she wrote to him the following letter: "You have defended me in a delicate and generous manner. It was the only one that could be worthy of me. I thank you for it, and I wish to give you a proof of my esteem. I have just been informed that my property is confiscated; I owe a trifle in prison, and I rely upon you to discharge that debt." In 1806 he was appointed one of the counsel to the council of state; and when the Bourbons were restored in 1814, he received pointed marks of their favour. He was made a knight of the legion of honour, and soon after received letters of nobility. In 1815 he manifested his devotion to the cause of Louis, by enrolling his son in the royal volunteers to oppose Napoleon. M. Chauveau la Garde is author of an Historical Notice on the Trials of the Queen and Madam Elizabeth; and of A faithful and plain Exposition of the Conduct of General Bonnaire; for whom he acted as counsel.

CHAUVELIN (THE MARQUIS DE).

THIS nobleman entered early into the army, which he quitted to succeed his father. at court, in the office of master of the wardrobe of Louis XVI. His liberal opinions and connections, however, excited suspicion in the monarch, who appointed him ambassador to England, in order to remove him from about his person. When the republic was established, M. Chauvelin was continued as ambassador, but the British cabinet refused to acknowledge him, and at length ordered him to depart from England. He was then sent to the grand duke of Tuscany, who likewise refused to receive him, and obliged him to quit Tuscany in October, 1793. M. Chauvelin returned to France, where he lived in retirement, till after Bonaparte became first consul. Being one of those who declared in favour of that event, he was made one of the tribunate, and in 1804 prefect of the department of the Lys, and member of the legion of honour. While prefect, he had those disputes with General Sarrazin, which induced the latter to desert to the English. In his administration Chauvelin displayed such talents, that he was rewarded by being appointed counsellor of state, and created a count. He was then sent into Spain, where, as intendant-general, he governed Catalonia. On the restoration of the Bourbons, Chauvelin was named honorary

counsellor of state. He has sat in the chamber, during three years, as one of the representatives of the department of the Côte d'Or, and has nobly performed his duty. Liberty has found in him a constant and intrepid advocate. During the last session, illness prevented him from giving daily attendance, but whenever he thought that his vote could be useful to the cause of freedom, he made himself be carried to the assembly. So patriotic, indeed, has been his conduct, that on many occasions he has, on quitting the hall, been greeted by the acclamations of the multitude, and has been escorted home; and in one instance, when his life was endangered by the ultra-royalist violence, the Parisian youth crowded round him, to form a rampart with their bodies.

CHAZET (RENE ALISSAN DE),

A LITERARY character, was born at Paris about the year 1772. In 1792 he accompanied his relation, M. de Makau, on his embassy to Naples. He returned in 1797, and entered on his literary career. Independent of his being connected with several literary journals, he wrote alone, and in concert with other authors, an immense number of theatrical pieces, of considerable merit. The list is said to contain more than a hundred and twenty pieces. His style is objected to, as being sometimes rather affected. A critic has also declared that M. Chazet runs after wit, but that it must be owned he frequently catches it. M. Chazet was one of the poets who accompanied the empress on her journey to Cherburgh in 1813. The emperor made him a knight of the order of reunion; and in 1815 Louis, after his return from Ghent, named him a chevalier of the legion of honour, a reward which he deserved for his fidelity during the hundred days. Besides his poetical and dramatic productions, he is the author of the Eulogies of La Harpe and Corneille, and of some other works.

CHENEVIX (RICHARD, ESQ. F. R. S.)

A NATIVE of Ireland, and a chemist of some reputation. He is the writer of very many papers in the Philosophical Transactions, Nicholson's Journal, and the Philosophical Magazine. His first publication was "Remarks on Chemical Nomenclature according to the System of the French

Neologists," 12mo. 1802. His "Observations on Mineralogical Systems" were first published in the 65th volume of the Chemical Annals, while he was at Paris, and were translated into French under his superintendance. They contain a vigorous attack on the system of Werner, and a truly philosophical defence of the rival system of Haüy. He has also written the "Mantuan Rivals, a Comedy," and "Henry VII. an Historical Tragedy."

CHERUBINI (MARIA LOUIS, CHARLES
ZENOBIA SALVADOR).

