the under surface with woolly tomentum. Stipules persistent. Fruit sessile, almost solitary. (Humb. et Bonp.) A tree, about 50 ft. high. Branches downy; younger ones brownish. Leaves about 3 in. long; younger ones downy above; adult ones thick and rigidly coriaceous; glabrous above, covered with yellow down beneath; obtuse and somewhat emarginate at the base, acute at the apex; distinctly toothed on the upper part. Petiole in. to in. long, thick, tomentose. Stipules linear-lanceolate, persistent. Female flowers axillary, sessile, solitary or twin. Cup composed of roundish, membranaceous, downy scales. A native of the mountains of Mexico, near Actopan; forming entire forests, at an elevation of 7900 ft. (1330 toises). It has a great affinity with Q. magnoliafolia Nee, and Q lùtea Nee (see p. 1949.); but differs in the fruit being sessile, and disposed singly or in pairs in the axils of the leaves; while, in Q. magnoliafòlia and Q. lutea, the fruit is in racemes. It is easily known from every other species of oak by its large persistent stipules. Michaux describes it as remarkable for the thickness of its foliage. p. 108. Leaves oblong-oval, acute, entire, rarely mucronate; dentate, evergreen, quite glabrous. Fruit nearly sesssile, and solitary. (Humb. et Bonp.) An evergreen shrub, from 1 ft. to 2 ft. high. Branches alternate, approximate, about the thickness of a goose-quill; younger ones covered with a peculiar powdery down. Leaves 1 in. to 1 in. long; glabrous on both sides, shining, rigid, on very short petioles. Catkins downy. Calyx small, 4-5-toothed, downy. Stamens 7-11, three times as long as the calyx, erect. Anthers ovate, 2-celled. Female flowers axillary, nearly solitary, sessile or on very short stalks. Scales of the cup roundish, covery with powdery down. Ovary globose. Styles 2. A native of the mountains of Mexico, in moist shady situations, and frequent near Moran, an elevation of 18,000 ft. (3000 toises); where it covers whole hills. It is remarkable for its small size, evergreen leaves, and long downy catkins of male flowers. Humbolt called it Q. depréssa, because its branches are always close to the ground. Q. ambigua Humb. et Bonp. PL Equin., t. 93., and our fig. 1870., Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 1. p. 111. Leaves oblong-oboval, wavy; obtuse at the base; reticulately veined beneath, somewhat hairy. Female spike pedunculated. (Humb. et Bonp.) A tree, 40 ft. high. Branches and twigs round, glabrous. Leaves 3 in. long, on short footstalks, somewhat membranaceous; sometimes emarginate; glabrous and shining above, green and downy beneath. Spikes of female flowers axillary, often twin, on long stalks, 5-6flowered. Flowers downy. A native of Mexico, near Moran, at an elevation of above 9000 ft. (1500 toises.) It is closely allied to Q. elliptica Nee. (See p. 1918.) It differs very little from Q. elliptica Nee, and Q. spicata Humb. et Bonp., but its leaves are narrower towards their lower extremity, slightly sinuated on the margin, glaucous, and always reticulately veined and hairy beneath; and the spikes of female flowers 1873 are generally axillary, and in pairs. Our readers must not confound this Q. ambigua with the one in cultivation in British gardens, described p. 1881. Doubtless, this plant, as having had the name applied to it after the other, will receive an unappropriated name from some botanist who may revise the genus. Q. confertifolia Humb. et Bonp. Pl. Equin., t. 94., and our fig. 1872., Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 1. p. 106. Leaves evergreen, linear-lanceolate, mucronated, recurved at the margin, quite entire; downy beneath. Fruit sessile. (Humb. et Bonp.) An evergreen shrub, from 15 ft. to 20 ft. high. Branches