begins with an anacrusis. According to Livy (I. 26), the law belongs to the time of Tullus Hostilius; Cicero, on the other hand (pro Rabir. c. 4, § 13), refers it to the legislation of Tarquinius.

Id. s. v. Pellices, p. 222: "Cui generi mulierum pœna constituta est a Numa Pompilio hac lege: Pellex aram Junonis ne tangito; si tanget, Junoni crinibus demissis agnum fœminam cædito." i. e. Pelecs asam Junonis nei tancitud; sei tancet, Junonei crinebos demiseis acnom feminam ceditud.

Id. s. v. Opima spolia, p. 189: "Esse etiam Pompili regis legem opimorum spoliorum talem: Cujus auspicio classe procincta opima spolia capiuntur, Jovi Feretrio bovem cædito; qui cepit [ei] æris ccc darier oportet: [cujus auspicio capiuntur] secunda spolia, in Martis aram in Campo solitaurilia utra voluerit (i. e. 'vel majora vel lactentia,' SCAL.) cœdito; [qui cepit, ei æris cc dato]: [cujus auspicio capiuntur] tertia spolia Janui Quirino agnum marem cædito, c qui ceperit ex ære dato; cujus auspicio capta, dis piaculum dato." Niebuhr (H. R. II. note 972) explains these gradations of reward by a reference to the scale of pay in the Roman army. The supplements in this passage rest principally on Plutarch, Vit. Marc. c. 8: καὶ λαμβάνειν γέρας, ἀσσάρια τριακόσια τὸν πρῶτον, τὸν δὲ δεύτερον διακόσια, τὸν δὲ τρίτον ἑκατόν.

Plin. H. N. XXXII. 2, 10, § 20: "Pisceis quei squamosei nec sunt, nei polucetod; squamosos omneis præter scarom polucetod." Cf. Fest. s. v. Pollucere, p. 253: "Pollucere merces [quas cuivis deo liceat], sunt far, polenta, vinum, panis fermentalis, ficus passa, suilla, bubula, agnina, casei, ovilla, alica, sesama, et oleum, pisces quibus est squama, præter scarum: Herculi autem omnia esculenta, poculenta."

Id. s. v. Termino, p. 368: "Denique Numa Pompilius statuit, Eum qui terminum exarasset et ipsum et boves sacros esse." i. e. Qui terminom ecsaraset, ipsus et boveis sacrei sunto (See Dirksen, Versuche, p. 334).

Id. s. v. Aliuta, p. 6: "Aliuta antiqui dicebant pro aliter, .... hinc est illud in legibus Numa Pompili: Siquisquam aliuta facsit ipsos Jovei sacer estod."

But of all the legal fragments which exhibit the prisca vetustas verborum (Cic. de Oratore, I. c. 43), the most copious, as well as the most important, are the remains of the Twelve Tables, of which Cicero speaks in such enthusiastic, if not hyperbolical language. These fragments have been more than once collected and explained. In the following extracts I have followed the text of Dirksen (Uebersicht der bisherigen Versuche zur Kritik und Herstellung des Textes der Zwölf-Tafel-Fragmente). The object, however, of Dirksen's elaborate work is juristic1 rather than philological; whereas I have only wished to present these fragments as interesting specimens of old Latinity.

It was probably the intention of the decemvirs to comprise their system in six double Tables; for each successive pair of Tables seems to refer to matters which are naturally classed together. Thus Tab. I. and II. relate to the legis actiones; Tab. III. and IV. to the mancipium, potestas, and manus, or the rights which might be acquired over insolvent debtors, the right of a father over his son, and of a husband over his wife; Tab. V. and VI. to the laws of guardianship, inheritance and property; Tab. VII. and VIII. to obligationes, delicta, and crimina; Tab. IX. and X. to the jus publicam and jus sacrum; Tab. XI. and XII. were supplementary to the ten former Tables, both in subject and in date.

$ 7. Tab. I.

