Fictitious narrative of the death of Thomas Beket-Letter of

Henry II. to the pope-Departure of the king for Normandy-His

reconciliation with the court of Rome, and rehabilitation of Beket

-Scenes of hypocrisy-Bull of Alexander III.-Domestic troubles of

Henry II.-Discovery of a conspiracy - Prince Henry acknowledged

king in France-His manifest o-Progress of the quarrel - General

abandonment of Henry II.-His return to England, and penance at the

tomb of Beket-Motives and results of this proceeding-Bertrand de

Born-The Troubadours-Reconciliation of the royal family-Hosti-

lities between Richard and Henry-Interview between king Henry and

prince Geoffroy at Limoges-Death of Henry the younger-Interview

between king Henry and Bertrand de Born-Re-establishment of peace

-Fresh revolt of Richard-The kings of France and England assume

the cross-The crusades-Resumption of hostilities-Death and burial

of Henry II.

120

BOOK XI.

FROM THE ACCESSION OF KING RICHARD I. TO THE EXECUTION OF

THE SAXON, WILLIAM LONGBEARD.

1190-1196.

State of Ireland under the Anglo-Normans-Three populations in Ireland

-Insurrection of the Irish-Political conduct of a papal legate-Con-

quest of the kingdom of Ulster-Invasion of that of Connaught-Prince

John, son of Henry II., sent into Ireland-Insult offered to the Irish

chieftains-Fresh insurrection-Inveterate hostility of the two races-

Petition of the Irish to the pope-Cruelties of the Anglo-Irish-Un-

yielding patriotism of the native Irish-Tenacity of the Cambrian race

-Popular belief respecting king Arthur-Pretended discovery of the

tomb of Arthur-Prediction of a Welshman to Henry II.-Accession of

Richard I.—His first administrative measures-He departs for the Cru-

sades-His quarrel with the people of Messina-Misunderstanding be-

tween him and the king of France-Their reconciliation-Ordinance of

the two kings-Taking of Acre-Return of the king of France-State

of affairs in England-Quarrel between the chancellor William de Long-

champ and earl John, king Richard's brother-Impeachment of the

chancellor-Convocation of the citizens of London-Dismissal of the

chancellor-His flight-His arrest-Accusations brought by the king

of France against king Richard-Feigned apprehensions of assassina-

tion-Institution of the gardes-du-corps-Fresh complaints of Philip

against Richard-Departure of king Richard-He lands on the coast of

Istria-His arrest and imprisonment-Intrigues of the king of France

and of earl John-King Richard acknowledges himself vassal of the em-

peror-Alliance between earl John and the king of France-Richard

ransomed His release and return to England-Siege of Nottingham-

Visit of the king to Sherwood Forest-Robert, or Robin Hood, king of

the outlaws-Popularity of the outlaws-Character of Robin Hood-

Popular ballad on Robin Hood-His long celebrity-Tradition respect-

ing his death-Outlaws of Cumberland-Adam Bell, Clym of the Clough,

and William of Cloudesly-Freebooting loses its patriotic colouring-

King Richard resumes his crown-Ambition of the king of France—

War between the two kings-Treachery of earl John-Restoration of

peace-Policy of the northern populations-Interview of the two kings

-State of Auvergne-The king of France attacks that country- Sir-

ventes of king Richard and of the earl of Auvergne-State of England—

Saxon families-Assemblies of the London citizens-Character of Wil-

liam Longbeard-Conspiracy of the Londoners-Longbeard tried and

executed-He popularly passes for a martyr-Observations
188

CONCLUSION.

I. THE CONTINENTAL NORMANS AND BRETONS; THE ANGEVINS AND

THE POPULATIONS OF SOUTHERN GAUL.

