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Thus the Am

Umbri on the

Solway, and

ria. Now not only are the Ambrones said to have been a Celtic race (Ambrones, says Festus, fuerunt gens quædam Gallica), but this was also the generic name of the Ligurians (opas yap αὐτοὺς οὕτως ὀνομάζουσι κατὰ γένος Λίγυες, Plut. Vit. Marii, c. XIX.). Whatever weight we may attach to the statement in Festus, that they were driven from their original settlements by an inundation of the sea, we cannot fail to see the resemblance between the name of the Ambrones and that of the river Umbro; and no Englishman is ignorant that the North-umbrians are so called with reference to an Ymbra-land through which the river Humber flowed. Dr Latham (Tac. German. Epilegom. p. cx.) has suggested a connexion between a number of different tribes which bore names more or less resembling this, and he thinks that there is some reference in this name to the settlement of the race bearing it near the lower part of some river. brones seem to have been on the Lower Rhine, the Lower Po, the Cumbrians of Cumberland on the the Gambrivii and Si-gambri on the Lower Rhine. Dr Latham also conjectures that Humber may be the Gallic and East British form of the Welsh Aber and the Gaelic Inver="mouth of a river." It appears to me that the Sigambri and Gambrivii belonged to a German, not to a Celtic stock, and I am disposed to refer the name of Cumber-land to the form Cymmry. Nor do I think it reasonable to suppose that Umber or Ambro is a dialectical variety of Aber or Inver. But whether we are or are not to connect the word with amhainn or amhna, a river," found in Gar-umna, it cannot be doubted that the name of Umbria points to a continuous population of Ligurians or Ambrones extending from the Cottian Alps to the Tiber; and there is every reason to believe that this was only part of a Celtic population which occupied originally the three peninsulas of Greece, Italy, and Spain, together with the great islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. The first inhabitants of Spain and Sicily are called Iberians by every ancient writer, and they are identified with the Sicanians; and Philistus must have referred to these when he said that the Sicilians were Ligurians who had been driven southwards by the Umbrians and Pelasgians (Dionys. Hal. I. 22), meaning of course the Low-German and Sclavonian tribes, who subsequently occupied north Italy. With regard to Greece, there is no reason why the Leleges, whom we have other grounds for

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considering as Celtic, should not be regarded as exhibiting the name of the Ligyes with that reduplication of the initial - which is so universal in Welsh'.

§ 19.

The Sarmata probably a branch of the Lithuanian family.

If it is necessary to go one step farther, and identify this Lithuanian race with some one of the tribes which form so many

1 Professor F. W. Newman, in his little work entitled Regal Rome, maintains that the old languages of Italy, especially the Umbrian and Sabine, contained a striking predominance of Celtic ingredients, and he wishes to show that this is still evident even in the Latin of Cicero. His proof rests on vocabularies (pp. 19-26), especially in regard to the military, political, and religious words, which he supposes that the Romans derived from the Sabines (p. 61). With regard to these lists I have to observe, that while all that is valid in the comparison merely gives the Indo-Germanic affinities of the Celtic languages—a fact beyond dispute— Mr. Newman has taken no pains to discriminate between the marks of an original identity of root, and those words which the Celts of Britain derived from their Roman conquerors. In general, Mr. Newman's philology is neither solid nor scientific. It is not at all creditable to a professed student of languages to compare the participial word cliens (client-s) with the Gaelic clann, cloinne, “children." If anything is certain about the former, it is clear that it contains the verb-root cli- or clu- with a merely formative termination in nt, which does not belong to the root. Again, when every one knows the Latin meaning of tripudium, referring to the triple ictus, what is the use of deriving it from the Gaelic tir "earth," and put "to push ?" If quir-i[t]-s with a regular Indo-Germanic ending, is naturally derived from quiris "a spear," what miserable etymology it is to compare the former with curaidh a champion," from cur "power," and the latter with coir "just, honourable, noble." And all regard for simple reasoning is neglected by a writer, who analyses augur= avi-ger into the Gaulish auca a bird," and the Welsh cur care." I am influenced only by a regard for the interests of sound learning when I express the strong feelings of dissatisfaction with which I have read most of Mr. F. W. Newman's books. With great natural abilities and the power of giving a specious and plausible representation of the views which he adopts, his self-reliance has led him to attempt a wide and very important range of subjects, with very inadequate preparation for their proper discussion; and thus in history, philology, biblical criticism, and political economy, he has contrived to exhibit himself as a rash and mischievous writer, and has done considerable damage to the good cause of independent thought and original investigation.

