy letters of congratulation which he received on his hundredth birthday. The late severe winter tried him very much, and he had several colds and slight attacks of bronchitis, from all of which he recovered, and he died at last, peaceably and painlessly, from mere 'decay of nature." During the last year or two of his life, if fatigued or out of health in any way, his mind was not perfectly clear, but he never lapsed into any thing like "second childishness." He was possessed of a most imperturbable temper and singularly even spirits, and would not allow anything to worry him. The two places where he passed almost the whole of his life. Wells and Stoneham-are relaxing in climate. One of his nephews is now living aged eighty-six, two died last mainly on the quality of the dishes; but after the first courses, there arrived, by special messenger from Urgel, an angry manifesto of the bishop, declaring that the recent tribunal had been illegal, because the episcopal viguier had not been present. The sonorous Latin of this document, couched in the style of a papal bull, and read out by one of the lawyers, was calculated to awe the heart. But the momentary silence that followed its delivery was soon broken by assertions of detailed privileges, and quotations of ancient precedent, uttered by the notaries and other sages of the state, and amply proving that the bishop was in the wrong, and that the Andorrans had acted strictly within the limits of their chartered rights. The bishop had appointed a viguier not approved by the General Council; and this viguier had attempted to meddle in the internal government of Andorra; saved with difficulty from the enraged militia by the wiry bailli who sat on one side of me, the bishop's functionary had been conducted to the frontier. Strong in their ancient rights, and now countenanced by the presence of the viguier of France, the Andorran authorities knew that the bishop must ultimately yield, and his manifesto became the subject of hearty laughter and cautious jokes, in which respect for serviceable authority was curiously mingled with republican sentiment. The shrewd republicanism of the Middle Ages could be well conceived at that Andorran banquet, where the democrats, with their foreign theories, were distrusted as the allies of the encroaching suzerain. ing to show me the building, he then conducted me to a rough house situated on the plaza. Unlocking the door, he ushered me into the council-room, and showed me the rude kitchen and dining-room where the local council are provided for. The building was a smaller edition of the Casa dels Valls; and, as there, a cupboard containing a religious painting, with the arms of the valley on its doors, ornamented the chief room. The prisoner unlocked this cupboard, and gave me a minute explanation of the arms, in connection with the feudal history of the valley. Meanwhile, a number of the villagers entered the room, and listened, in attentive silence, to the lecture. He then showed his audience out, and locked the door of the building. Putting the keys in his pocket, he next took me to his own house, and, after much conversation regarding mines and metals, accompanied me to the outskirts of the village. His manner of undergoing punishment was a scarcely unfair specimen of the mild justice of Andorra. But he showed me a stout iron collar, chained to the wall of the town-house, and by which the convicted thief, with the stolen article placed before him, was pilloried in former times. The old-fashioned stocks may also still be seen in the Andorran villages. Calling at the Casa Molines before leaving Andorra, I found the men of the household at dinner, while the ladies were superintending the kitchen; and in the poorest houses I observed that the women did not sit down with the men. Throughout the Pyrenees, including the Basque Provinces, the position of the women is The next day I learned the views of the the same, in proportion as old customs democrats. After walking with the bailli|have been preserved; but their servitude already mentioned, and who paused to pray is more apparent than real, and their rights at each chapel on our road, I parted from as regards property and primogeniture are him at his hamlet, and proceeded towards singularly liberal. the village where the intelligent blacksmith was supposed to be confined. His brother, whom I met on the way, informed me that he was undergoing his punishment, but that I should have no difficulty in seeing him. I stopped to breakfast at the posada of the place, and there, in the public room, found the prisoner calmly smoking a cigarette. While I breakfasted, he gave me his own account of all the recent troubles, showing that an intelligent desire to obtain an enlarged field for his own skilled labor, was the main source of his democratic opinions. When I at length inquired regarding his imprisonment, he informed me that he was undergoing