put into prepared ground, and treated as for the charmille; adding :-"That the hornbeam may grow to your liking, you must dig it four times a year, in March, May, July, and September. According as it comes up, you should keep it sheared, that it may grow in the form of an even palisade; and when it is of a good height, you make use of a hook. If the palisade runs very high, you should get a cart made on purpose; and the man who shears it gets up in it, and is drawn by one or two horses, according as the workman advances in his work.” (Ibid.) A star consisted of five broad paths, with grass in the middle, and gravel on each side, cut through a wood of hornbeam, and radiating from a round grass-plot, surrounded by a ring of gravel. The wood was generally formed entirely of hornbeam; but sometimes the wood was of other trees, and only the avenues or alleys were lined by high hedges or palisades of hornbeam. The goose-foot may shortly be described as half a star; three walks or alleys, corresponding to the three large ribs in the foot of a web-footed fowl, radiating from one side of an oval or circle. "A labyrinth," says the author of the Retired Gardener, "is a place cut into several windings, set off with hornbeam, to divide them one from another. In great gardens, we often meet with them, and the most valuable are always those that wind most; as that of Versailles, the contrivance of which has been wonderfully liked by all that have seen it. The palisades of which labyrinths ought to be composed should be 10 ft., 12 ft., or 15 ft. high: some there are no higher than one can lean on, but they are not the finest. The walks of a labyrinth ought to be kept rolled, and the hornbeams in them sheared in the shape of half-moons." (Ibid., p. 743.) "Bosquets, or groves, are so called from bouquet, a nosegay; and I believe that gardeners never meant anything else by giving this term to this compartment, which is a sort of green knot, formed by the branches and leaves of trees that compose it, placed in rows opposite to each other. A grove, in this sense, is a plot of ground more or less, as you think fit, enclosed in palisades of hornbeam; the middle of it filled with tall trees, as elms or the like, the tops of which make the tuft or plume. At the foot of these elms, which should grow along the palisades at regular distances, other little wild trees should be planted; and the tuft that will by this means be found in the inside will resemble that of a copse. There are several ways of drawing out these groves; some in regular forms, the plots being answerable to one another; and some in irregular, or the meer effect of fancy." (Ibid., p. 744.) The paths in these groves were of gravel, well rolled, and kept very smooth; or of grass, well rolled, and closely shaven, "after the manner of green plots." The author of the Retired Gardener then adds: "I have named a great many sorts of compartments in which hornbeam is made use of; yet, methinks, none of them look so beautiful and magnificent as a gallery with arches." He then gives long details for executing this work; but what we have already extracted will suffice to give an idea of the use that was made of the hornbeam in geometric gardening.

Soil and Situation. The hornbeam will succeed in any soil not too warm and dry. It is naturally found on cold, hard, clayey soils, in exposed situations; but it attains its largest dimensions on plains, in loams, or clays that are not too rich. On chalk it will not thrive, in which respect it is directly the reverse of the beech.

Propagation and Culture. The seeds of the hornbeam ripen in October; and they are produced freely in England, but seldom in Scotland; the bunches, or cones, as they are called, which contain them, should be gathered by hand, when the nuts are ready to drop out; or they may be left on the tree till they drop; when, though a part of the seed will have fallen out, there will, in all probability, be enough left for future use, the tree being at present but very sparingly propagated in Europe. The nuts separate readily from their envelopes; and, if they are sown immediately, many of them will come up the following spring, and all of them the second spring. If they are preserved in dry sand, or in their husks, and sown the following spring, they will come up a year afterwards: the usual covering is in. The plants may remain in the seed

bed for two years; after which they may be planted into nursery lines, and undergo the usual routine treatment. The varieties are usually propagated by layers; and, according to Sang, the species was formerly propagated in this manner in large quantities; but, the plants so raised never arriving at great stature as timber trees, the hornbeam came to be considered more as a shrub than as a forest tree, and its planting was neglected, except for hedges. It is now, however, never propagated otherwise than by seeds.