short, crowded, and leafy. Leaves 3 in. long, on short stalks, somewhat leathery; obtuse at the base, surrounded with a cartilaginous recurved line; glabrous and shining above, downy and transversely veined beneath. Fruit sessile on the branches below the leaves, often twin. Scales of the cup oval, closely imbricated, membranaceous. A native of the temperate and mountainous regions of New Spain, between the town of Guanajuata and Santa Rosa. This evergreen shrub, or low tree, would be a great ornament to our gardens, where it would form constantly green and thick masses of foliage; and, from the temperate and mountainous climate of which it is a native, it would probably stand in the open air perfectly well in the climate of London. sta Q. tridens Humb. et Bonp. Pl. Equin., t. 96., and our fig. 1873., Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 1. p. 107. Leaves oblong, retuse at the base, generally broader towards the apex, 3-dentate; teeth terminated by bristly points; downy beneath. Spikes of female flowers almost sessile. (Humb. et Bonp.) A shrub, about 10 ft. high, with round smooth branches. Stipules deciduous, narrow, linear. Leaves about 1 in. long, membranaceous; downy and slightly tomentose beneath, covered with stellate down above, sometimes entire; narrowed towards the base. Male flower: calyx 6-7-parted, mens 8. Spikes of female flowers axillary, almost sessile, 3-5-flowered. A native of New Spain, and common in the vicinity of Moran. The name Q. tridens has been applied to this species, from the circumstance of the leaves being almost constantly furnished with 3 teeth at the apex, although otherwise entire. It is found at an elevation of 7800 ft. (1300 toises.) F. A. Michaux mentions that it is sometimes found 20 ft. high. Q. acutifolia Willd., No. 57., Nee in Anal. Cien. Nat., 3. p. 267., Fisch. Misc. Hisp., 1. p. 102., N. Du Ham., 7. p. 173., Smith in Rees's Cycl., No. 64., Humb. et Bonp. Pl. Equin., t. 95., and our fig. 1874.; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 1. p. 109. Leaves cordate, lanceolate, very finely pointed; beset on the margin with large mucronate teeth; brownish beneath; tomentose near the veins. Spikes of female flowers on short peduncles. (Humb. et Bonp.) A tall and valuable tree, with a trunk about the thickness of a man's body, covered with cracked bark. Leaves on longish footstalks, blunt; somewhat lobed at the base; glabrous above; covered beneath with brown woolly tomentum; 5 in. to 6 in. long, and 1 in. to 2 in. broad. Calyx of the male flowers constantly 5-toothed, exter nally downy. Stamens 5-7, twice as long as the calyx. Female flowers in a spike, upon a short peduncle. Calyx 5-8-parted. Ovary globose. Style very short. Stigmas 3-4, spreading and recurved. A native of New Spain, between Venta de Acaguisocla and Mojonera, on the road from Acapulco to Mexico. Nee states that it is considered one of the largest oaks in New Spain; and that it has a dense head of innumerable branches. The acorns are s arcely bigger than a pea, and nearly covered by the cup, which is clothed with blackish scales. (Nee, as quotes in Rees's Cycl.) Humboldt calls it one of the most majestic trees of New Spain; and it is as remarkable for the beauty and singularity of its leaves, as it is for the grandeur and nobleness of its general appearance. Q. elliptica Willd., No. 14., Nee in Anal. Cien. Nat, 3. p. 278., Fisch. Misc. Hisp., 1. p. 117., N. Du Ham., 7. p. 154., Smith in Rees's Cycl., No. 16. Leaves ellip' cal, entire, coriaceous, nearly sessile; rounded at each end; roughish beneath. (Willd.) Gather d by Louis Nee, but without flowers or fruit, in the kingdom of Mexico, by the road from Ixmiquilpan to Cimapan, as well as between Tixtala and the river