Fr. 1. (I. 1, 2, Gothofredi): sI. IN. JUS. VOCAT . NI. IT. ANTESTATOR. IGITUR. EM. CAPITO. (Porphyrio ad Hor. I. Serm. 9, 65: "Adversarius molesti illius Horatium consulit, an permittat se antestari, injecta manu extracturus ad Prætorem, quod vadimonio non paruerit. De hac autem Lege XII. Tabularum his verbis cautum est: si vis vocationi testamini, igitur en capito antestari. Est ergo antestari, scilicet antequam manum injiciat.” Cf. Cic. Legg. II. c. 4; Aul. Gell. N. A. XX. 1; Auctor ad Herenn. II. c. 13; Non. Marcell. de Propr. Serm. c. 1, § 20, s. v. calvitur. Lucilius, Lib. XVII.: "Si non it, capito, inquit, eum et, si calvitur ergo, Ferto manum"). It seems probable

1 The student will find a general sketch of the old Roman law in Arnold's Rome, I. pp. 256, sqq.

that the original form of the law was, si quis in jus vocatus nec it, antestamino, igitur (i. e. inde, postea, tum, Fest. p. 105) em (=eum) capito. Cf. Gronov. Lect. Plautin. p. 95.

Fr. 2 (I. 3): SI. CALVITUR. PEDEMVE. STRUIT, MANUM. ENDO. JACITO. (Festus, p. 313). The word calvitur is explained by Gaius, L. 233, pr. D. de Verb. Sign.: "Si calvitur et moretur et frustretur. Inde et calumniatores appellati sunt, quia per fraudem et frustrationem alios vexarent litibus." Pedem struere is explained by Festus, 1. 1.: "Alii putant significare retrorsum ire: alii, in aliam partem: alii fugere: alii gradum augere: alii minuere, cum quis vix pedem pedi præfert, otiose it, remoratur:" and p. 210: "pedem struit in XII. significat fugit, ut ait Ser. Sulpicius." This fragment seems to have followed close upon the previous one: see the passage of Lucilius, quoted above.

Fr. 3 (I. 4): sI. MORBUS. AEVITASVE. VITIUM. ESCIT, . QUI .
JUMENTUM. DATO;. SI. NOLET

IN. JUS. VOCABIT

ARCERAM

NE. STERNITO. (Aul. Gell. N. A. XX. 1). Vitium escit means impedimento erit. Arcera is explained by Nonius Marcellus, de Propr. Serm. I. § 270: "Arcera plaustrum est rusticum, tectum undique quasi arca. Hoc vocabulum et apud Varronem et apud M. Tullium invenitur. Hoc autem vehiculi genere senes et agroti vectari solent. Varro γεροντιδιδασκάλῳ: vehebatur

cum uxore vehiculo semel aut bis anno cum arcera: si non vellet non sterneret."

Fr. 4 (I. 6): ASSIDUO. VINDEX. ASSIDUUS. Esto, . proleTARIO. QUOI. QUIS. VOLET. VINDEX. ESTO. (Aul. Gell. N. A. XVI. c. 10; cf. Cicero, Top. c. 2, who explains assiduus as a synonym of locuples, and derives it, with Elius, ab asse dando; Nonius, Propr. Serm. c. 1, § antepen., who explains proletarius as equivalent to plebeius-" qui tantum prolem sufficiat." See Niebuhr, Hist. Rom. I. p. 445, note 1041).

Fr. 5 (IX. 2). Festus, p. 348: "Sanates dicti sunt, qui supra infraque Romam habitaverunt. Quod nomen his fuit, quia cum defecissent a Romanis, brevi post redierunt in amicitiam, quasi sanata mente. Itaque in XII. cautum est, ut idem juris esset Sanatibus quod Forctibus,' id est bonis (cf. pp. 84, 102), et qui nunquam defecerant a P. R." Whence we may supply, p. 321: [Hinc] in XII.: 'NEX[i solutique, ac] FORCTI SANATI[sque idem jus estod'], id est, bonorum et qui defecerant sociorum]."

Where also sanas is explained from Cincius, "[quod Priscus] præter opinio[nem eos debellavis]set, sanavisse[tque ac cum iis pa]cisci potuisset." Dirksen (p. 164) is wrong in referring these extracts to the epitome of Paulus.

Fr. 6 (I. 17): REM. UBI. PAGUNT, ORATO. (Auctor ad Herenn. II. c. 13).

. PERORANT

Fr. 7 (I. 8): NI. PAGUNT IN. COMITIO AUT. IN. FORO. ANTE. MERIDIEM CAUSAM CONJICITO, QUOM AMBO. PRAESENTES. (id. ibid. and Aul. Gell. XVII. 2). The word pagunt is explained by Priscian (X. 5, § 32) as a synonym of paciscor; the common Latin form is pa-n-go, but the medial and tenuis of the gutturals were constantly interchanged after the distinction between them was introduced by Sp. Carvilius (Terent. Scaur. p. 2253, Putsch).

