kuown in the kingdom. The prevailing religion formerly was Lutheranism; but, since the acquisitions in Poland, the greater part of the inhabitants are probably RomanCatholics Army. The Prussian army amounts to about 200,000, including 40,000 cavalry.

Cities. KONIGSBERG, on the river Pregel, is the capital, containing 56,400 inhabitants, and enjoying an extensive commerce. It has an university, with 38 professors. The city is adorned with many elegant palaces.

WARSAW, the former capital of Poland, stands on the Vistula, containing 3578 houses, and 64,000 inhabitants, notwithstanding the population was so much thinned by the destructive sword of Suwarrow.

DANTZIC contains 5355 houses, and 42,000 inhabitants. It was known as a commercial city as early as the tenth century.

The city of THORN, celebrated as the birth place of the famous astronomer, Copernicus, has 8300 inhabitants.

History. Prussia was anciently inhabited by an idolatrous and cruel people. Conrad, duke of Masovia, about the middle of the thirteenth century, attacked those people with success; and, after a bloody war of fifty years, reduced them to obedience, and obliged them to embrace Christianity. In 1525, Albert, margrave of Blandenburg, having made himself master of all Prussia, ceded the western part to the king of Poland, and was acknowledged duke of the eastern part, but to be held as a fief of that kingdom. The elector Frederick William, surnamed the Great, by a treaty with Poland, in 1656, obtained a confirmation of this part of Prussia to him and his heirs, free from vassalage; and, in 1663, he was declared independent and sovereign duke. In 1701, Frederick, son of Frederick William the Great, raised the dutchy of Prussia to a kingdom, and, in a solemn assembly of the states of the empire, placed the crown with his own hands upon his head; soon after which, he was acknowledged as king of Prussia by all the other European powers.

Frederick 111. ascended the throne in 1740. His military talents and achievements were splendid and successful; he excelled no less as a poet and legislator, thàn as a warrior. He was one of the infidel band of philosophists; and contributed, with Veltaire and others, to corrupt the literature and the religion of Europe. The late king,

Frederick IV. succeeded his uncle in 1785, died 1797, and was succeeded by Frederick William II. the present king, who, in 1815, entered into a holy league, with the Emperors of Austria and Russia.

GERMANY.

GERMANY is subdivided into many states, and its gegraphy more perplexed than that of any other nation on the globe. It lies chiefly between the 45th and 54th degrees north latitude; bounded west by the Rhine and Holland; north by Denmark and the Baltic; east by the Austrian dominions; seath by Italy and Switzerland. Its length, from the Baltic north to the Mediterraneau south, is 600 miles; its breadth, from the Rhine west to Silesia east, is about 500. Since the confederation of the Rhine, the resignation of the emperor, in 1886, of his title of Emperor of Germany, the erection of the kingdom of Westphalia, and other changes, this country has been in a broken and uncertain state.

Political Divisions. Germany was formerly divided into ten circles; but the seventeen provinces, which constitured the circle of Burgundy, having been long detached from the empire, the division in 1806 was that of nine cireles, which were Upper Saxony, Upper Rhine, Austria, Lower Saxony, Lower Rhine, Bavaria, Westphalia, Franconia, Suabia. Other changes have since been made.

Rivers and Lakes. At the head of the German rivers stands the Danube or Donaw, so called from the swiftness of the current. It rises in Suabia; and, from Vienna to Belgrade in Hungary, it is se broad, that in the wars between the Turks and Christians, ships of war have been engaged on it. It contains a vast number of cataracts and whirlpools; its stream is rapid, and its course, without reckoning turnings and windings, is computed to be 1620 miles.

The Brave and liess are noble branches of the Danube. The Inn, another branch, rises in the east of Switzerland, and has a course of about 250 miles.

The Elbe rises in the Sudetic mountains of Silesia, and enters the sea near Cuxhaven, after a course of more than 500 miles. It is navigable for ships, in high tides, to Hamburg. Not far to the west is the mouth of the Weser.

The inundations of this stream are terrible; the towns and villages on its banks become islands.

The Rhine is a noble river, having a course of about six hundred miles; the Necker and Maine are its generous tributary streams.

The chief lakes of Germany are those of Constance and Bregentz; the Chiemsee, or the lake of Bavaria; and the Zirtchnitzer sea, in the dutchy of Carniola, whose waters often run off and return again in an extraordinary manner. Germany contains large noxious bodies of standing water, which are next to pestilential, and afflict the neighbouring natives with many deplorable disorders.

Government. The political constitution of Germany is more intricate than that of any other European country. The territory is divided into a vast number of indepen dent sovereignties, extremely disproportionate in extent and consequence, but all united into a kind of federal republic, having for its head an elective emperor. The great diet of the empire is composed of delegates from all the independent states.

Principal States. We shall briely notice the principal states of Germany, and their chief cities.*

BRANDENBURG contains 84 cities, 19 market towns, about 1917 royal and noble villages, 2027 ancient villages, 1971 Lutheran churches, and 80 Calvinistical churches. The population of Brandenburgh amounts to 755,577 souls. The religion of the country is Lutheran; but the king of Prussia, who is also elector of Brandenburgh, and those of his court, are Calvinists. The Roman Catholics are tolerated; and every inhabitant enjoys liberty of conscience. There is an university at Frankfort on the Oder, and an academy of sciences at Berlin.

