S. p. 1; S. purpurea Smith, Willd. -Stem dwarfer. Branches more spreading. Catkins very slender. S. p. 2; S. Lambertiana Smith, Willd. — Catkins twice as stout, and leaves larger and broader than in S. purpùrea; otherwise not different. S. p. 3; S. Hèlix Willd. En. -Branches uprightish, but spreading. Leaves longer. S. p. 4 monadelphica. — A male plant, with the stamens divided to the middle, or, rather, having 2 stamens with the filaments connate, as in S. rubra, and as far as to the middle. Koch found this growing in the Palatinate of the Rhine, near Cassel. S. p. 5 sericea; S. monándra sericea Ser. Sal. Helv., p. 8.-This has its leaves, while they are young, covered with a dense silky down, which afterwards disappears. Seringe observed this in Switzerland; and Koch afterwards gathered it in the Palatinate. S. p. 6 bráctea rùbra.-This has the scales of the catkin, that is the bracteas, of the colour of red brick, and not black. Günther sent it to Koch from Silesia; and Koch deems it a rare and singular variety. Remark. Koch, considering S. purpurea as including the above four, gives the geographical distribution of the species as follows:- It inhabits the banks of streams and moist meadows, and also sandy and comparatively dry places, in plains and lower mountains, from the Pyrenees and Alps, through England and the whole of Europe, as far as to the south of Sweden. Identification. Lin. Sp. Pl., 1444.; Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 672.; Hayne Abbild., p. 229. t. 170.; Smith Eng. Bot., t. 1343.; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 188.; Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 2.; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3., p. 417.; Mackay Fl. Hibern., pt. 1. p. 244. Synonymes. S. purpurea var. Koch. Comm., p. 25.; ?S. oppositifòlia Host Sal. Austr., 1. p. 11. t. 38, 39. The Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Sal. Wob., and also in Eng. Bot.; but Mr. Borrer believes that the catkins of female flowers represented in the latter are those of S. Forbyàna: if those of Helix, they are much too thick. Mr. Borrer having only seen the male of S. Helix, and the female of S. Lambertiana, is inclined to regard them as the two sexes of one species. Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1343., the male plant; Sal. Wob., No. 2.; Hayne Abbild., t. 170.; and fig. 2. in p. 1603. Spec. Char., &c. Branches erect. Leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, slightly serrated, very smooth; linear towards the base. Stamen 1. Style nearly as long as the linear divided stigmas. (Sal. Wob., p. 3.) A native of Britain; flowering in March and April. A tree of humble growth, but erect; about 10 ft. high, smooth in every part, altogether of a lighter hue than those of S. purpurea. The branches are not trailing, but upright; they are smooth and polished, of a pale yellowish or purplish ash colour, tough and pliable; less slender and elongated than the foregoing, though useful for the coarser sorts of basketwork. Catkins larger than those of S. purpurea; the fertile ones, especially, full twice as thick. (Eng. Flora, p. 188.) The branches, which are yellow, and the mode of growth, which is erect, render this species easily distinguishable from the preceding. Description. The name rose-willow relates to rose-like expansions at the ends of the branches, which are caused by the deposition of the egg of a cynips in the summits of the twigs, in consequence of which they shoot out into numerous leaves, totally different in shape from the other leaves of the tree, and arranged not much unlike those composing the flower of a rose, adhering to the stem even after the others fall off. (Smith, and Kirby and Spence.) Smith had never seen this monstrosity but on S. Hèlix, except once on S. aurìta: but it is very common on S. Hoffmanniana in Sussex (Borrer), and on S. álba in Cambridgeshire, and is obvious in winter when the plants are leafless. In these two kinds, the rose-like bodies are constituted of leaves imbricately disposed, the upper the smaller: some of the bodies are "The leaves and twigs are less bitter than those of S. purpurea; and the greater size of the stem, as well as branches, renders this species fit for several purposes which that is not. It also makes a better figure in plantations, and the roots give more solidity to the banks of rivers or ditches." (Smith.) Gerard describes the rose-willow, of which he has given a figure, as not only making a gallant show, but also