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high rocky places between Canada and Virginia, and about the western lakes; where it forms a tree from 70 ft. to 80 ft. high. (Pursh.) When introduced is uncertain; the P. lævigata of Aiton, which is often confounded with this plant, and of which there are plants in the Horticultural Society's Garden and in Loddiges's arboretum, being a variety of P. trémula. It flowers in March and April. According to Michaux, the trunk of the Canadian poplar is furrowed, even in its old age, as well as on its young branches. It is remarkably hardy, growing in the Atlantic states, on the river Missouri, 1500 miles from its confluence with the Mississippi; while the Carolina poplar (P. angulata), which is often confounded with it, is not found above 100 miles from the confluence of the two rivers; and its annual shoots are frozen, both there and in Europe, by a degree of cold that does not appear to have the least effect on those of P. canadensis. In Britain, the Canadian poplar used to be very commonly propagated in nurseries, and extensively introduced into plantations; but, within the last 30 years, the black Italian poplar (P. monilifera) has been substituted for it. Bosc says that the Canadian poplar approaches nearer to P. nigra than any other species, and that it is the best of all poplars for planting, where the production of timber, with a view to profit, is the object. This corresponds perfectly with the character of P. monilifera in this country, which we suppose to be an improved variety of P. canadensis. The natural uses of the tree are the same as those of P. nìgra; the young shoots being given to horses, as their food, on the banks of the Missouri; and the branches being eaten by beavers. The Canadian poplar is propagated by cuttings of the young wood, about 18 in. long, put in during autumn. "It is remarkable," Bosc observes, "that the first shoots produced from these cuttings are always curved at the lower extremity; though in a few years this curvature entirely disappears. The same thing," he says, "takes place with the cuttings of P. monilifera." The fine poplar avenues in the lower parts of the gardens of Versailles are formed of this species.

Statistics. In England, in the environs of London, at Mount Grove, Hampstead, 14 years planted, it is 30 ft. high; in Surrey, at Walton upon Thames, 42 years planted, it is 110 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft. 8 in., and of the head 60 ft.; in Worcestershire, at Hadzor House, 22 years planted, it is 55 ft. high. In Scotland, near Edinburgh, at Gogar House, it is 100 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 5 in., and of the head 30 ft. In Ireland, near Dublin, in the Cullenswood Nursery, 10 years planted, it is 50 ft. high; in Fermanagh, at Florence Court, 30 years planted, it is 70 ft. high. In Belgium, at Ghent, in the Botanic Garden, it is 100 ft. high. In Saxony, at Wörlitz, 60 years old, it is 60 ft. high, with a trunk 14 ft. in diameter. In Bavaria, in the Botanic Garden, Munich, 81 years old, it is 60 ft. high, with a trunk 18 in. in diameter. In Austria, at Vienna, in the University Botanic Garden, 60 years old, it is 48 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 17 in., and of the head 24 ft.; in Rosenthal's Nursery, 20 years planted, it is 53 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and of the head 22 ft.; at Brück on the Leytha, 40 years old, it is 70 ft.high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and of the head 36 ft.

Commercial Statistics. Price of plants, in the London nurseries, 5s. per hundred; or single plants, of some height, 1s. each; at Bollwyller, 1 franc each; at New York, 25 cents.

9. P. (N.) BETULIFOLIA Pursh. The Birch-leaved Poplar. Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 619.; Spreng. Syst. Veg., 2. p. 244.

Synonymes. P. nigra Michx. Fl. Amer. Bor., 2. p. 244.; P. hudsónica Michx. Arb., 3. p. 293. t. 10. f. 1., North Amer. Syl., 2. p. 230.; P. hudsoniana Bosc, and Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836; American black Poplar, Amer.; Peuplier de la Baie d'Hudson, Fr.