his sentence; and, apparently in proof, produced the keys of the town-house from his pocket. Offer From the capital of Andorra, I descended the valley to San Julian, where I enjoyed a long conversation with a leading representative of the smuggling interest. Having spent his youth in the exciting occupations of a contrabandista, he had now adopted a purely modern costume, and devoted himself to the interests of the gaming-house project. His views were purely commercial, and opposed to the privileges of the old aristocracy. Following the narrow mule-path that led down the valley, I arrived in three hours at Urgel (or La Seu, the episcopal see), which is not only isolated from Andorra by a long and narrow gorge, but still more effectually separated from the rest of Spain by the magnificent cañons of the Segre. These profound cuttings, where there is barely room for the river to pass, and along which the mule-road to Urgel from the plain is roughly hollowed in the rock, sufficiently explain the independence of all external influences which Urgel appears to have usually maintained, and which has aided the power of the bishop to the present day. Two recent visits to Andorra have not altered my impressions of its people. Remarkable prudence and perspicuity have distinguished the dealings of the Andorran authorities with all the successive governments of their Spanish neighbors. The only leading proprietor who had joined the democrats having been expelled from the state, all imprudent innovations will probably be prevented. The bishop has made peace with his Andorran vassals, having proved his metal by inspiring, with his presence and commands, the gallant defence of Urgel, under the crushing bombardment by the Alfonsists. P. W. STUART MENTEATH. From The Lancet. A CENTENARIAN. THE causes of life and of death are, to some extent, identical. Influences which kill the weak, strengthen the strong, and in the mutual reaction of a perfect constitution, and a mode of life free from those lethal influences which no strength of constitution can resist, may be found the secret of extreme longevity. The history of centenarians often illustrates this, but it is not often that the conditions of their existence can be accurately known. Not long ago the death was announced, at the age of one hundred and two, of the Rev. Canon Beadon, of Stoneham, the particulars of whose life are, in this respect, of some interest. Born in the year 1777, he succeeded his father in the living of Stoneham in 1812, the living having been held by the two, father and son, for more than a hundred years. His ancestors presented examples of moderate but not extreme longevity, his father having died at eighty and his mother at eighty-six. Canon Beadon was probably the last person living who remembered the Lord George Gordon riots. At the time (1780) he was three years of age, and he distinctly recollected having been held up to the window by his nurse to see the soldiers in the streets. His good health was almost uninterrupted; in early manhood he had a slight illness, 86 the exact nature of which is difficult to ascertain, since it occurred in the year 1798. He was about five feet nine inches in height, broad-shouldered and deepchested, with very long arms and large hands. In early life he possessed great muscular power, which was well indicated by his frame. Even when long past seventy his strength of wrist was remarkable. He was fond of shooting and fishing; the former amusement he kept up till ninetyfour, the latter till eighty-eight. When middle-aged he could walk out shooting from morning till night, exposed to any amount of cold and wet, and completely knock up many younger men. He seemed quite impervious to the ailments to which ordinary men are subject. He never knew what a headache or rheumatism was. His digestion appeared perfect, and he could eat anything with impunity. He not only ate heartily at every meal, but used often to eat biscuits, etc., between meals. He was a moderate drinker"-by no means a total abstainer, and was to the last ex. tremely fond of sweet things. As he grew older his step became slower, but he never tottered in his gait. To the last his com plexion was ruddy in tint, never showing the parchment-like appearance so often an accompaniment of extreme old age. His condition remained as in middle age up to his death, neither stouter nor thinner. At ninety-seven he had his first severe illness-an attack of bronchitis, contracted through going out on a very cold day, and he was never afterwards quite the same. Up to this date he had taken service in his church every Sunday, and his three months' duty in Wells Cathedral, his voice continuing distinct and powerful; but after the attack of bronchitis he was more or less of an invalid. Nevertheless, he was able to answer, himself, seventy letters of congratulation which he received on his hundredth birthday. The late severe