which feed multitudes of cattle; the sides of the hills are covered with vines; game, fish, fruit, and honey abound. The principal rivers are the Rhine and the Maine. The annual revenue of Hesse-Cassel is estimated at about 1,200,000 rix dollars. This state now makes a part of the new kingdom of Westphalia, established by Bonaparte, August 18, 1807.

MECKLENBURG is a dutchy in the circle of Lower Saxony, abounding in corn, pastures, and game. It is 120 miles long, and 60 broad; containing 300,000 inhabiSCHWERIN and NEW STRELITZ are the chief eities; the former has 9800 inhabitants.

tants.

BRUNSWICK, DUTCHY, is a district of Lower Saxony. The territory of the duke of Brunswick, commonly called the principality of Wolfenbuttle, from a less important town than Brunswick, includes 1472 square miles, and 170,000, or as some say, 185,000, inhabitants. It is fertile in corn and pastures, and abounds with mines and game; it has also several medicinal springs, and extensive forests.

BRUNSWICK, the capital, is the residence of the prince, and has 31,700 inhabitants. It was once one of the Hans towns, and governed as a republic.

BRISGAW is a territory of Suabia, on the east of the Rhine. One part belongs to the house of Austria, of which FRIBURG is the capital, and has 8700 inhabitants; and the other to the house of Baden

NASSAU is a county of the circle of Upper Rhine, very fertile, abounding in mines. It has 272,000 inhabitants. NASSAU, on the river Lahn, is the capital.

POMERANIA, a dutchy of Upper Saxony, is a strip of land lying on the borders of the Baltic; 60 geographical miles in length, 13 in breadth. It is a flat country, but has some few mountains; the highest of which is the Choltenberg, between Cosliu and Zanow. In some places part of the soil is sandy, but in general it is rich and fertile. The trees are very fine, especially the oaks. This country is famous for a breed of excellent geese of a very large size. Pomerania contains 68 towns and about 46.000 souls. Several of these towus have large manufactories. Pomerania is divided into Anterior and Ulterior. That part of Anterior Pomerania, which belongs to Sweden is

composed, 1. Of the island and principality of Rugen. This island, now almost a mile distant from the continent of which it was formerly a part, is 49 miles in circumference. 2. Of the county of Stralsund, the chief town of which, bearing the same name, is the capital of Swedish Pomerania, and is situated on the straight of Gellen, between the terra firma and the isle of Rugen. 3. Of the principality of Bath, which is 10 miles long, and 6 broad. 4. Of the county of Gutzhow. 5. Of the Barony of Wolgast. These different countries contain about 160,000 inhabitants; and produce an annual income of 240,000 rix dollars.

ANHALT is a principality of Upper Saxony. In this principality are 19 towns and 2 boroughs, and the number of inhabitants is about 100,000. The house of Anhalt is one of the most illustrious of Germany. The principal rivers are the Elbe, Mulde, Saala, Whipper, and Seik. The annual produce of the whole principality of Auhalt is estimated at between 5 and 600,000 rix dollars.

HANS TOWNS, or Hanseatic Union, was a name given to a confederacy of commercial seaports, formed in 1241, for the protection of their trade against pirates. At one time 72 cities were in the list of Hans Towns. Their ships were often hired by sovereigns at war; their power finally gave umbrage to several princes. The cities of Germany for a while continued the confederacy, but it was finally reduced to

Hamburg
Lubec

Bremen

Dantzie

Inhabitants.

119,000

45,000

50,000

84,000

Total 298,000

Each of these cities now carries on a separate trade. Germany contains many imperial cities, which are a sort of little commonwealths, which own no other head but the emperor, and of which the chief magistrates are sovereigns.

AUSTRIA.

THE dominions of the House of Austria, which lie within the limits of the German empire, are the whole circle of Austria, comprehending the archdutchy of Austria, the dutchies of Stiria, Carniola, and Carinthia, and the county of Tyrol; and the Burgau and Black forest, in the circle of Suabia.

These territories are mountainous and woody in some parts, in others flat and very fertile. The climate is salubrious, and the productions are similar to those of the other German states.

The whole Austrian dominions contain, according to Hassel, 23,570,000 souls. Their religion is the Roman Catholic. Their system of education is indifferent; and the claims of Austria to literary fame are small.

The emperor of Germany, who is archduke of the house of Austria, is absolute in all his dominions. The states of Austria consist of four orders, clergy, nobles, knights, and burgesses. The revenue is computed at 3,000,000l. sterling.