Birth of Arthur, duke of Brittany-Insurrection of Anjou and Maine—

Policy of the king of France-Death of Arthur-Indignation of the

Bretons-Invasion of Normandy-Taking of Rouen-Repentance of the

Bretons-The Poitevins resist the king of France-Complete submis-

sion of Normandy-Project of a new invasion of England-Entrance

of the English into Normandy-Guienne remains to the king of Eng-

land-Heresy of the Toulousans and Albigenses-Crusade against the

Albigenses-Additional aggrandizement of the kingdom of France-

Charles of Anjou becomes count of Provence-Discontent and regrets of

the Provençals-Insurrection of the cities of Provence-Termination of

Provençal nationality-Limits of the kingdom of France-Character of

the Basque population-Political condition of the Basques-Policy of

the counts de Foix-Policy of the barons of Gascony-They pass alter-

nately from one king to another-Confederation of the Armagnacs-The

Gascons join the king of France-Conquest of Guienne by the French

-Revolt of Bordeaux-Second conquest of Bordeaux-Patriotic efforts

of the Armagnacs-Guienne and Gascony become parts of France. 249

II. THE INHABITANTS OF WALES.

Wars of the Welsh against the Anglo-Normans-Complete submission of

Wales-Persecution of the Welsh bards-Welsh refugees in France-

Yvain of Wales-Free companies-The chevalier Rufin-Promises of

the king of France to the Welsh-Insurrection of Owen Glendowr-

Panic terror of the English soldiers-Landing of the French in Wales

-March and retreat of the French-Termination of the insurrection of

the Welsh-Wars of the succession in England-Enterprise of Henry

Tudor-The Welsh under Henry VII., Henry VIII., Elizabeth, and the

Stuarts-Actual state of the Welsh population-Turn of mind and cha-

racter of the Welsh nation-Differences of idiom in Wales-Language

of Cornwall

279

III. THE SCOTS.

Prophecy of Merlin-Nine pretenders to the throne of Scotland-Invasion

of Edward I.-William Wallace-Robert Bruce-Enfranchisement of

Scotland-Character of the people of the border-Social condition of

the Scots Establishment of the Reformation-English puritans-

Scottish covenanters-Alliance between the two nations-Civil war in

England-Misunderstanding between the two nations-Charles II. pro-

claimed king in Scotland-Oliver Cromwell enters Scotland-Measures

taken against the Scots-Restoration of Charles II.-Persecution of the

Presbyterians-Their insurrection-Battle of Bothwell-bridge-Expul-

sion of the Stuarts-Sympathy of the Scots for the martyrs-National

character and spirit of the Scots-Present condition of the Gaelic popu

lation
297

IV. THE NATIVE IRISH AND THE ANGLO-NORMAN IRISH.

Effect of the conquest in Ireland-Degeneration of the Anglo-Irish-Tena-

city of the natives-Invasion of Edward Bruce-Reform and civiliza-

tion of Ireland-Influence of the Irish bards-Common hatred to Eng-

land-Catholicism of the Irish-Entire completion of the territorial

conquest-Religious and patriotic insurrections-Alliance of the Irish

with Charles I.-Invasion of Ireland by Cromwell-Attitude of the Irish

on the restoration of the Stuarts--Invasion of William III.-Political

association of the Irish-White Boys-Hearts of Oak-Right Boys-

Volunteers-Patriotic views of the Volunteers-Their provincial assem-

blies-Peep-o'-day Boys-Defenders-The United Irishmen-Influence

of the French revolution-The Orangemen-Organization of the United

Irishmen Succours from France-First symptoms of insurrection-

Rise of the United Irishmen-Irish republic-Attack upon Dublin-

Defeat of the United Irishmen-Rise of the Presbyterians-Landing of

the French in Ireland-Their defeat-Termination of the rebellion-

The Union

319

V. THE ANGLO-NORMANS AND THE ENGLISH BY RACE.

Poitevin courtiers in England-Alliance between the Saxons and Normans

-League of the barons against king John-Magna Charta-Expulsion

of the foreigners-Louis of France called in by the Anglo-Norman barons

-Retreat of the French-Return of the Poitevins-Second insurrection

of the Anglo-Norman barons-Simon de Montfort-his popularity-

Language of the Anglo-Norman aristocracy-State of the higher classes

of England-Impressment of artisans-Labourers-State of the land-

Peasants or cottagers in England - Great fermentation among the

peasants-Political writings circulated in the country districts-Insur

rection of the peasants-The insurgents march upon London-Their

first demand-Their conduct in London-Their interview with Richard

II. The insurgents quit London-Wat Tyler and John Ball-Murder

-

of Wat Tyler-The king deceives the insurgents-Dispersion and terror

of the insurgents-Alarm of the gentry throughout England-Proclama-

tion of Richard II.-Termination of the peasants' insurrection-Things

remain in their former state-Individual enfranchisements-Separation

of the parliament into two chambers-Position of the commons in the

parliament-French the language of the court and the nobility-French

literature in England-Revival of English poetry-Character of the

new English language-The Norman idiom becomes extinct in Eng-

land-Dissolution of the Norman society-Remnant of the distinction

between the two races

347

CONTENTS OF APPENDICES.

VOL. I.

J. Arymes Prydyn Vawr, the Great Armed Confederacy of Britain 374

II. Imperial Decree respecting the Gaulish Bishops

III. Conference of Bishops respecting the Conversion of the Bur-

gundian King

379

380

IX. Ballad of William the Conqueror and the Men of Kent

412

X. Poetical Narrative of the Surrender of London

.

415

XI. Saxon Names of English Provinces and Towns

XII. Roll of Battle Abbey and Lists of the Conquerors of England 417

416

XIII. Enumeration of the Lands of Brihtrik

XIV. Imprisonment of Brihtrik

XV. Extracts from Domesday Book.

XVI. Narrative of the Exploits of Hereward

VOL. II.

I. Cruelties exercised by the Normans
II. War Song of Bertrand de Born
III. History of the Marriage of Gilbert Beket
IV. Ballad on the Captivity of Gilbert Beket
V. Details of the worldly life of Thomas Beket

VI. Letter of John of Salisbury to Beket

VII. Letter relating to the intrigues of Henry II. at the court of

XI. Extract from a letter of the same on the murder of Beket.

XII. Narrative of the murder, by Grim

139

139

XIV.

XV.

XIII. Letter of Louis VII. to the pope, demanding vengeance on

XVI.

XVII.

of Henry II. to the pope, on his sons' rebellion

XVIII. Political poems of Bertrand de Born

XIX. Sirvente of Richard Coeur-de-Lion on his captivity

XX. Popular ballad on king Richard and Robin Hood

XXI. Popular ballad on the birth of Robin Hood

XXII., XXIII. Sirventes of Bertrand de Born

XXIV. Sirvente of the dauphin of Auvergne, on his quarrel with

139

167

220

223

224

237

the king of England

240

XXV. Treaty of alliance between Owen-ap Griffith and Philip-le-

XXVIII. Receipt of Robin-ap-Llwydin, and list of his company

XXIX. List of the company of Edward-ap-Owen

XXX. List of the company of Owen-ap-Griffith, and his receipt

XXXI. Undertaking of Yvain of Wales to Charles V. for a sum of

300,000 gold francs, and treaty of alliance between them

and their subjects.

XXXII. Letter of Owen Glendowr, prince of Wales, to Charles VI.

of France

XXXIII. The Souters of Selkirk.

XXXIV. The battle of Bothwell Brig