The Sexes. It is uncertain whether it is the male or female plant that is in European collections. Engravings. Michx. Arb., 3. t. 10. f. 1.; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 2. t. 96. f. 1.; and our fig. 1516. Spec. Char., &c. Young branches yellow. Branchlets hairy when young. Petioles yellow, and also hairy when young. Disk of leaf rhomboid, but much acuminated; toothed in every part of the edge; hairy on the under surface when young, but afterwards glabrous. (Pursh.) The catkins are 4 in. to 5 in. long, and destitute of the hairs which surround those of several other species. (Michx. jun.) A tree, growing to the height of 30 ft. or

40 ft., with a trunk 12 in. or 15 in. in diameter; found by Michaux on the banks of the river Hudson, a little above Albany; and by Pursh about Lake Ontario. Judging from the plants in the collection of Messrs. Loddiges, and Michaux's figure, we have no doubt whatever of its being, like P. canadénsis, merely a variety of P. nigra. It is, however, tolerably distinct; and, being a small, neat, deep-green-leaved tree, well deserves a place in collections.

Statistics. In England, in Devonshire, at Endsleigh Cottage, 16 years planted, it is 50 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 14 in., and of the head 12 ft.; in Buckinghamshire, at Temple House, 40 years planted, it is 60 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 30 ft. Price of plants the same as in P. canadénsis.

10. P. MONILI FERA Ait.

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The Necklace-bearing, or black Italian,
Poplar.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 1., 3. p. 406.; Willd. Arb., 232., Sp. Pl., 4. p. 805.; Pursh Ft.
Amer. Sept., 2. p. 618.; Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 102.

Synonymes. P. virginiana Lin., Desf. Hort. Par., Dum. Bot. Cult., tom. 6. p. 400., Nouv. Cours d'Agri., tom. xi. p. 407.; P. glandulosa Manch Meth., p. 339.; P. carolinensis Moench Weissenst, 81., Burgsd. Anleit., 378.; P. nigra itálica Lodd. Cat., edit. 1836; P. nigra americàna Ibid. ; P. acladésca Lindl. in Enc. of Plants, p. 840. ; ? P. marylandica Bosc Nouv. Cours, art. Peuplier, p. 409.; Virginian Poplar, Swiss Poplar, Canadian, or Berry-bearing, Poplar, Mill.; Peuplier Suisse, Peuplier triphilon (see Nouv. Cours), Peuplier de Virginie, Dumont.

Derivation. The epithet necklace-bearing alludes to the shape of the female catkins, which in their capsules, and the manner in which these are attached to the rachis, resemble strings of beads. Swiss poplar, and black Italian poplar, allude to the tree being very abundant in Switzerland and the north of Italy.

The Sexes. Both sexes are frequent in British collections, but the male is most abundant. Both are in the London Horticultural Society's Garden. The female is figured and described by Watson (see Dend. Brit., t. 102.), who has figured some parts of the male flower in the same plate. Bosc remarks that only the male is cultivated in French gardens.

Engravings. Michx. Arb., t. 10. f. 2.; N. Amer. Syl., 2. t. 96. f. 2.; Wats. Dend. Brit., 2. t. 102.; our fig. 1517.; and the plates of this tree in our last Volume.

Spec. Char., &c. Shoot more or less angular. Branch round. Petiole slender, compressed in the upper part; in some leaves, shorter than the disk, in others longer. Disk deltoid, glanded at the base, which is subcordate in some leaves, and very obtusely wedge-shaped in others; tip acute; edge serrated all round, except in the central part of the base, and at the acute tip, the teeth have incurved points; glabrous, except in the edge, which, at least when the leaf is growing, is ciliate; edge ultimately, and perhaps early, gristly. Male flowers about 30. in a catkin, upon pedicels. Bractea glabrous. Stamens 16, a little longer than the corolla. Female flowers about 40 in a catkin. Stigmas 4, dilated, jagged. (Pursh, Wats., Michx., Spreng., and obs.) It is rather doubtful to what country this poplar is indigenous: Canada is given as its native country in the Hortus Kewensis; but, in the Nouveau Du Hamel, it is stated to be a native of Virginia. Michaux, jun., states that neither he nor his father ever found it wild in America; and Pursh adds that he has only seen it in that country in gardens. According to the Hortus Kewensis, it was introduced into Britain by Dr. John Hope, in 1772. It is a tree, according to Pursh, from 60 ft. to 70 ft. high in America; but in Britain it grows to the height of 100 ft. or 120 ft., or upwards; flowering in March, and ripening its seeds about the middle of May.

Varieties.