yielding a most cooling aire in the heat of summer, being set up in houses for the decking of the same." Dr. Johnston, in his Flora of Berwick upon Tweed, states that S. Helix withstands storms better than any other species. A crystallisable principle, called salicine, has been obtained from this species; which, according to Majendie, arrests the progress of a fever with the same power as sulphate of quinine. (Jour. R. Inst., October, 1830, p. 177.; Lindl. Nat. Syst., p. 187. See also our p. 1459.) In ornamental plantations, S. Hèlix is an interesting shrub, from its 3 in. over. slender shoots and glaucous leaves, which latter have a peculiar twist; whence, perhaps, the specific name of Hèlix, snail-like. There are plants at Hackney, Goldworth, Woburn, Henfield, and Flitwick. 3. S. LAMBERTIANA Smith. Lambert's, or the Boyton, Willow. Identification. Sm. Fl. Br., p. 1041.; Eng. Bot., t. 1359.; Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 673.; Smith Eng. Fl., 4. p. 190.; Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 3.; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3. p. 417.; Mackay Fl. Hibern., pt. 1. p. 244. Synonyme. S. purpurea 3 Koch Comm., p. 25. The Sexes. Both are figured in Eng. Bot. and Sal. Wob. Mr. Borrer has only seen the female of Identification. Borr. in Eng. Bot. Supp., t. 2651.; Hook. Brit. Fl., ed. 3., p. 417. Engravings. Sal. Wob., No. 4.; Eng. Bot. Supp., t. 2651.; and fig. 4. in p. 1603. Spec. Char., &c. Erect. Leaves cuneate-lanceolate, serrated, glabrous. Stamen 1. Ovary ovate, very pubescent, sessile, downy. Stigmas nearly sessile, ovate, scarcely emarginate. (Hook. Brit. Fl., p. 417.) A native of England, about Lewes, Sussex, in osier holts, but scarcely wild; at Kingston upon Thames, apparently wild; flowering in May. In the salictum at Woburn, this species had not attained the height of 6 ft. in five years. It is considered to be very distinct from either S. Hèlix or S. Lambertiana. Mr. Borrer applied the specific name in compliment to the late Mr. Woollgar, a gentleman who supplied Sir J. E. Smith with several of his willows, and who formed his opinions upon the species from long and accurate observation," (Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3.) S. Woollgariana had long been known to Mr. Borrer and Mr. Woollgar as a variety of S. monándra Hoffm.; but Mr. Woollgar was so far of opinion that it was a distinct species, that he used to call it S. cuneifòlia, from the shape of its leaves, especially the upper ones. (Ibid.) There are plants at Henfield, and in the Goldworth Arboretum; and some, with the name of S. monándra, in that of Messrs. Loddiges. 5. S. FORBYANA Smith. Forby's Willow, or the fine Basket Osier. Identification. Smith Fl. Br., p. 1041.; Eng. Bot., t. 1344; Rees's Cyc., No. 49.; Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 674.; Smith Eng. Fl., 4. p. 191.; Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 5.; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3., p. 418.; Mackay Fl. Hib., pt. 1. p. 244; Hayne Abbild., p. 231. t. 172. Synonymes. S fissa Lin. Soc. Trans., not of Hoff. (Smith); S. rubra & Koch Comm., p. 27. The Sexes. The female is described in Eng. Fl., and figured in Eng. Bot. The male is not known. "The original plant, sent from Mr. Forby to Mr. Crowe, was found now and then to bear a solitary stamen at one of the lower bracteas of the catkins of female flowers, which showed this species to be truly monandrous, and distinct from Hoffmann's S. fissa, to which it had previously been referred." (Smith.) Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1344.; Sal. Wob., No. 5.; Hayne Abbild., t. 172.; and fig. 5. in p. 1603. Spec. Char., &c. Branches erect. Leaves alternate, with small stipules, lanceo late-oblong, with shallow serratures, smooth, rounded at the base, glaucous beneath. Stamen 1. Style nearly as long as the linear divided stigmas. (Smith Eng. Fl.) A native of England, flowering in April. The stem is erect, bushy, with upright, slender, smooth twigs, very flexible and tough, of a greyish yellow, not purple, hue. Fertile catkins extremely like those of S. Helix, but the leaves widely different. A valuable species for the finer sorts of wickerwork, and for basket-making, bands for tying faggots, packets, &c. When cut down, plants make shoots from 5 ft. to 7. ft. long. There are plants at Hackney, Goldworth, Woburn, and Flitwick. † 6. S. Ru`BRA Huds. The red, or green-leaved, Willow, or Osier. Identification. Huds. Fl. Angl., p. 428.; Smith's Eng. Bot., t. 1145.; Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 674.; Smith's Eng. Fl., 4. p. 191.; Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 6.; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3., p. 418.; Mackay's Fl. Hib, pt. 1. p. 244.; ? Hayne Abbild., p. 230. Synonymes. The name rùbra seems to be originally given to S. vitellina, a reddish [?twigged] variety of which was confounded with S. rùbra Huds. (Smith.); S. rùbra, in part, Koch Comm., p. 26.; S. fissa Hoffm. Sal., 1. p. 61. t. 13, 14. (Smith); S. cóncolor Host Sal. Aust., 1. p. 10. t. 34, 35., from Host's citation of Ray; S. viréscens Vill. Dauph., 3. 