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links of the chain between Media and Thrace, it would be only reasonable to select the Sauromata, whose name receives its interpretation from the Lithuanian language (Szaure-Mateni, i. e. "Northern Medes"). The Sauromatæ and the Scythæ were undoubtedly kindred tribes; but still there were some marked differences between them, insomuch that Herodotus reckons the Sarmatæ as a separate nation. Between the Pelasgians and the Umbrians, &c., there existed the same affinities, with similar differences; and the fairest conclusion seems to be this, that as the Latins or Lithuanians were a combination of Gothic and Sclavonian ingredients, so were the Sauromata; that as the indigenous tribes of Italy were pure Gothic, mixed with Celtic, so were the Scythæ or Asa-Goths. At the same time it must be remarked, that the term Sarmatian has a wider as well as a narrower signification. In its more extended meaning it is synonymous with Sclavonian, and therefore includes the Pelasgians. In its narrower use, it is expressive of that admixture of Sclavonian and Low-German elements which characterizes the Lithuanian or Samo-Getic languages, and in which the Sclavonian is so predominant that the Gothic element is almost overpowered. Reverting to the Asiatic settlements of these races, we may say, as we pass from West to East across the northern frontiers of the plateau of Irân, that the true Sclavonians extended from the borders of Assyria to those of Hyrcania and Parthia; that they there abutted on the debateable land or oscillating boundary-line between the Sclavonian and Gothic races, and so became MassaGeta or Lithuanians; and that the Sacæ, Saxons, or genuine Gothic and Low-German tribes, the Daci, Danes, and Northmen of Europe, occupied Sogdiana to the banks of the Iaxartes. If we suppose, what we have a right to suppose, that this line was preserved as the march of emigration wheeled round the north of the Caspian-the Sclavonians to the left, the Lithuanians in the centre, and the pure Goths to the right,—we shall have a simple explanation of all the facts in the ethnography of Eastern Europe. For these are still the relative positions of the different races. The right wing becomes in the course of this geographical evolution the most northerly or the most westerly, while the left wing or pivot of the movement becomes most southerly or most easterly, and the centre remains between the two. Thus the pure LowGermans and the Lithuanians never come into Greece, which

is peopled by the Sclavonians. Lithuanian and Sclavonian are mingled in Italy. But although, as we shall see, a branch of the pure Gothic invaded that peninsula, it felt, to the end of its early history, that it had approached a distinct line of demarcation wherever it touched, without Lithuanian intervention, on the borders of pure Sclavonism.

§ 20.

Gothic or Low-German affinities of the ancient Etruscans shown by their ethnographic opposition to the VENETI.

This brings us to the crowning problem in Italian ethnography, -the establishment of the foreign affinities of the ancient Etruscans. Wherever the advancing tide of Sclavonian emigration came to a check before the established settlements of a purely Gothic or Low-German tribe, wherever, consequently, the Sclavonians felt a need for a distinctive appellation, we find that they called themselves Serbs, Sorbs, or Servians, a name apparently denoting their agricultural habits, or else Slow-jane, Slow-jene, or Sclavonian, a name implying, according to the most recent interpretation, that they opposed their own language as intelligible to the foreign jargon of their neighbours. By these names they were known in the distant lands to which the wars of the ninth and tenth centuries transported them as captives; and as a foreign and barbarous slave was a Scythian in the older days of Athens, a Davus or Dacian and a Geta or Goth in the later comedies, so all prisoners were called indifferently Slave or Syrf, a circumstance which proves the identity and prevalence of these national designations. But while these were the names which the Sclavonians assumed on their own western boundary-lines, and by which they were known in foreign countries, they received the name of Wends, Winiden, O. H. G. Winida, A. S. Veonodas, from the Gothic tribes on whom they immediately abutted. By this name, or that of Finns, which is merely a different pronunciation, the Goths of the north designated their eastern neighbours, whether of Sclavonian or Turanian race. By this name the Saxons distinguished the Sclavonians in Lusatia. The traveller's song in the Codex Exoniensis expressly opposes the Goths to the Wineds wherever found; "I was," says the author (vv. 113, sqq.) "with Huns and with HrethGoths, with Swedes and with South-Danes, with Wends I was

and with Wærns, and with Wikings, with Gefths I was and with Wineds." Although the strong but narrow stream of High-German conquest disturbed the continuous frontier of the Sclavonian and Low-German tribes, we find, as late as Charlemagne's time, that Sclavonians were recognized in central Germany under the designations of Moinu-winidi and Ratanz-winidi, from the names of the rivers which formed their geographical limits. The same denomination was applied in much earlier times to the Sclavonians settled in Bavaria, who were called the Vinde-lici, or Wineds settled on the Licus or Lech. Farther east on the Danube the March-field furnished another boundary to the Sclavonians, whose city there was called Vind-o-bonum. We must of course admit the same term in the name of the Veneti at the head of the Adriatic. And thus we trace this distinctive appellation from Scandinavia to the north of Italy, in a line nearly corresponding to the parallel of longitude. The ethnographic importance of the name Wined can scarcely be overrated: for it not only tells us that the tribes to the east of the line upon which it is found were generally pure Sclavonian, but it tells us as plainly that the tribes to the west, who imposed the name, were equally pure branches of the Gothic, Saxon, or Low-German race. Indeed, the latter fact is more certain than the former. For if, as I believe, the term Wined merely indicates, in the mouth of a Low-German, the end or wend-point of his distinctive territory, our inference must be that whatever the Wineds were, they indicated the boundary-line of some branch of the Gothic race. Now we have such a boundary line in Bavaria; therefore the Ratians who faced the Vindelici or Lech - Wineds were Low-Germans. We have a similar line in the north of Italy; therefore there must have been Low-Germans in opposition and contiguity at the western frontier of the Veneti or Wineds on the Po. But we have seen that the Etruscans, properly so called, were Ratians, who at one time occupied a continuous area stretching from western Germany across the Tyrol into the plains of Lombardy. It follows therefore, as an ethnographical fact, that the Etruscans must have been a Low-German, Gothic, or Saxon tribe.

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