......

.....

The Corinthians prevail upon Argos to stand forward as head of a

new Peloponnesian alliance .....

Congress of recusant Peloponnesian allies at Corinth-the Manti-

neians join Argos-state of Arcadia-rivalship of Tegea and Man-

tineia

Remonstrances of Lacedæmonian envoys at the congress at

Corinth re-defence of the Corinthians-pretence of religious

scruple

The Boeotians and Megarians refuse to break with Sparta, or to

ally themselves with Argos-the Corinthians hesitate in actually

joining Argos........

......

The Eleians become allies of Argos-their reasons for doing so-

relations with Lepreum-the Corinthians now join Argos also... 24

Refusal of Tegea to separate from Sparta.-The Corinthians are

disheartened their application through the Boeotians to Athens 27

The Lacedæmonians emancipate the Arcadian subjects of Manti-

neia-they plant the Brasidean Helots at Lepreum

Treatment of the Spartan captives after their liberation from Athens

and return to Sparta-they are disfranchised for a time and in a

qualified manner

..............

29

39

30

32

The Athenians recapture Skiônê—put to death all the adult males 31

Political relations in Peloponnesus-change of Ephors at Sparta-

the new Ephors are hostile to Athens........

Congress at Sparta-Athenian, Boeotian, and Corinthian deputies,

present-long debates, but no settlement attained of any one of

the disputed points-intrigues of the anti-Athenian Ephors--

Kleobulus and Xenarês

3333

These Ephors try to bring about underhand an alliance between

Sparta and Argos, through the Boeotians-the project fails...... 34

The Lacedæmonians conclude a special alliance with the Boeotians,

thereby violating their alliance with Athens-the Baotians raze

Panaktum to the ground .....

Application from the Argeians to Sparta, to renew the expiring

treaty. Project of renewed treaty agreed upon. Curious sti-

pulation about combat by champions, to keep the question open

about the title to Thyrea...

Lacedæmonian envoys go first to Boeotia, next to Athens-they

find Panaktum demolished-they ask for the cession of Pylus

from Athens

36

36

37

40

The envoys are badly received at Athens-angry feeling against

the Lacedæmonians

41

Alkibiades stands forward as a party-leader. His education and

character

ib.

Great energy and capacity of Alkibiadês in public affairs-his reck-

less expenditure-lawless demeanour-unprincipled character,
inspiring suspicion and alarm-military service.......
Alkibiades-Sokratês--the Sophists

Conflicting sentiments entertained towards Alkibiadês-his great
energy and capacity. Admiration, fear, hatred, and jealousy,
which he inspires

Alkibiadês tries to renew the ancient, but interrupted connection
of his ancestors with Lacedæmon, as proxeni.........

The Spartans reject his advances-he turns against them, alters his
politics, and becomes their enemy at Athens........

He tries to bring Athens into alliance with Argos...

He induces the Argeians to send envoys to Athens-the Argeians

eagerly embrace this opening, and drop their negotiations with

Sparta

Embassy of the Lacedæmonians to Athens, to press the Athenians
not to throw up the alliance. The envoys are favourably re-
ceived.............

Trick by which Alkibiadês cheats and disgraces the envoys, and

baffles the Lacedæmonian project. Indignation of the Athenians

against Sparta

......... 61

Nikias prevails with the assembly to send himself and others as

envoys to Sparta, in order to clear up the embarrassment

Failure of the embassy of Nikias at Sparta-Athens concludes the

alliance with Argos, Elis, and Mantineia

Conditions of this convention and alliance........

Complicated relations among the Grecian states as to treaty and

alliance .....

Olympic festival of the 90th Olympiad-July 420 B.C., its memo-

rable character

71

First appearance of Athens at the Olympic festival since the begin-

ning of the war. Immense display of Alkibiadês in the chariot-

race ......

72

The Eleians exclude the Spartan sacred legation from this Olympic

festival, in consequence of alleged violation of the Olympic truce 77

Alarm felt at the festival lest the Spartans should come in arms...
Depressed estimation of Sparta throughout Greece-Herakleia

CHAPTER LVI.

From the Festival of Olympiad 90, down to the Battle of

Mantineia.

New policy of Athens, attempted by Alkibiadês

84

Expedition of Alkibiadês into the interior of Peloponnesus

Attack upon Epidaurus by Argos and Athens

Movements of the Spartans and Argeians

The sacred month Karneius-trick played by the Argeians with
their calendar

...

Page

88

89

91

96

Congress at Mantineia for peace-the discussions prove abortive.

Athenian lordship of the sea-the alliance between Athens and

Sparta continues in name, but is indirectly violated by both ... 95

Invasion of Argos by Agis and the Lacedæmonians, Boeotians, and

Corinthians

Approach of the invaders to Argos by different lines of march 97

Superior forces and advantageous position of the invaders-danger

of Argos-Agis takes upon him to grant an armistice to the

Argeians, and withdraws the army-dissatisfaction of the allies. 99

Severe censure against Agis on his return to Sparta................................ 101

Tardy arrival of Alkibiadês, Lachês, &c. with the Athenian contin-

gent at Argos-expedition of Athenians, Eleians, Mantineians,

and Argeians, against the Arcadian town of Orchomenus......... 102

Plans against Tegea-the Eleians return home.....

103

Danger of Tegea—Agis and the Lacedæmonians march to its relief 104

Manoeuvres of Agis to bring on a battle on fair ground

Forward march and new position of the Argeians......

106

107

The Lacedæmonians are surprised: their sudden and ready forma-

tion into battle order .......