THIS eminent composer was born at Florence in 1760, began to learn the rules of composition at nine years of age, and at thirteen had already composed several excellent pieces of music. The grand duke of Tuscany, Leopold II. took him under his protection, and granted him a pension, that he might complete his musical studies under the celebrated Sarti. Under this master Cherubini remained four years; and such was Sarti's confidence in the talents of his pupil, that he frequently entrusted to him the composition of the second parts in his operas. He visited London in 1784, where he brought forward two operas, then returned to the continent, and in 1788 represented his Iphigenia in Aulis at Turin, and his Demophoon at Paris. His Lodoiska appeared in 1791. He has since resided at Paris, and has produced a number of operas and other works, all distinguished by their science and taste. Cherubini is a member of the royal academy of fine arts, and one of the jury to examine works intended for the opera, and is superintendant of music to the king. In conjunction with Gossec, Le Seur, and Mehul, he has published, in two volumes 4to. Elementary Principles of Music, to which is added a Solfeggia, as a study for the Musical Conservatory.

CHEVALIER (MADAM),

AN actress, bred to the theatre at Lyons, whence she went to Paris, and performed with considerable success. In 1795 she went to Hamburgh, where she for several years delighted the lovers of the French drama. She was very handsome, and, by the lessons of the celebrated Garat,

who passed six months in that city, she improved greatly in music. In 1788 she repaired to St. Petersburgh with her husband and brother, both of whom were dancers of a very ordinary class. Her reputation procured her a most favourable reception in that city, which her performances fully justified; and Paul I. at length became enamoured of her person. She very soon made a bad use of her influence with the sovereign, and that foreign singer is said to have been for a time more powerful in Russia in acts of oppression, than the empress had ever been in acts for the happiness of her people. We should exceed our bounds if we were to enter into details of the intrigues in which she was concerned during two years; but they may be seen in a work of Kotzebue, intituled, The most Remarkable Year of my Life. Perhaps she had some influence in bringing on the fate of that mistaken monarch; for capricious tyranny was his fault, and she was one of the instigators. After the emperor Álexander mounted the throne, she was conducted to the frontiers of Russia, with orders not to return. She is said to have married again to an ancient secretary of the French legation at Cassel.

CHEZY (ANTHONY LEONARD),

A NATIVE of Paris, born in 1773, and celebrated for his knowledge of oriental literature. His first publication was a translation of the poem of Mejnoun and Leila, from the Persian of Jami, which gained one of the decennial prizes. He next furnished to the Arabic Chrestomathia of M. Silvester de Sacy a version of part of the Book of the Wonders of Nature. He then began the study of the Sanscrit, which difficult language he mastered, with little aid, and has the merit of being the first Frenchman who, without travelling, acquired a positive knowledge of the Sanscrit. The first fruit of his newly acquired knowledge was a translation of an episode, entitled The Death of Yajnadatta, from a poem by Ramayana. He was made a knight of the legion of honour in 1814, and the king created for him a professorship of Sanscrit in the royal college. M. Chezy is also a member of the academy of Inscriptions, and is one of the editors of the Journal des Savans.

CHIAVERINI (LOUIS),

ONE of the most eminent of the Neapolitan physicians, and a member of the medical college, was sent to France, by Joachim, to acquire a perfect knowledge of the veterinary art. While he was absent, Joachim was dethroned, and the restored monarch recalled Chiaverini to Naples to fill the chair as veterinary professor. He is the author of An Epitome of Franck's Practice of Medicine; An Inquiry into the Cause and Phenomena of Animal Life, particularly in man; A brief Sketch of the Origin and Progress of Medicine; and an Essay of Comparative Analysis on the principal Organic and Physiological Characters of Intelligence and Instinct.

CHICHESTER (REV. JOHN BUCKNER, L. L. D. BISHOP OF).

His lordship is a native of Chichester, and was sent for education to the charter-house, and from thence to Cambridge. After he was in holy orders he was appointed chaplain to the duke of Richmond, and officiated in that capacity to a regiment the duke commanded, and was at the siege of the Havannah. Dr. Buckner was collated to the living of St. Giles's, Middlesex, and was looked on as sure of a mitre through the patronage of the duke of Richmond. He fortunately got one in 1797, on the death of the late sir William Ashburnham; and what added to the acquisition was his being promoted to the bishoprick of his native place. His lordship has not distinguished himself as an author, except by the publication of two sermons, and a charge to the clergy of his diocese in 1799. He still holds the rectory of St. Giles in commendam.

CHICHESTER (THOMAS PELHAM, EARL OF), DESCENDED from a Hertfordshire family, possessed of an estate from whence they derive their surname. His lordship was born in 1756, educated at a public school, and brought early into public life. His father succeeded to the title of baron Pelham in 1768, and by his interest procured his son to be returned to parliament, first for the borough of Shoreham, and then for the county of Sussex. Mr. Pelham acted long with the whig party, and when they came