Azul. The trunk is thick, 12 ft. high, with a grey bark. Branches horizontal; the smaller shoots erect; all very leafy. Leaves 3 in, long, and 1 in. broad; slightly revo lute; smooth above, roughish and veiny beneath; the veins forked. Footstalks thick, and very short. (Nee, as quoted in Rees's Cycl.) Humboldt considers this species as allied to his Q. spicata (p. 1945.) and Q. ambigua (p. 1947.); but differing from both principally in the leaves. Q. mucronata Willd., No. 34., N. Du Ham., 7. p. 162., Smith in Rees's Cycl., No. 41; Q. Castanea Nee in Anal. Cien. Nat., 3. p. 276., Fisch. Misc. Hisp., 1. p. 114. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, with pointed awned serratures; polished above, downy beneath; heart-shaped at the base. (Willd.) Found by Louis Nee, without flowers or fruit, in New Spain, between Ixmiquilpan and Cimapan. This tree is 12 ft. high, with a straight trunk, covered with a brittle dark-coloured bark. Branches erect, alternate, smooth, much subdivided. Leaves 3 in. long, and 1 in. broad, acute; abrupt and heart-shaped at the base; their serratures awned; the upper surface green and smooth, the under clothed with fine yellow down. Footstalks 2 lines long. Stipules none. (Nee, as quoted in Rees's Cycl.) Q. tomentosa Willd., No. 35., N. Du Ham.,7. p. 163, Smith in Rees's Cycl, No. 42; Q. peduncularis Nee in Anal. Cien. Nat., 3. p. 270., Fisch. Misc. Hisp., 1. p. 106. Leaves oblong-ovate, with tooth-like notches; densely downy beneath. Fruit racemose. Nut globose, nearly covered by the calyx. (Willd.) Native of New Spain, in the road from Mexico to Acapulco, beyond the river Mescala. A tree, 20 ft. high, with an upright trunk, and grey brittle bark. Branches numerous, alternate, clothed with dense reddish wool. Leaves 5 in. long, hardly 2 in. wide, crowded; obtuse at the base; pointed at the end; bordered with tooth-like notches; green and smoothish above, downy with prominent veins beneath. Footstalks downy, very short. Female flowers on an axillary solitary stalk, 3 in. or 4 in. long. Acorns but little bigger than peppercorns, each almost concealed in its scaly, downy, reddish cup. (Nee.) Q. circinata Willd., No. 36., Nee in An. Cien. Nat., 3. 272., Fisch. Misc. Hisp.. 1. p. 109., N. Du Ham., 7. p. 163., Smith in Rees's Cycl., No. 43. P Leaves ovate, crenate, undulated; acute at each end; downy beneath. Nut scarcely larger than the calyx. (Willd.) Native of New Spain, between Tintala and Chilpancingo. A tree, 20 ft. or 25 ft. high. Trunk erect. Bark brittle, ashcoloured. Branches horizontal; the young ones erect, furrowed, villous. Leaves alternate, from 5 in. to 7 in. long, and 3 in. broad; green and shining above; more or less downy, and fleshcoloured or reddish brown, beneath; their edges turned towards the point of the leaf. Fruit supported by a very short common stalk. Calyx hemispherical, the size of chick peas (Cicer arietinum); its scales acute at the point. Nut but little larger than the calyx. Plukenet's t. 53. f. 4. in some measure resembles the species before us; but is said to have a large fruit, and is quoted by authors as Q. Prinus. (Nee, as quoted in Rees's Cycl.) Leaves Q. splendens Willd. No. 37., Nee in An. Cien. Nat., 3. p. 275., Fisch. Misc. Hisp., 1. p. 113., N. Du Ham., 7. p. 164., Rees's Cycl., No. 44. Leaves oblong-ovate, bluntly toothed; slightly downy above; densely silky beneath. (Willd.) Native of New Spain, near Taxala. Trunk erect, much branched, 15 ft. high. Branches partly horizontal, partly erect, clothed with red shining down. scattered, crowded, 3 in. long, 1 in. broad; green, with a thin downy coat, above; thickly clothed beneath with shining pubescence, the midrib only being prominent; the edges bluntly and unequally