I P. m. 2 Lindleyàna Booth; the new waved-leaved Poplar, Hort.; has rather larger leaves than the species, and they are somewhat more undulated. The plant in the London Horticultural Society's Garden is 13 ft. high.

* P. m. 3 fòliis variegatis Hort.— The tree in the Horticultural Society's Garden is between 30 ft. and 40 ft. high; but its variegation is by no means conspicuous, except in early spring.

Description, &c. P. monilifera is the most rapid-growing of all the poplars; and its timber is equal, if not superior, in quality to that of any other species,

It comes into leaf, in the climate of London, in the last week of April, or in the beginning of May; about which time the male catkins have chiefly dropped off. The cottony seed is ripe about the middle of May, and is so abundant, even in young trees, as to cover the ground under them like a fall of snow. When young, the tree shoots up with a strong erect stem, which is much less liable to put out timber-like branches than any other poplar whatever, except P. fastigiata and P. balsamífera. The rate of growth, in the climate of London, on good soil, is between 30 ft. and 40 ft. in 7 years; and even in Scotland it has attained the height of 70 ft. in 16 years. There appears to be little doubt of its being a native of America; but, as Pursh has only seen it in gardens there, and neither Michaux nor his

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father had ever seen it there at all, we think it probably only a cultivated variety of P. canadensis; which, as we have before observed, comes so near the P. nigra of Britain, as to induce us to think that they are not specifically different. P. monilifera was introduced into England in 1772, from Canada; but, as it is figured in Abbott and Smith's Natural History of Georgia, vol. ii. t. 71., it appears to be also a native of that country. After its first introduction, it does not appear to have been much cultivated for some years, when it was brought into notice by Messrs. Archibald Dickson and Co., of Hasendeanburn Nursery, under the name of the black Italian poplar. Its history under this name is thus given in Pontey's Profitable Planter: · - - Messrs. Dickson obtained the plant from a gentleman in their neighbourhood, who had received it from his son, then residing in North America. Mr. Archibald Dickson then travelled for the firm through most of the northern districts of England; and, having a high opinion of this poplar, of which he had been the first to procure a stock of plants, he recommended it every where. The name of the black Italian poplar he accounted for to Mr. Pontey, by saying that he had learned that this sort of poplar was common in Italy, as well as in America. Mr. Pontey adds, in confirmation of Mr. Dickson's statement: "As I can now recollect his having so recommended the article, and also having bought our first stock from him, in or about the year 1787, I have, therefore, good reason to suppose his account is in every respect accurate: indeed, it stands strongly confirmed by the age of the trees found on the southern verge, and within his route, as they are much older than those to the south of it; and, therefore, I think Messrs. Dickson entitled to the credit of having first recommended and disseminated a tree, the rapid growth of which, in addition to its being highly ornamental, will prove of essential benefit to the country." (Pontey's Prof. Planter, p. 218.) This was written in 1813, when Mr. Pontey published the first edition of his book; and the black Italian poplar has, since that period, been far more extensively planted in Britain than any other species or variety of the genus. Notwithstanding this evidence in favour of its being a native of North America, we think (as we believe all the white-barked poplars, such as P. nigra, P. canadensis, P. betulæfòlia, P. fastigiàta, and P. angulàta, to be different forms of one species) that P. monilífera may have been originated in Italy or Switzerland, and carried out to North America; and, if so, this will readily account for the English name of black Italian, the American name, mentioned by Michaux and Browne, of Swiss poplar, and the French name of Peuplier Suisse. We have heard of a plant of P. fastigiata, which appears to be throwing out a side branch of P. monilifera; but we are not authorised at present to state any particulars respecting it. The female catkins of the two kinds appear so much alike, as to leave no doubt in our minds of their identity as species.