Accidents, Diseases, Insects, and parasitic Plants. The hornbeam, from the toughness of its branches, and the tenacity with which its roots take hold of the soil, is scarcely ever injured by high winds; it is, however, very liable to be barked, and sometimes entirely destroyed, by mice, when the seedling plants first appear above the ground; and afterwards, till the tree is five or six years old, by hares and rabbits, neither of which will touch any other kind of tree in the same plantation, till they have stripped the hornbeam of every particle of its bark within their reach. It is liable to few diseases; but, when pruned or otherwise wounded in spring, it bleeds freely; sometimes, also, a kind of gum, in filaments, oozes out of the fissures of the bark. This genus is reddish, easily dissolved in spirits of wine, and analogous to lac. (See Dict. des Eaux et Forêts, &c.) The hornbeam does not appear to be much subject to the attacks of insects. *Hybérnia prosapiària, *Hírnera pennària, †Geómetra carpiniària, *Campæ`a margaritàta, Cloríssa putatària, are lepidopterous insects, which, in the larva state, either entirely or partially subsist upon the leaves. Cicònes cárpini is a small beetle found under the bark; Cóccus cárpini is found upon the stems, with the ordinary habits of the scale insects; and one of the saw-flies, Tenthrèdo cárpini, is thus named from its feeding upon this tree. The fungi that are found on the hornbeam are: Polyporus adústus Willd. var. carpíneus; Sphæ'ria decípiens Dec.; and Stilbóspora mágna Berk., syn. S. Carpini Sow., t. 376., and fig. 16613. in the Encyclopedia of Plants, singular for the large tendrils which are formed by the oozing sporidia. Sphæria fimbriàta Pers. and Sphæ`ria carpínea Fr. on the leaves, and S. Carpini Pers. on the twigs, have not yet been observed in this country; but there is little doubt that they will reward the research of some botanist, in countries where the hornbeam is prevalent.

Statistics. Recorded Trees. Miller speaks of some hornbeams that he had seen in woods, 70 ft. high; but he does not give their circumference. Marsham mentions a hornbeam in Lord Petre's park at Writtle, in Essex, which, in 1764, measured, at 5 ft. from the ground, above 12 ft. in circumference. (Bath Soc. Pap., i. p. 66.) Evelyn mentions the hedges at Hampton Court as being from 15 ft. to 20 ft. high. Dr. Walker, in his Essays, &c., mentions a hornbeam at Bargally (see p. 95.) which measured, in 1780, 6 ft. 2 in. in circumference, had 20 ft. of clear trunk, and was 70 ft. high. In France, the hornbeam is so generally used for garden hedges, that there does not appear to be any large old trees; but Evelyn informs us that, in Germany, it was formerly the custom to plant a clump of these trees "before the entries of most of the great towns; to which they apply timber frames for the people to sit and solace in. Scamozzi, the architect, says that in his time he found one whose branches extended 70 ft. in breadth : this was at Vuimfen, near the Necker, belonging to the Duke of Wirtemberg." (Hunt. Evel., i. p. 144.)

Existing Trees of Carpinus Bétulus. South of London: in Devonshire, at Endsleigh Cottage, 12 years planted, it is 30 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and of the head 10ft.; in Dorsetshire, at Melbury Park, 60 years planted, it is 72 ft. high, girt of trunk 7 ft., and diameter of the head 60 ft.; in Hampshire, at Alresford, 81 years planted, it is 66 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 31 ft. North of London: in Denbighshire, at Llanbede Hall, 50 years planted, it is 56 ft. high, girt of the trunk 8 ft. 4 in., and diameter of the head 36 ft.; in Lancashire, at Latham House, 60 years planted, it is 48 ft. high, diameter of trunk 2 ft. 6 in., and that of the space covered by the branches 51 ft.; in Northamptonshire, at Wakefield Lodge, 15 years planted, it is 22 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 5 in., and of the head 8 ft.; in Oxfordshire, in the Oxford Botanic Garden, 40 years planted, it is 25 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and of the head 20 ft.; in Pembrokeshire, at Stackpole Court, 50 years planted, it is 53 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 6 in., and of the head 50 ft.; in Shropshire, at Willy Park, 9 years planted, it is 25 ft. high; in Suffolk, at Finborough Hall, 60 years planted, it is 80 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2ft. 3 in., and of the head 40 ft.; in Warwickshire, at Combe Abbey, 60 years planted, it is 42 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 42 ft. in Worcestershire, at Hadzor House, it is 33 ft. high, with a trunk 5 ft. 4 in. in girt; at Croome, 20 years planted, it is 30 ft, high, the diameter of the trunk 10 in., and of the head 15 ft. in Yorkshire, in Studley Park, there are several trees from 50 ft. to 60 ft. high, three of which have been already figured.-In Scotland, near Edinburgh, at Hopetoun House, it is 40 ft. high, the diameter of trunk 1 ft. 10 in., and of the head $5 ft. South of Edinburgh: in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, at St. Mary's Isle, it is 48 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and of the head 47 ft.; in Haddingtonshire, at Tynningham, diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 10 in., and that of the head 36 ft. North of Edinburgh: in Argyllshire, at Toward Castle, 15 years planted, it is 20 ft. high, diameter of trunk 6 in.; in Banffshire, at Gordon Castle, it is 54 ft. high, diameter of trunk 2 ft. 9 in., and of the head 30 ft.; in Clackmannanshire, in the garden of the Dollar Institution, 12 years planted, it is 30 ft high; in Perthshire, at Taymouth, 40 years planted, it is 60 ft. high, diameter of trunk 8 in., and of head 30 ft.; in Renfrewshire, at Polloc, it was in 1836 6 ft. 6 in. in circum.