785. t. 51. 30. (Smith); S. lineàris Walker's Essays, p. 467., on the authority of Borrer. The Sexes. Both are described in Eng. Fl. and the female is figured in Eng. Bot. and Sal. Wob. Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1145.; Sal. Wob., No. 6.; ? Host Sal. Aust., t. 1. t. 34, 35.; Villars Dauph., 3. t. 51. f. 30. (Smith.); ? Hayne Abbild., 171.; and our fig. 6. in p. 1604. Spec. Char., &c. Stamens combined below in a manner which affords a character in which it differs from all other British kinds of willow, except S. Croweana, and from nearly all the foreign kinds. Mr. Borrer, however, has observed the same thing occasionally in S. fùsca, and in several of the Cinèreæ. "Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongate, acute, smooth, with shallow serratures; green on both sides. Stigmas ovate, undivided." (Smith E. F.) A native of Britain (in England, in low meadows and osier holts, as at Maidenhead, &c., but rare; in Scotland, frequent in hedges and osier grounds); flowering in April and May. In its wild state, it forms a small tree. The branches are long, upright, smooth, greyish or purplish, more frequently tawny, and very tough and pliant. The leaves are very long and narrow, and agree in shape with those of the common osier, S. viminàlis; but have not, as that has, dense white pubescence beneath. (Smith.) Koch considers the S. Forbyana of Smith as a variety of S. rùbra; and states that both are common about Erlangen, where there is also another variety, which he regards as a hybrid between S. rùbra and S. viminalis. The leaves of this kind, even when adult, have their under surface covered with a dense silky down, like those of S. viminalis; the young shoots bear stipules the length of the petiole, like those of S. stipulàris; and the catkins resemble those of S. rùbra. There are plants of S. rùbra at Hackney, Goldworth, Woburn, Henfield, and Flitwick. When the plants of this species are cut down, they send out shoots from 5 ft. to 8 ft. in length; and it is consequently one of the most valuable osiers in cultivation, for bands, crates, basketwork or wickerwork, and even small hoops. Statistics. In the garden of the Horticultural Society of London, 10 years planted, it is 12 ft. high; at Shepperton, on the Thames, it is 30 ft. high. App. i. Purpurea of which Plants have been introduced, but not described. S. elliptica Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836. Leaves resembling S. Hèlix, but narrower. App. ii. Purpurea described by Authors, but not yet introduced, or of doubtful Identity with Species already in the Country. S concolor, mas et fem., Host Sal., 1. p. 10. t. 34, 35., Fl. Aust., 2. p. 639.; syn. S. mínima frágilis foliis longissimis, &c., Raii Syn., 449. In the Eng. Fl., Ray's species is identified with S. rubra; but Host's plant may possibly be something different. S. Heliz, mas et fem., Host Sal., 1. p. 10. t. 36, 37., Fl. Aust., 2. p. 639. This species, Hast observes, when growing among trees, becomes a tall tree; but under other circumstances is dwarfer. S. oppositifolia, mas et fem., Host. Sal., 1. p. 11. t. 38, 39., Fl. Aust., 2. p. 640. Host has applied to this a syn. of Ray, which identifies it with S. Helix L. S purpurea, mas et fem., Host Sal., 1. p. 12. t. 40, 41., Fl. Aust., 2. p. 640. The catkins resemble those of the S. purpurea of British botanists; and, hence, the two plants may be identical, S. mutabilis, mas et fem., Host Sal., 1. p. 12. t. 42, 43., Fl. Aust., 2. p. 640. Very different from the S. mutábilis of Sal. Wob. S. carniólica, mas et fem., Host Sal., 1. p. 13. t. 44, 45., Fl. Aust., 2. P. 641. Abundant in Carniola, where it is used by the inhabitants, for many purposes; such as hedges for small gardens, meadows, and stony fields. It is also planted on the banks of streams, for fixing by its roots their sandy or gravelly