Properties and Uses, Soil, Propagation, &c. The wood may be applied to the same purposes as that of the species previously described; but, being of larger dimensions, it may be considered as better fitted for being used in buildings. Pontey observes that the tree is not only an astonishingly quick grower, but that its stem is remarkably straight; and that, with very trifling attention to side pruning, it may be kept clear of branches to any required height. For these reasons, he considers it the most profitable of all trees to plant in masses in a fertile soil, rather moist. Sir J. E. Smith describes the tree as very hardy in Britain, and valuable for planting in exposed situations, or on poor sandy soil; but he adds that the female tree is objectionable, the down of the seeds being a great nuisance, particularly near houses; as it sticks to clothes. and furniture in a most troublesome manner. Hence, the male trees should be selected, not only for planting near a house, but wherever ornament is the main object; as the flowers, which are of a deep red, and produced in great abundance, are as ornamental as those of P. nigra; while the female flowers of both species are comparatively inconspicuous, and the seeds alike cottony and troublesome. Were every cottager to grow his own fuel, there is, perhaps, no tree that would succeed so well for that purpose, on a small spot of ground, as P. monilífera. (See Gard. Mag., .vol. vi. p. 146.) Cuttings of the black Italian poplar root more freely than those of the Canadian poplar; and this, indeed, constitutes, in our opinion, one of the most important differences between the two trees. The caterpillars of one of the bombycideous moths, belonging to the genus Cerùra, and regarded (correctly?) by Sir J. E. Smith as identical with the English C. furcula, the kitten moth, (Abb. and Smith, Ins. of Georgia, t. 71., and our fig. 1518.) feed on this poplar, both in America and Europe. The cater

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pillar (a), which is green and brown, when disturbed, shoots out of the end of its forked tail two soft orange-coloured threads. Early in August, having become much larger (b), it sheds its skin, and turns green striped with white. In a few days, it encloses itself in a case made of chips of the wood (c), which it attaches to a branch, and which looks somewhat like a slug, out of which the moth (d) makes its escape at one end.

Statistics. Recorded Trees. Mr. Pontey, in 1813, measured a tree growing in the garden of Mr. Richard Atkinson of Huddersfield, which had been then planted 25 years, and found it 60 ft. high, and containing 46 cubic feet of good timber. The soil was light, and only about 1 ft. deep, on a subsoil of coarse gravel. Mr. Pontey also measured another tree at Huddersfield, planted by himself in very wet soil, 19 years before, which was 64 ft. high, and contained 34 ft. of timber. (Forest Pru 4th edit., p. 219.) Bosc, in 1822, mentions a superb avenue of these trees in the Jardin des Plantes; but they have since been cut down.

ner,

Existing Trees. In England, at Syon, it is 102 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 4 ft. 5 in., and of the head 95 ft.; at Ham House, Essex, it is 100 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 3 ft. 8 in., and of the head 68 ft.; at York House, Twickenham, 60 years old, it is 80 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 18 in., and of the head 40 ft.; in Devonshire, at Bystock Park, 12 years planted, it is 40 ft. high; in Dorset. shire, at Melbury Park, 23 years planted, it is 66 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 7 in., and of the head 26 ft.; in Hampshire, at Strathfieldsaye, it is 108 ft. high, with a trunk 5 ft. in diameter; in Somersetshire, at Nettlecombe, 13 years planted, it is 54 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 7 in., and of the head 21 ft.; in Surrey, at Bagshot Park, 22 years old, it is 35 ft. high, in Cheshire, at Eaton Hall, 17 years planted, it is 50 ft. high; in Denbighshire, at Llanbede Hall, 20 years planted, it is 55 ft. high; in Lancashire, at Latham House, 28 years planted, it is 77 ft. high, the diameter

of the trunk 3 ft., and of the head 57 ft.; in Monmouthshire, at Dowlais House, 10 years planted, it is 20 ft. high; in Worcestershire, at Croome, 25 years planted, is 90 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 20 in., and of the head 20 ft. In Scotland, in the Experimental Garden, Inverleith, 9 years planted, it is 23 ft. high; in Berwickshire, at the Hirsel, 13 years planted, it is 44 ft. high; in Lanark shire, in the Glasgow Botanic Garden, 16 years planted, it is 60 ft. high; in Roxburghshire, near Hawick, one tree, 59 years planted, has a clear trunk of 55 ft., which girts 6 ft. 2 in., and con. tains 130 ft. of timber; another tree, 63 years planted, has a clear trunk of 55 ft., with a main girt of 6ft. 11 in., and contains 164 ft. of timber; in Argyllshire, at Toward Castle, 15 years planted, it is 36 ft. high; in Clackmannanshire, in the garden of the Dollar Institution, 12 years planted, it is 40 ft. high; in Perthshire, in Dickson and Turnbull's Nursery, 65 years planted, it is 73 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 24 ft., and of the head 42 ft. In Ireland, in the Glasnevin Botanic Garden, 5 years planted, it is 16 ft. high. In Austria, at Vienna, in Rosenthal's Nursery, 16 years old, it is 33 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and of the head 27 ft. In Bavaria, at Munich, in the English Garden, 30 years planted, it is 50 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 20 in., and of the head 15 ft.