VIENNA, on the Danube, is the capital of the circle of Austria, and of the whole German empire, containing 254,000 inhabitants. The chief public buildings are the imperial palace, the library, the museum, and a great number of palaces. The archducal library is much frequented by foreigners; it contains 100,000 printed books, and 10,000 manuscripts. A cabinet of curiosities belonging to the house of Austria, is a great rarity. The suburbs of this city contain 200,000 inhabitants.

AUSTRIAN DOMINIONS.

BESIDE the circle of Austria, just described, there are various other portions of Europe connected with Germany and subject to the house of Austria. These are, 1. Bohemia, 2. Moravia, 3. Hungary, 4. Transylvania, 5. Sciavonia, 6. Croatia, 7. Dalmatia, 8. Part of the late kingdom of Poland, now styled Galicia and Lodomiria. The population of these is included in the number already mentioned.

BOHEMIA in length is about 162 miles; its breadth, 142. In 1801, the kingdom of Bohemia is stated by M. Hoeck to contain 9623 square miles, 250 cities, 308 market towns, 11,455 villages, and the total population 2,806,943. Hassel says 3,229,600.

Bohemia is one of the highest countries in Europe, and forms a large extended plain, encircled by high bills cov ered with wood. The vale is watered by the Elbe, the Muldaw, and the Egra. Its mountains are the richest in Europe, in gold, silver, precious stones, copper, quicksilver, iron, lead, tin, sulphur, and salt-petre.

Learn

The natives of this country are singularly robust, and strong built, handsome, except their large heads, active, shrewd, courageous and sincere. The gentry are ingeni ous, brave, and more inclined to arms than arts. ing in Bohemia is in a low state, though the kingdom has 1 university, 12 gymnasia, 2219 German schools, 200 schools of industry, and 33 ladies schoois. Bohemia has great manufactures of linen, wool, silk, paper, glass, leather, &c. The number of soldiers to be furnished by Bohemia, in time of peace, is 54,964; and in time of war, 76,896. The established religion of Bohemia is Popery; but there are many Protestants, who, with the Jews, are now tolerated by the wise regulations of Joseph II. in the free exercise of their religion.

The capital of Bohemia is PRAGUE, a large and famous city, 15 miles in circumference. It contains 70,000 Christians, and 12,000 Jews. The Muldaw runs through the city, over which is a bridge of 18 arches.

MORAVIA is a marquisate annexed to Bohemia. It is a mountainous country, yet very fertile and populous, watered by a great number of rivers and brooks. The number of towns, villages, and market towns in Moravia, has been estimated at 2550, and its inhabitants at 4,138,000. The language of the inhabitants is a dialect. of the Sclavonic, resembling the Bohemian. The German language is common in Moravia. It takes its name from the river Moravia which runs through it; and hence the sect of Christians, called Moravians take their name, their doctrines having been first taught here.

BRUNN, at the confluence of the rivers Zwitta and Swart, is the capital, and has 23,600 inhabitants.

AUNGARY is bounded north by the Carpathian mountains, east by Transylvania, south by Sclavonia, from which it is separated by the Drave and Servia, west by Moravia, Austria, and Stiria. The country towards the north is mountainous and barren; the air is cold; but healthy. Near the Danube the soil is level and sandy, the climate temperate, and the air moist. To the south are extensive plains, very fertile; the climate hot; and the air unwholesome. The level country produces, abundantly, corn of every kind, excellent fruit, wines, celebrated for their strength and goodness, legumes, hemp, asparagus, melons, saffron, tobacco, &c. The forests are beautiful, and the meadows feed numerous herds of cattle, of which the inhabitants yearly export more than 100,000. Horses, buffaloes, asses, mules, sheep, goats, and swine, are bred, not only sufficient to supply the wants of the inhabitants, but form objects of commerce; chamois, deer, and bears are found in the forests and mountains. The waters are well supplied with fish, and the woods with game.

The mountains contain gold, silver, iron, lead, quicksilver, antimony, orpiment, sulphur, vitriol, marcasite, salt, salt-petre, loadstone, different kinds of marble, alabaster, precious stones, and a metal hardly known elsewhere, called by the Hungarians zinnopel, &c. There are many mineral springs, both warm and cold.

The principal mountains are the Carpathian and Crapae. The chief rivers are the Danube, Drave, and Leitha.

This kingdom, long wasted by war, is beginning to be populous; it has few large towns, all are ill built, and filled with ruins. Hungarians and Sclavonians are considered as the only native inhabitants.

The doctrines of the reformation were at first preached here with success; but in 1681, the Protestants were interdicted from having more than two churches in a county, some of which include 100 towns, and yet their number is greatly superior to the Roman Catholics. The kingdom of Hungary can easily raise an army of 100,000 men, of which 50,000 are in pay, and the like number is furnished by the provinces. The infantry are called hey-ducks, and the cavalry hussars. The number of inhabitants, includ