banks. The shoots of the year are very long, unbranched, and tough: when peeled, they are yellow, and are much used in basket-making. At the time of flowering, many of the ovaries become wounded by insects, and afterwards much enlarged. S. mirábilis, mas, Host Sal., 1. p. 13. t. 46., Fl. Aust., 2. p. 641. Of the catkins upon a plant, some consist of male flowers only, some of female flowers only, and many of male flowers intermixed with female ones. In some catkins, male flowers occupy the lowest part of the catkin, and female flowers the remaining part; and catkins are found which have the flowers in the lower and upper part male, and in the intermediate part female. Each flower includes two distinct stamens, or two connate in the lower part, or connate to near the tip, or often a single stamen. It is not rare to find filaments devoid of anthers. These anomalies in the flowers of this species are probably alluded to in the epithet mirabilis. Group ii. Acutifòlia Borrer. (Syn. Pruinòsæ Koch.) Stamens 2, distinct. Tall shrubs, or becoming trees. Bark of the branches and shoots of a dark colour; that of the branches suffused with a whitish matter, which is the character implied by Koch's term Pruinòsæ. This matter is easily rubbed off. The bark is internally yellow, as in Group i. Foliage of a lively green. Leaves lanceolate, acuminately pointed, serrate, glossy; in many instances, downy when young, subsequently glabrous. Ovary and capsule sessile, or nearly so. (Koch, Forbes, and observation.) 7. S. ACUTIFO`LIA Willd. The pointed-leaved Willow. Identification. Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 668.; Koch Comm., p. 22. Synonyme S. violacea Andr. Bot. Rep., t. 581., Smith in Rees's Cyclo., No. 33., Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 25., and of many English collections; but not S. violacea Willd., nor the S. caspica Hort. (Willd.) The Sexes. The male is figured in Sal. Wob., and is, perhaps, the only one cultivated in British collections. Koch has implied that the female was unknown to him in any state. Engravings. Andr. Bot. Rep., 581.; Sal. Wob., No. 25.; and our fig. 25. in p. 1607. Spec. Char., &c. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminated, smooth, with blunt unequal serratures, glaucous beneath. Catkins of the male about 1 in. long. (Sal. Wob., p. 49.) It is indigenous to Podolia, according to Besser. (Koch Comm.) It was introduced into Britain previously to 1810, as Mr. Borrer saw it growing in St. Andrew's Square, Edinburgh, in that year. In England, it flowers in March or April, before the expansion of the leaves. It is a small tree, with dark violet-coloured branches, slender, upright, and covered all over with a whitish powder, like the bloom of a plum. Only the male plant is in the Woburn salictum. This is a very beautiful species, well deserving of culture in an ornamental point of view; and Mr. Forbes thinks its twigs would be useful for wickerwork. The catkins of the male are ornamental, but, so far as we have seen, are not numerously produced. The leaves are rather elegant. Its shoots and roots have the inner part of the bark, or covering, of a yellow colour, and very bitter flavour; and, hence, this kind may be eligible for planting upon banks in which rats burrow. In the Horticultural Society's Garden, in 1835, there was a plant of this species 15 ft. high. There are plants in the Hackney and Goldworth arboretums; and at Woburn Abbey, Flitwick House, and Henfield. p. 23. † 8. S. DAPHNÖI'DES Villars. The Daphne-like Willow. Identification. Vill. Dauph., 3. p. 765., t. 50. f. 7., “t. 5. f. 2." as quoted by Host; Koch Comm., Synonymes. S. præ cox Hoppe in Sturm D. Fl., 1. 25., Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 670., exclusively of the syn. of Host, Smith in Recs's Cyclo., No. 40., Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 26.; S. bigemmis Hoffm. Germ., 2. p. 260., Sal., t. 32.; S. cinerea Host Sal. Austr., 1. p. 8. t. 26, 27. Mr. Borrer, in a letter, has remarked that Smith has erroneously cited, in his Flora Brit., S. daphnoides Villars as a synonyme of S. einèrca Smith; and that this has led Koch to cite S. cinèrea Smith as a synonyme of S. daphnöldes Villars. The Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Sal. Wob., and both are described and figured in Host Sal. Austr. Engravings. Vill. Dauph., 3. t. 50. f. 7. Por 3. t. 5. f. 2.; Hoffm. Sal., t. 32. ; Sal. Wob., No. 26.; Host Sal. Aust., 1. t. 26, 27.; our fig. 1295.; and fig. 26. in p. 1608. |