BERLIN, on the river Sprey, is the royal residence, and contains 156,000 inhabitants. It is chiefly remarkable for the elegance of its buildings.

BRANDENBURG is but a small city, containing only 10,300 inhabitants. FRANKFORT, on the Oder, has 10,300; and POTSDAM, which is frequently the royal residence,

18,000

These States have undergone some changes in the late Revolu tions in Europe. The precise state of these changes, have not been yet officially and authentically announced to the public.

SILESIA. To the king of Prussia belongs also the dutchy of Silesia, 274 miles long, and 100 broad.

The principal rivers are the Oder, Vistula, Neisse, Bober, Queis, Oppa and Else. A long chain of mountains separates Silesia from Bohemia; the highest mountain called Zotenburg, is in the principality of Schweidnitz, and is 104 miles in circumference. The principal manufacture is linen cloth; there are some woollen manufactures, and glass houses. Silesia is divided into the Upper and Lower; in the Upper, the inhabitants are generally Roman Catholics, speaking the Polish language. Between this country and the United States, a considerable trade is carried on, by the way of Hamburgh. In the Lower, they are almost all Protestants, and speak their mother tongue. It is also divided into 17 small dutchies, and 7 free states, exclusive of the county of Glatz. In Silesia there are 42,000 infantry, and 10,000 cavalry. The greatest part of this country was ceded to the king of Prussia, in 1742, by the treaty of Breslaw. Silesia surrendered to France, by capitulation, on the 15th of June, 1807. BRESLAW, the capital, contains 63,000 inhabitants.

SAXONY proper, or the electorate of Saxony, in the circle of Upper Saxony, is 75 miles long, and 60 broad. It is a very fertile and commercial country, abounding in mines. It is cut into two unequal parts by the river Elbe, and has three civil divisions, viz. the dutchy of Saxony, of which WIRTEMBERG is the capital; Lusatia, of which BAUTZEN is the capital; and Misnia, the capital of which, and of the whole electorate, is DRESDEN, at the conflux of the Elbe and Weserritz. Dresden contains 2644 houses, and 49,000 inhabitants. Its chief manufactures are serges, shallons, stockings, liuen, silk, glass, and porcelain.

HANOVER. The electorate of Hanover comprehends the dutchies of Zell, Saxe, Lauenburg, Bremen, Luneburg, the principalities of Calenburg, Verden-Grubenhagen, Diepholz, Hoya, Oberwald, &e, The inhabitants are computed at 850,000. In 1805, this electorate was conquered by France, and exchanged with Prussia for three of her provinces. In 1807, it was annexed to the new kingdom of Westphalia. The capital city is HANOVER, on the river Leine, and has 21,360 inhabitants.

BAVARIA. The dutchy or electorate of Bavaria com

Y 2

prehends the greater part of the circle, and is divided into Upper and Lower Bavaria, and the Upper Palatinate. The length is about 150 miles, the breadth 120. Upper Bavaria is for the most part mountainous, cold and barren, producing little corn, and less wine; but it is covered with forests, interspersed with large and small lakes, and abounds in cattle, wildfowl, game, baths, medicinal springs, and sait works. It is also enriched with mines of silver, copper, lead, and iron. Lower Bavaria being much more level, is more fertile, and produces plenty of grain, pasturage and fruit. The chief rivers of this dutchy are the Danube, Iser, Inn, Lech, Nab, Atmuhl, and the Regen.

The established religion of Bavaria is the Roman Catholic. The number of inhabitants in this dutchy is estimated by Hoeck at 1,339,900, and the regular military force at 12,000. The principal manufactures of the country are those of coarse woollen cloth, silk and woollen stuffs, velvet, tapestry, stockings, clocks and watches. The principal exports are wheat, cattle, wood, salt and iron. The Bavarians are little distinguished in literature; but are a vigorous race, adapted to the fatigues of war. They have an university at Ingolstadt, and an academy of sciences at Munich.

WIRTEMBERG is a dutchy in the circle of Suabia. It is one of the most populous and fertile states of Germany, though there are many mountains and woods. It contains mines and salt springs. STUTGARD, near the Necker, is the capital. It is the seat of an university, and an academy of sciences; and has 22,680 inhabitants.

BADEN, a margravate of Suabia, is divided into the Upper and the Lower. It is a populous and fertile country, abounding with corn, hemp, flax, beeswax, wood, and wine, and contains 200,000 inhabitants. The annual revenue is estimated at 1,200,000 florius; and the military establishment consists of 3000 men, of whom 300 are cavalry.

BADEN is the capital, with a castle on the top of a mountain where the prince often resides. It has 2400 inhabitants.

HESSE-CASSEL, a principality, in the circle of Up. per Rhine, is 80 miles long; the breadth unequal. The air is wholesome; the soil fertile in corn and pastures,