ference at 5 ft. from the ground, having increased 18 in. from 1812, when it measured 5 ft. in girt. -In Ireland, at Cypress Grove, it is 90 ft. high, diameter of trunk 2 ft. 8 in. and of the head 100 ft.; in King's County, at Charleville Forest, 8 years planted, it is 18 ft. high; in Fermanagh, at Florence Court, 35 years planted, it is 40 ft. high; in Galway, at Cool, it is 36 ft. high, diameter of trunk 1 ft. Sin., and of the head 20 ft.; in Sligo, at Mackree Castle, it is 62 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 3 ft, and of the head 48 ft.; in the county Tyrone, 60 years planted, it is 50 ft. high, girt of trunk 6 ft., and the diameter of head 40 ft,-In France, near Nantes, 100 years old, it is 90 ft. high, with a trunk 8 ft. in circumference.-In Belgium, in the wood belonging to the villa of M. Meulemeester, near Ghent, is a serpentine walk about 300 ft. long, covered with hornbeam trained to a vaulted treillage. This leads to an artificial cave, which is paved with the metatarsal bones of sheep. We afterwards come to Pan's Theatre, this is wholly formed of hornbeam trees and bushes, which the shears have curiously tortured into the appearance of a stage with side scenes, and of front and side boxes, and parterre, or pit. (Neill Hort. Tour., p. 56.)-In Hanover, in the Göttingen Botanic Garden, 20 years planted, it is 20 ft. high.-In Bavaria, in the Botanic Garden at Munich, 24 years old, it is 18 ft. high.-In Austria, at Vienna, in the University Botanic Garden, 40 years old, it is 48 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 1ft. 3 in., and of the head 30 ft.; at Laxenburg, 60 years planted, it is 38 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 1 in., and of the head 12 ft.; at Kopenzel, 40 years planted, it is 30 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 6 in., and of the head 18 ft.; in the garden of Baron Loudon, 20 years old, it is 25 ft. high, diameter of trunk 1 ft. 2 in., and of head 16 ft.; and at Brück on the Leytha, 60 years old, it is 48 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 39 ft.-In Prussia, near Berlin, at Sans Souci, 35 years old, it is 36 ft. high, diameter of trunk 1 ft. 4 in., and of the head 15 ft.-In Sweden, at Lund, in the Botanic Garden, it is 48 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the space covered by the branches 38 ft.-In Italy, in Lombardy, at Monza, 40 years old, it is 45 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 3 in., and of the head 30 ft. The var. incisa, 24 years planted, is 14 ft. high.

2. C. (B.) AMERICA'NA Michx. The American Hornbeam.

Identification. Michx. Amer., 2. p. 201.; Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 468.; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., p. 623.; Dend. Brit., t. 157.

Synonyme. C. virginiana Micha. Arb., t. 8.

Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 157.; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 108. ; and our fig. 1936.

Spec. Char., &c. Bracteas of the fruit 3-partite; middle division oblique, ovate-lanceolate, 1-toothed on one side. (Willd.) A low tree, generally from 12 ft. to 15 ft. high, but sometimes from 25 ft. 6 in. to 30 ft.; a native of North America. Introduced in 1812. The American hornbeam is smaller than that of Europe; as, though under peculiarly favourable circumstances it sometimes attains the height of 25 ft. or 30 ft., these instances are of rare occurrence, and its ordinary stature is that of a large shrub. The trunk is rather thick in proportion to its height, and frequently obliquely and irregularly fluted. The branches are numerous, short, and thickly set, so as to give the whole tree a dwarfish and stunted appearance. The bark is smooth, and spotted with white. The leaves are oval, acuminated, and finely dentated. The female flowers are collected in long, loose, pendulous catkins, like those of the European hornbeam; and, like that species, the bracteas expand, with the progress of the fruit, into a kind of leaf, furnished at the base with a small, hard, oval nut. The catkins often remain attached to the tree after the leaves have fallen. The tree prospers, in North America, in almost every soil and situation: it is found, according to Michaux, as far north as the provinces of Nova Scotia; and, according to Pursh, as far south as Florida. The wood is white, and exceedingly fine-grained and compact. According to Michaux, "the dimensions of the tree are so small as to render it useless even for fuel; but young trees are employed for hoops in the district of Maine, when better kinds cannot be procured." (N. Amer. Syl., iii. p. 29.) It was introduced by Pursh, in 1812; and there are plants of it in some of the London nurseries. It is propagated by layers, and sometimes by imported seeds.