Fr. 8 (I. 9): POST. MERIDIEM. PRAESENTI. STLITEM. ADDICITO. (Aul. Gell. XVII. 2).

Fr. 9 (I. 10): SOL. OCCASUS SUPREMA. TEMPESTAS. ESTO. (id. ibid). The word tempestas is here used for tempus; the whole afternoon was called tempus occiduum, and the sunset was suprema tempestas (Macrob. Saturn. I. c. 3). Gellius, to whom we owe these fragments, considers the correct reading to be sol, not solis occasus. "Sole occaso," he says, "non insuavi venustate (vetustate ;) est, si quis aurem habeat non sordidam nec proculcatam." But Festus (p. 305), Varro (L. L. V. c. 2), and others, consider the phrase to have been solis occasus. There is more probability in the reading of Gellius.

Fr. 10 (II. 1). Aul. Gell. N. A. XVI. c. 10: "Sed enim quum proletarii, et assidui, et sanates, et vades, et subvades,evanuerint, omnisque illa XII. Tabularum antiquitas-consopita sit," &c.

§ 8. Tab. II.

Fr. 1. Gaius, Inst. IV. § 14: "Pœna autem sacramenti aut quingenaria erat, aut quinquagenaria; nam de rebus mille æris plurisve quingentis assibus, de minoris vero quinquaginta assibus sacramento contendebatur; nam ita lege XII. Tabularum cautum erat. Sed si de libertate hominis controversia erat, etsi pretiosissimus homo esset, tamen ut L. assibus sacramento contenderetur eadem lege cautum est favoris causa ne satisdatione onerarentur adsertores."

Fr. 2 (II. 2): (a) MORBUS. SONTICUS—(b) STATUS. DIES. CUM. HOSTE- -(c) SI. QUID. HORUM. FUAT. UNUM, . JUDICI, ARBITROVE. REOVE, DIES. DIFFENSUS ESTO. (a) Aul. Gell. XX. c. 1: "Morbum vehementiorem, vim graviter nocendi habentem, Leg. istar. i. e. xII. Tab. scriptores alio in loco non per se morbum, sed morbum sonticum appellant." Fest. p. 290: “Sonticum morbum in XII. significare ait Elius Stilo certum cum justa causa, quem non nulli putant esse, qui noceat, quod sontes significat nocentes. Nævius ait: sonticam esse oportet causam, quam ob rem perdas mulierem.” (b) Cic. de Off. I. c. 12: "Hostis enim majores nostros is dicebatur, quem nunc peregrinum dicimus. Indicant XII. Tabulæ ut: status dies cum hoste; itemque adversus hostem æterna auctoritas." Fest. p. 314: "Status dies [cum hoste] vocatur qui judici causa est constitutus cum peregrino. Ejus enim generis ab antiquis hostes appellabantur, quod erant pari jure cum populo R., atque hostire ponebatur pro æquare. Plautus in Curculione [I. 1, 5]: si status condictus cum hoste intercedit dies, tamen est eundum, quo imperant ingratis." This passage is neglected by Dirksen, but not by Gronovius, Lectiones Plautina, p. 81. With regard to the original signification of hostis, it is very worthy of remark that the Latin hostis and the Greek Cévos, starting from opposite points, have interchanged their significations. Hos-tis originally signified "a person entertained by another," ""one who has food given to him" (comp. hos-pi-[t-]s, "the master of the feast," hostia, gasts, &c. N. Crat. § 474); but at last it came to mean "a stranger," "a foreigner," and even "an enemy" (see Varro, L. L. p. 2, Müller). Whereas évos, originally denoting “a stranger" (extraneus), i. e. “one without" ([è]évos), came in the end to signify "an entertainer" and "a friend." I cannot accept Müller's derivation of čévos (ad Fest. p. 102). (c) Festus, p. 273: "Reus nunc dicitur, qui causam dicit; et item qui quid promisit spoponditve, ac debet. At Gallus Ælius libro II. Sign. Verb. qu. ad Jus pertinent, ait: Reus est, qui cum altero litem contestatam habet, sive is egit, sive cum eo actum est. Reus stipulando est idem qui stipulator dicitur, quive suo nomine ab altero quid stipulatus est, non is qui alteri adstipulatus est. Reus promittendo est qui suo nomine alteri quid promisit, non qui pro altero quid promisit. At Capito Ateius in eadem quidem opinione est: sed exemplo adjuvat interpreta