toothed. Footstalks very short, with an awl-shaped villous stipule at each side. Flowers and fruit not observed. (Nec, as quoted in Rees's Cycl.) Q. rugosa Willd., No. 38., Nee in An. Cien. Nat., 3. p. 275., Fisch. Misc. Hisp., N. Du Ham., 7. p. 164., Rees's Cycl., No. 45. Leaves ovate-oblong, coriaceous, rugose; toothed towards the end; heart-shaped at the base; downy and rusty beneath. (Willd.) Native of the woods of Huifquilica and Ociula, in the way from Mexico to Santo Christo de Chalma. A middle-sized tree, having numerous, alternate, round, grey branches, rough with minute prominent points. Leaves 3 in. in length, hardly 2 in. in breadth; thick and coriaceous; rugged, green, and shining on the upper side; brown and downy at the back; heart-shaped at the base; the margin toothed from the middle to the extremity. Footstalks 2 lines long, thickened at their base. Female flowers in scaly axillary clusters. (Nce, as quoted in Rees's Cycl.) Q. macrophylla Willd., No. 39., Nee in An. Cien., Nat., 3. p. 274. Fisch. Misc. Hisp., 1. p. 111., N. Du Ham., 7. p. 164., Rees's Cycl., No. 46. Leaves obovate, crenate; tapering and heart-shaped at the base; downy beneath. Fruit spiked. (Willd.) Found by Louis Nee in the districts of Chilpan cingo and La Curva, and on the mountain of Quirapon, in New Spain. This is a tree, 30 ft. high, with an upright trunk, and dense head. The principal branches are horizontal; the rest upright, furrowed when young. Leaves 1 ft. long, and 7 in. or 8 in. broad; rounded at the end, gradually tapering down to the emarginate, or heart-shaped, base, where they measure only 4 lines across; their upper surface green and shining; the under yellowish, clothed with very minute down; the margin crenate and wavy. Footstalks very short and thick. Female flowers sessile on a common stalk, and encompassed with downy bracteas. (Nec, as quoted in Rees's Cycl.) Q. diversifolia Willd., No. 21., Nee in An. de las Cien. Nat., 3. p. 270., N. Du Ham., 7. p. 155., Recs's Cycl., No. 28., Fisch. Misc. Hisp., 2. p. 107. Leaves ovate, undivided or deeply toothed; yellow and downy beneath. Fruit spiked, globose. (Smith.) Found by Louis Nee between the villages of Chalma and Santa Rosa, in New Spain. A shrub, from 10 ft. to 14 ft. high; its trunk seldom straight; the bark cracked, dark-coloured; the branches alternate. Leaves 14 in. long and undivided or 2 in., and deeply toothed; smooth and shining above; downy and dull yellow beneath. Footstalks hardly a line in length. Stipules oblong, reddish, membranous, contracted at the base, deciduous. or 5, sessile, on a thread-shaped axillary stalk, 2 in. long. Cup the size and shape of a pea, covered with scales. Nuts scarcely projecting above a line beyond the cup. (Nee.) Acorns 4 Q. cándicans Willd., No. 58., Nee in An. de las Cien. Nat., 3. p. 277., Fisch, Misc. Hisp., 1. p. 115., N. Du Ham., 7. p. 173., Smith in Rees's Cycl., No. 65. Leaves ovate, sinuated; white and downy beneath; lobes toothed, bristle-pointed. (Willd.) Native of New Spain, in sandy ground near Tixtala. A tree of middling size, with a dense head of upright branches. Leaves 9 in. long, 4 in. wide; tapering at each end, sinuated, with bristle-pointed teeth; green and smooth above; white and downy underneath. Footstalks 4 lines in length. Flowers and fruit not observed.' (Nee, as quoted in Rees's Cycl.) Q. microphylla Willd., No. 7., Nee in An. Cien. Nat., 3. p. 264., Fisch. Misc. Hisp., 1. p. 99., N. Du Ham., 7. p. 152., Rees's Cycl., No. 7. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, entire, villous; downy beneath. Calyx of the fruit villous. Nut roundish. (Willd.) Found by Louis Nee in the hills of Arambaro, in New Spain. A shrub, from 3 ft. to 5 ft. high, with a rough ash-coloured bark. Leaves on short stalks, scattered, numerous, from 4 to 6 lines long, scarcely 2 lines broad; veiny revolute, wavy, pointed, reddish grey; villous above, densely downy beneath; those about the eremities of the branches opposite. Stipules awl-shaped, falling off at the end of summer. Acorns in axillary pairs about the ends of the branches, ovate, the size of a large pea, half-covered by the villous cup, which is invested with unequal sides. (Nee, as quoted in Rees's Cycl.) Humboldt compares the young leaves of his Q. mexicàna to this species. (See p. 1943.) He also states that the young shoots of Q. repánda (p. 1942.) agree with the description of those of Q. microphýlla; but he adds that he had not seen Nee's plant. Q. lobata Willd., No. 70., Nee in Ann. Cien. Nat., 3. p. 237., Fisch. Misc. Hisp., 1. p. 116., N. Du Ham., 7. p. 180., Rees's Cycl., No. 76. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, sinuated, smooth; lobes toothed. (Willd.) Native of New Spain. Branches furrowed, alternate. Leaves 4 in. long, 2 in. wide, smooth, alternate; orbicular towards the extremity; wedge-shaped at the lower part; sinuated; the lobes rounded, obtuse, toothed. Footstalks slender, 3 or 4 lines in length. (Nee, as quoted in Rees's Cycl.) Q. magnoliæfolia Willd., No. 16., Nee in An. Cien. Nat., 3. p. 268., Fisch. Misc. Hisp., 1. p. 103., N. Du Ham., 7. p. 154., Smith in Rees's Cycl., No. 18. Leaves ovate-oblong, coriaceous, entire, shining; downy beneath; somewhat emarginate at the base. Fruit racemose. (Willd.) Found by Louis Nee in the kingdom of Mexico, between Chilpancingo and Tixtala, and about the river Azul. This is an elegant tree, 20 ft. or more in height. Trunk thick, with a dark-coloured bark, full of fissures. Branches horizontal; younger ones furrowed, and dotted with white. Leaves 6 in. or 8 in. long, and 3 in. broad; ovate, rigid; sometimes emarginate at the base; green and shining above; downy beneath, with the larger veins prominent, and the smaller reticulated. Footstalks thick, a line in length. Stipules crisped, downy, deciduous. Female clusters solitary, axillary, 2 in. long; the lower ones alternate, upper opposite. Acorns ovate, half.covered by a hemispherical cup, which is the size of the seed of Cicer arietinum, and has 'its scales scarcely at all imbricated. (Nee, as quoted in Rees's Cycl.) This is closely allied to Q. lùtea, which, indeed, Humboldt considers as the same species; and to crassifolia Humb. et Bonp., p.1946. It has also a great affinity with Q. stipulàris (p.1945.); but differs in the disposition of its fruit. Q lutea Willd., No. 17., Nee in An. Cien. Nat., S. p. 269., Fisch. Misc. Hisp., 1. p. 105., N. Du Ham., 7. p. 155., Smith in Rees's Cycl., No. 19. The yellow-leaved Mexican oak. Leaves obovate, entire, shining; somewhat heart-shaped at the base; downy and yellow beneath. Fruit racemose. (Willd.) Native of Mexico. This agrees with Q. magnoliæfòlia in its growth and fructification; insomuch that it may be thought a variety: yet the leaves are very different. They are of a larger size, broader towards the end, and contracted towards the footstalk; as well as more deeply emarginate at the base; and their under side is covered with ochry yellow pubescence. (Rees's Cycl.) Humboldt considers this the same species as Q. magnoliæfèlia, and very closely allied to his Q. crassifolia (p. 1940.). Q. salicifolia Willd., No. 8., Nee in An. Cien. Nat., 3. p. 265., Fisch. Misc. Hisp., 1. p. 101., N. Du Ham., 7. p. 152., Rees's Cycl., No. 8. The Willow-leaved Mexican Oak. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, smooth; the forks of the veins villous and brown beneath. Nut oblong. (Willd.) Found by Louis Nee in the kingdom of Mexico, near Acapulco. A tree, 28 ft. high, with alternate branches; the young ones somewhat furrowed, and clothed with brownish red hairs. Leaves from 5 in. to 7 in. long, 1 in. wide, scattered on short stalks, rather coriaceous, smooth, veiny, entire, wavy, pointed; reticulated and green above; yellowish beneath, with tufts of hairs, as big as a pin's head, in the forks of the veins. Acorns nearly sessile, in axillary pairs, the size of a hazel nut; downy, half-covered by the hemispherical, greyish, villous cup; beset with very thin scales. (Nee, as quoted in Rees's Cycl.) GENUS II. FAGUS L. THE BEECH. Lin. Syst. Monœ'cia Polyándria. Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 1072.; Reich., 1170.; Schreb., 1448.; Gærtn., t. 57.; Juss., 409.; Tourn., 351; Willd. Sp. Pl., 1694; N. Du Ham., 2. p. 79.; Ait. Hort. Kew., 5. p. 297. Synonymes. According to Bauhin, the Fagus of the Romans, and the Oxua of the Greeks; Castànca Tourn., 352., Mill. Dict., f. 84.; Hêtre, Fr.; Buche, Ger.; Beuke, Dutch; Bog, Dan. ; Bok, Swed. ; Buk, Russ. and Pol.; Faggio, Ital.; Haya, Span.; Faya, Port. Derivation. From phago, to eat; because the nuts were used as food in the early ages. Description, &c. Large and handsome deciduous trees; natives of Europe, and of North and South America, and Australia. The wood is used for various purposes; but more especially in cabinet-making, joinery, and turnery. The fruit affords food for swine, and supports squirrels and various wild animals it also yields a valuable oil. Plants are almost always raised from seed, except in the case of varieties. Linnæus united the genus Castanea with Fagus, which was not done by any botanist before his time, and which has not been adopted by many of the moderns. The distinctive characteristics of the two genera are, that Castanea has the male flowers on very long catkins, with the seeds farinaceous; while Fagus, on the contrary, has the male flowers on globular catkins, and the seeds oily. M. Mirbel, who has revised the generic character of the beech, so as to include in it the South American and Australian species, has arranged them in two sections, which arrangement we shall here adopt. Young leaves plicate. A. Cupule muricate, capsuliform. Ovaries included. a. Species in Cultivation in British Gardens. 1. F. SYLVATICA L. The Wood, or common, Beech. Identification. Lin. Sp. Pl., 1416.; Hort. Cliff., 447.; Fl. Suec., 785. 871.; Roy. Lugdb., 79.; Mat. Med., 203.; Du Roi Harbk., 1. p. 203.; Pollich. Pall., No. 910.; Willd. Arb., 113.; Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 459.; Hoffm. Germ., 339.; Roth. Germ., 1. p. 409., 2. p. 489; Pall. Ross., 2. p. 5.; Vill. Dauph., 3. p. 796.; N. Du Ham., 2. p. 79.; Br. FL, 1. p. 408.; Eng. Bot., t. 1846.; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 152. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3., p. 411.; Mackay Fl. Hibern., p. 254.; Lindl. Synop., p. 239. Synonymes. Castanea Fagus Scop. Carn., No. 1188.; Fagus Bauh. Pin., 419, Cam. Epit., 112., Matth., 205., Dod., 832., Ger., 1255., Ger. Emac., 1444., Park. Theat., 1403., Bauh. Hist., 1. p. 118. Raii Hist., 1381., Synop., 439.; F. sylvestris Michx. N. Amer., 3. t. 107., Oxya, Greek; Fagus, Lat.; Hêtre commun, Fr.; gemeine Buche, Ger.; Rood-beuke, Dutch. Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1846.; N. Ďu Ham., t. 24.; and the plate of this tree in our last Volume. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves ovate, glabrous, obsoletely dentate; ciliate on their margins. (Willd.) A tree, varying from 60 ft. to 100 ft. in height; wild in various parts of Europe; and one variety in North America. Varieties. * F. s. 2 purpurea Ait. Hort. Kew., v. p. 297., Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836; F. |