1935

Statistics. In Sussex, at West Dean, 15 years planted, it is 21 ft. high. In Staffordshire, at Trentham, 25 years planted, it is 35 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and of the head 27 ft. In Scotland, at Dalhousie Castle, 15 years planted, it is 14 ft. high. In France, near Paris, at Scéaux, 20 years old, it is 36 ft. high. In Italy, at Monza, 24 years planted, it is 24 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 8 in., and of the head 20 ft. Price of plants, in the London nurseries, 2s. each.

3. C. (B.) ORIENTALIS Lam. The Oriental Hornbeam. Identification. Lam. Encyc., 1. p. 700.; Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 468.; N. Du Ham., 2. p. 199. Synonyme. C. duinénsis Scop. Carn., t. 60.

Engravings. Scop. Carn., t. 60.; Dend. Brit., t. 98. ; and our fig. 1937.

Spec. Char., &c. Bracteas of the fruit ovate, unequal at the base, undivided, somewhat angular, unequally serrated. (Willd.) A low tree or shrub, growing to the height of 12 ft.; a native of Asia Minor and the Levant. Introduced in 1739. The Eastern hornbeam is a dwarf tree, rarely rising above 10 ft. or 12 ft. in height. As it shoots out into numerous widely spreading, horizontal, irregular branches, it cannot be readily trained up with a straight clear trunk. The leaves are much smaller than those of the common hornbeam, and the branches grow closer together; so that it is even still better adapted for forming a clipped hedge than that species. It was introduced by Miller, in 1739; but, though it is very hardy, and easily propagated by layers, it has never been much cultivated in our nurseries. There are plants at Messrs. Loddiges's.

Statistics. In Yorkshire, at Grimston, 14 years planted, it is 25 ft./high. In Austria, at Vienna, in Rosenthal's Nursery, 16 years planted, garden, 14 years planted, it is 15 ft. high. of the trunk 9 in., and of the head 20 ft.

it is 12 ft. high. In Bavaria, at Munich, in the English In Italy, at Monza, 24 years old, it is 26 ft. high, diameter Plants, in the London nurseries, are 2s. 6d. each.

App. i. Species or Varieties of Carpinus not yet introduced into European Gardens.

Carpinus (B.) Carpinizza Hort. Fl. Aust., 2., p. 626. Leaves crenately serrated; scales of the strobiles revolute, 3-cleft; the middle segment the longest, and quite entire. A native of the woods of Transylvania. The Transylvanians distinguished this sort from C. Bétulus, and call it Carpinizza. C. viminea Lindl., Wall. Pl. As. Rar., t. 106., 1938 Royle Illust., p. 341., and our fig. 1938., has the leaves ovate-lanceolate, much acuminated, doubly serrated; petioles and branchlets glabrous; bracteas fruit-bearing, ovate-oblong, laciniate at the base, somewhat entire at the apex, bluntish. (Lindl. MSS.) A native of the mountains of Nepal, in Sirmore and + Kamaon; and, according to Royle, on Mussouree, at the height of 6500 ft. above the level of the sea; flowering and fruiting from January to April. "This fine tree is very like the common alder. Its wood is considered durable, and is used for ordinary building purposes by the natives of Nepal. The slender pendulous branches are frequently attacked by a sort of coccus, which produces numerous elevated tubercles, or warts. The structure of the nut resembles that of C. Bétulus, as described and figured by Gærtner, except in the following respect: The cavity is filled with what appears to me an entire and homogeneous, fleshy, almost colourless substance, exceedingly like a perisperm; in which are suspended, towards the apex of the seed, two minute embryones. It is possible, that, notwithstanding the most careful and repeated examination, I may have

mistaken the cotyledons of the ripe seed for a perisperm; but I have invariably seen two minute embryones lodged within the upper end of the fleshy substance which fills the nut." (Wall. Pl. As. Rar., t. 106.) From the elevation at which this tree grows, it will probably be found hardy in British gardens,

C. faginea Lindl., Wall. Pl. As. Rar., 2. p. 5., has the leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sharply serrated, and glabrous; petioles and branchlets downy; bracteas fruit-bearing, somewhat rhomboid, with large teeth, acute, reticulated. It is nearly allied to C. orientalis, but differs in the form and margin of the leaf, and in the bracteas. (Wall. PL. As. Rar., 2. p. 5.)