winter tried him very much, and he had several colds and slight attacks of bronchitis, from all of which be recovered, and he died at last, peaceably and painlessly, from mere "decay of nature." During the last year or two of his life, if fatigued or out of health in any way, his mind was not perfectly clear, but he never lapsed into any. thing like "second childishness." He was possessed of a most imperturbable temper and singularly even spirits, and would not allow anything to worry him. The two places where he passed almost the whole of his life Wells and Stoneham — are relaxing in climate. One of his nephews is now living aged eighty-six, two died last year aged eighty-five and eighty-eight re- and arithmetic; took part in the literary spectively, and at the time of his death debates, and became the prominent memCanon Beadon had great-great-great neph-ber of the college, so much so, that on ews and nieces living. From The International Portrait Gallery. PRESIDENT HAYES' EDUCATION. graduation day he was elected valedictorian, and his oratory on the occasion was much extolled on all sides. Amongst his fellow-students were the Hon. Joseph McCorkle, the Hon. R. E. Trowbridge (afterwards members for California and Michigan respectively), and Christopher Wolcott (attorney-general of Ohio). At the end of his third year at college Hayes put in writing his estimate of his fellowstudents. He kept a very minute diary, and examined himself as to his motives, purposes, ideas, and aspirations. He declares himself as being at that time too ready to try the edge of his wit on others, and perceiving this failing he proceeded to curb it. Whether this had the effect or not of bringing about a change in the opposite direction, he is described as painfully bashful in society. From the two extremes he at last struck a medium, and, gaining wisdom from his two experiences, he aimed at being "a good man of the world." He was so much thought of DELAWARE, the birthplace of President Hayes, is the centre of Ohio. It is situated twenty-five miles north-west of Columbus, and has a population of about eight thousand inhabitants. It is a brick town, and well built, and is farious for a Methodist university and white sulphur springs. Rutherford Birchard Hayes and his sister Fanny attended the ordinary schools in Delaware, and one of their first schoolmasters is described as a little, thin, wiry Yankee, with a too athletic zeal for letters, which induced him to freely use the rod, and flog boys twice his bulk. The children studied together until Hayes reached his fourteenth year, and it is recorded that they read Hume and Smollett's "History of England," Shakespeare, Tom Moore, at his college that after he left his career and various Latin and Greek authors. They also dramatized Scott's "Lady of the Lake." In 1836 Hayes went to the academy of Norfolk, Ohio, where he remained for one year. After this he proceeded to Middletown, Connecticut, and at the school of Isaac Webb prepared for Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio. This college was founded by Bishop Chase, mostly from funds collected in England. The principal subscribers were Lord Kenyon and Lord Gambier, whose names have been thus kept green in the memories of Americans. Hayes in 1837 passed satisfactorily his examination for the freshman's class, and entered the college at once. At Middletown he was deeply engaged in translating Homer, and exercised his ingenuity in mock-heroic law pleas, and every sort of grotesque extravagance in both prose and rhyme. His career at the university was eminently satisfactory. He gained the first prize in Latin, Greek, was carefully watched. In 1845 Hayes was invited back to the college to deliver the master's oration, and in 1851 and 1853 to deliver the annual address. But he modestly declined all these honors. He was addicted to every kind of manly sports, and excelled in shooting, hunting, swimming, and skating, while as a fisherman he was especially successful. He accomplished some great feats in pedestrianism, walking forty miles home to Delaware, in twelve hours, at Christmas time, and then after vacation back to Gambier when there were four inches of snow on the ground. The early training of Hayes had a marked effect on his after career. His excellence in field sports greatly conduced to his physical strength which has been so much exercised; while his studious habits, begun under the guidance of Judge Sherman, have been the means of gaining for him the mass of knowledge which is placed to his credit. A LACUSTRINE CANOE. In digging a channel in the neighborhood of Lake Neuchâtel a lacustrine canoe, very nearly seven mètres long, has been found. It has been placed in the Cantonal Museum. MUSSEL BED IN THE LONDON CLAY.-In the course of some excavation works in the neighborhood of Hanger Hill, Ealing, a mussel bed has been discovered, from one to two inches in thickness. |