108

Gradation of command and responsibility peculiar to the Lacedæ-

monian army .....

109

Lacedæmonian line: privileged post of the Skiritæ on the left ib.

Uncertain numbers of both armies.

110

Preliminary harangues to the soldiers.......

112

Battle of Mantineia

114

Movement ordered by Agis, on the instant before the battle: his

order disobeyed. His left wing is defeated

.........

115

Complete ultimate victory of the Lacedæmonians...

116

Great effects of the victory in re-establishing the reputation of

Sparta

120

Operations of Argeians, Eleians, &c., near Epidaurus

122

Political change at Argos, arising out of the battle of Mantineia... 123

Oligarchical conspiracy of the Thousand-regiment at Argos, in con-

cert with the Lacedæmonians

125

Treaty of peace between Sparta and Argos

126

Treaty of alliance between Sparta and Argos-dissolution of the

alliance of Argos with Athens, Mantineia, and Elis

128

Submission of Mantineia to Sparta.......

..... 129

cert with the Lacedæmonians

Oligarchical revolution effected at Argos by the Thousand, in con-

Oligarchy in Sikyôn and the towns in Achaia

130

133

Page

134

Violences of the Thousand at Argos: counter-revolution in that

town restoration of the democracy

Proceedings of the restored Argeian Demos: tardiness of Sparta. 136

Alkibiadês at Argos: measures for the protection of the democracy 138

Nominal peace, but precarious relations, between Athens and

Sparta

Relations of Athens with Perdikkas of Macedonia

140

141

Negligence of Athens about Amphipolis: improvidence of Nikias

and the peace-party adventurous speculations of Alkibiadês... 142

Projected contention of ostracism between Nikias and Alkibiadês.

Proposition supported by Hyperbolus....

Gradual desuetude of the ostracism, as the democracy became as-

sured

....

Siege of Mêlos by the Athenians........

Dialogue set forth by Thucydidês, between the Athenian envoys

and the Executive Council of Mêlos.........

144

146

149

.... 150

154

Place which it occupies in the general historical conception of

Thucydidês

160

Language represented by Thucydidês as having been held by the

Athenian envoys-with the replies of the Melians.......

Refusal of the Melians to submit.....

CHAPTER LVII.

Sicilian Affairs after the Extinction of the Gelonian Dynasty.

Expulsion of the Gelonian dynasty from Syracuse, and of other

despots from the other Sicilian towns....

163

Large changes of resident inhabitants-effects of this fact

Relative power and condition of the Sicilian cities. Political dis-

sensions at Syracuse. Ostracism tried and abandoned................................ 165

Power and foreign exploits of Syracuse

164

166

Sikels in the interior of Sicily-the Sikel prince Duketius-he

founds the new Sikel town of Palikê........

167

Exploits of Duketius-he is defeated and becomes the prisoner of

the Syracusans, who spare him and send him to Corinth......... 168

Duketius breaks his parole and returns to Sicily...............

Conquests of Syracuse in the interior of Sicily-death of Duketius 171

Prosperity and power of Agrigentum .........

Intellectual movement in Sicily-Empedoklês-Tisias-Korax-

Gorgias

Page

175

Sicilian cities-their condition and proceedings at the first breaking

out of the Peloponnesian war, 431 B.C.........

Relations of Sicily to Athens and Sparta-altered by the quarrel

between Corinth and Korkyra and the intervention of Athens... 176

Expectations entertained by Sparta of aid from the Sicilian Dorians,

at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. Expectations not

realised

The Dorian cities in Sicily attack the Ionian cities in Sicily

The Ionic cities in Sicily solicit aid from Athens-first Athenian

expedition to Sicily under Lachês

Second expedition under Pythodôrus

Indecisive operations near Messênê and Rhegium.......

177

179

181

182

183

Defeat of the Messeniaus by the Naxians and Sikels, near Naxos. 185

Eurymedon and Sophoklês, with a larger Athenian fleet, arrive in

Sicily

....... 186

Congress of the Sicilian cities at Gela. Speech of Hermokratês... 187

General peace made between the Sicilian cities. Eurymedon accedes

to the peace, and withdraws the Athenian fleet.......... .... 189

Displeasure of the Athenians against Eurymedon and his colleagues 190

Intestine dissension in Leontini-expulsion of the Leontine Demos,

by the aid of Syracuse

191

Application of the Leontine Demos for help to Athens. The Athe-

nians send Phæax to make observations.......

194

Leontini depopulated-the Demos expelled--Leontine exiles at

Athens

....... 196

War between Selinus and Egesta―the latter applies to Athens for aid ib.

Promises of the Egestæans: motives offered to Athens for inter-

vention in Sicily
........ 197

Alkibiadês warmly espouses their cause, and advises intervention. 198

Inspecting commissioners despatched by the Athenians to Egesta

-frauds practised by the Egestæans to delude them

Return of the commissioners to Athens-impression produced by

their report. Resolution taken to send an expedition to Sicily. 201

Embarrassment of Nikias as opposer of the expedition

Speech of Nikias at the second assembly held by the Athenians... 203

Reply of Alkibiadês

199

202

207

.... 211

The assembly favourable to the views of Alkibiadês-adheres to

the resolution of sailing to Sicily...........

Second speech of Nikias-exaggerating the difficulties and dangers

of the expedition, and demanding a force on the largest scale... 212

Effect of this speech-increased eagerness of the assembly for the

expedition-ardour and unanimity in reference to the plan...... 213

Excitement in the city among all classes-great increase in the scale

on which the expedition was planned ..............

214