GENUS V.

O'STRYA Willd. THE HOP HORNBEAM. Lin. Syst. Monce'cia
Polyándria.

Synonymes. Carpinus Lin. and others; Hopfenbuche, Ger.

Derivation. From ostryos, a scale; in reference to the scaly catkins.

Description, &c. Low deciduous trees, natives of North America; propagated, in British nurseries, by layers, but sometimes by imported seeds.

1. O. VULGARIS Willd. The Hop Hornbeam.

Identification. Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 469.

Synonymes. Carpinus O'strya Hort. Cliff, 447., Roy Lugdb., 80., Mill. Dict., No. 2., Du Roy Harbk., 1. p. 127., Lam. Encyc., 1. p. 700., N. Du Ham., 2. p. 200.; O'strya carpinifolia Scop. Carn., No. 1191.; O'strya Bauh. Pin., 427., Du Ham. Arb., 5.; O. itálica, &c., Michx. Gen., 223. t. 104. f. 1,2. Engravings. Michx. Gen., t. 104. f. 1, 2.; Dend. Brit., t. 143.; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 59.; our fig. 1939. ; and the plate of this tree in our last Volume.

Spec. Char., &c. Strobiles ovate, pendulous. Leaves ovate, acute. Buds obtuse. (Willd.) A tree, from 30 ft. to 40 ft. in height; a native of Italy and the south of Europe. It was introduced into England before 1724, as it is mentioned in Furber's Nursery Catalogue, published in that year. The hop hornbeam, in its general appearance, bark, branches, and foliage, bears a great resemblance to the common hornbeam; but is at once distinguished from it by its catkins of female flowers. These consist of blunt scales, or bracteal appendages, which are close, and regularly imbricated, so as to form a cylindrical strobile, very like the catkin of the female hop; whereas in the common hornbeam the bracteas are open and spreading. The tree has a very handsome appearance when in fruit; and, in favourable situations, it will attain nearly as large a size as the common hornbeam. The finest specimen, probably, in England is in the Botanic Garden at Kew, of which a portrait is given in our last Volume. There are young trees in the Horticultural Society's Garden, and at Messrs. Loddiges's. The hop hornbeam is commonly grafted on the common hornbeam; but, as the growth of the former is more rapid than that of the latter, unless the graft is made immediately above the collar, the trunk of the scion becomes too large for that of the stock, and the tree is liable to be blown down, or broken over by the wind. Propagating by layers, or by seeds, is therefore a preferable mode.

Statistics. In Scotland, at Bargally, was a tree which, in 1780, measured 4 ft. 1 in. in circumference, and was 60 ft. high. Dr. Walker adds that it was about 60 ft. high, healthy and vigorous, and had ripe seeds on it, in September, when he measured it. In France, in the Jardin des Plantes, 55 years old, it is 37 ft. high, the girt of the trunk 3 ft., and the diameter of the head 23 ft.; at Sceaux, 10 years planted, it is 20 ft. high; at Colombe, near Metz, 60 years old, it is 40 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 1 in., and of the head 40 ft. In Germany, in Hanover, in the Göttingen Bo tanic Garden, 20 years planted, it is 20 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 8 in., and of the head 10 ft. In Cassel, at Wilhelmshoe, 15 years planted, it is 6 ft. high. In Austria, at Vienna, in the University Botanic Garden, 18 years old, it is 30 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 5 in., and that of the head 12 ft. in the garden of Baron Loudon, 30 years old, it is 18 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 14 in. and of the head 16 ft.; at Brück on the Leytha, 60 years old, it is 50 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 36 ft. In Italy, in Lombardy, at Monza, 24 years old, it is 30 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and of the head 24 ft. The price of plants, in the London nurseries, is 2s. 1s. a packet. Seeds are sometimes ripened in the Kew Gardens, and sometimes imported, and are sold at

each.

2. O. (v.) VIRGINICA Willd. The Virginian Hop Hornbeam. Identification. Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 469.; Ait. Hort. Kew., 5. p. 302.