11. P. FASTIGIA TA. The fastigiate, or Lombardy, Poplar. Identification. Desf. Hist. Arb., t. 2. p. 465.

Synonymes. P. dilatata Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 1., 3. p. 406., ed. 2., 5. p. 396., Willd. Arb., 229., Sp. Pl., 4. p. 804., Spreng. Syst. Veg., 2. p. 244.; P. nigra itálica Du Roi Harbk., 2. p. 141.; P. itálica Manch Weissenst., 79.; P. itálica dilatata Willd.; P. pyramidàta Hort.; P. pannónica Jacq.; P. itálica var. carolinensis Burgsdorf; Cypress Poplar, Turin Poplar, Po Poplar; Peuplier d'Italie, Peuplier pyramidal, Fr.; Lombardische Pappel, Italianische Pappel, Ger.; Pioppo Cypresso, Ital. The Sexes. Plants of the male are plentiful in England. The female is known to be extant in Lombardy, whence we have received dried specimens and seeds in November, 1836. (See Gard. Mag., vol. xii.) M. C. A. Fischer, inspector of the University Botanic Garden, Göttingen, found, in 1827, a single plant of the female, after having many years before sought fruitlessly for it, among many thousands of plants around Göttingen. (See Gard. Mag., vol. vi. p. 419, 420.) Engravings. Jaume St. Hilaire; our figs. 1519, 1520.; and the plates in our last Volume. In fig. 1520., a represents the female catkins with the blossoms expanded; b, the female catkins with seeds ripe; c, a portion of the female catkin of the natural size; d, a single flower of the natural size; and e, a single flower magnified.

Spec. Char., &c. A very distinct kind, having the form of the cypress tree, from its branches being gathered together about the stem. (Willd.) Petiole compressed. Disk of leaf deltoid, wider than long, crenulated in the whole of the edge, even the base; glabrous upon both surfaces. (Ait. Hort. Kew., and Spreng.) Leaves in the bud involutely folded. A tree, growing to the height of from 100 ft. to 120 ft., and sometimes to 150 ft. Introduced from Italy into Britain about 1758, and flowering in March and April. (Ait. Hort. Kew.)

Description, &c. The Lombardy poplar is readily distinguished from all other trees of this genus by its tall narrow form, and by the total absence of horizontal branches. The trunk is twisted, and deeply furrowed; and the wood, which is small in quantity in proportion to the height of the tree, is of little worth or duration, being seldom of such dimensions as to admit of its being sawn up into boards of a useful width. The leaves are very similar to those of P. nigra, and the female catkins to those of P. monilífera; the male catkins resemble those of P. nigra, and have red anthers, but are considerably more slender. One difference between P. fastigiata and P. nigra is, that the former produces suckers, though not in any great abundance; while the latter rarely produces any. P. fastigiata, also, in the climate of London, protrudes its leaves eight or ten days sooner than P. nigra. The male catkins of P. fastigiata, wetted and laid upon paper, stain it of a deep green. The rate of growth of P. fastigiata, when planted in a loamy soil, near water, is very rapid. In the village of Great Tew, in Oxfordshire, a tree, planted by a man who, in 1835, was still living in a cottage near it, was 125 ft. high, having been planted about 50 years. The Lombardy poplar is but of short duration; for, though a tree from one of the original cuttings brought home by Lord Rochford still exists in a vigorous state at Purser's Cross, yet the trees at Blenheim, and other places, planted about the same time, or a few years afterwards, are in a state of decay.

Geography, History, &c. The Lombardy poplar is considered, by Signor Manetti and others, as wild in Italy, particularly in Lombardy, on the banks of the Po; because it has been observed that, when that river overflows its

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