7099. CAVAN. 499,957 acres, almost entirely covered with hills; the surface, soil, and climate, being alike bleak and uncomfortable. (Coote's Statistical Account. Wakefield. Sup. Encyc, Brit.)

Near Farnham, the appearance of the country is favorable; the lakes there are picturesque, and communicate with each other by a river. The fossils are various, but neglected.

Two estates are of 30,000 and 26,000 acres, besides these there are none of very great extent. Nearly the whole of the land is under tillage, but the agriculture in every respect is very bad. The size of the farms is from 50 to 100 acres, but these are generally subdivided into farms of from two to twenty acres, which are re-let to the manufacturers or "cottars", who pay a high rent for them, by means of their other employments. Their principal object is to raise a sufficient quantity of oats and potatoes to feed their families, and of flax to give employ. ment to the women and children. Most of the land is dug with the spade, and trenched; where the plough is used, they put three or four horses to it; and when Young visited the county, he found that all over it, the horses were yoked to the ploughs and harrows by the tail; that practice, however, is now disused. Almost the only grain sown is oats, which are reckoned to be in the proportion of seventy to one, to all other grain; there is scarcely any wheat. In 1809, there were 4300 acres of flax, from which 6500 bushels of seed were saved.

Though the very tops of the hills are tilled, yet it does not pear that this county produces more grain than is necessary for its home consumption; nor has the bounty on the inland rar riage of corn to Dublin, increased the very trifling quantity brought to that market. From the coldness and moisture d the climate, all the corn of Cavan is obliged to be kim dries.

The stock farms generally consist of about 100 or 15 acres, the farmers buy young cattle, and sell them again without fat tening; a few, however, fat bullocks or sheep, but the latter are very poor. There are very few dairy farms, though fram these, as they are in the richest parts of the county, a good deal of butter is sent. Many pigs are kept by the cottars, and near all the cabins are to be seen goats tethered to the tops of the banks, or "ditches", as they are here called, which divide the fields.

Cavan was formerly celebrated for its extensive woods, and trees of an immense size; but at present it is, in general, bare of timber, except near Kilmore, Farnham, and a few other places, Wakefield remarks, that the ash is confined to parts of this county, and to Tyrone and Fermanagh. The linen manufacture is the staple.

7100. FERMANAGH. 450,000 acres, in great part covered by water, and much of the rest of the sutface rugged and mountainous, but better wooded than other parts of Ireland. (Wakefield. Sup Escy. Brit.)

The ash grows in the hedgerows; beeches come to a large size, and also the yew, near Lough Emme; and fir, oak, and yew, are found in the bogs. The grand feature in the natural scenery of this county is Lough Erne, which occupies about one-eighth of the surface, and contains more than three hundred islands. It contains most of the fish that are found in other fresh water lakes, and is noted for its salmon and eels, particularly the latter. Four of the eel weirs near the falls of Beeleck, afford a rent of 1004. each.

Estules are large, three proprietors mentioned by Wakefield, have 15,000l. a year each, and other three from 60001.to 70001. The leases are most commonly for twenty-one years and a life.

In the northern part of the county, the farms are larger and more productive than in most other parts of Ulster. Outs, bur ley, potatoes, and flax, are the principal creps; very e wheat, clover, or turnips being cultivated, except in smal patches near the towns. The high grounds are chartly acid in rearing cattle, and much of the better pastures with dar stock. There are no large flocks of sheep, and their breed of this animal is of a very inferior description.

Linen seven-eighths wide, is manufactured to some extent, and there are several bleach-fields, which trish for sue the linens sent to England. Illicit distillation is said to be very general.

7101. MONAGHAN. 325,760 acres of low grounds, with detached hills, and a considerable space occupied by bogs and small lakes. (Coote's Survey of Monaghan, 1801. Wakefield. Sup. Encyc. Bril)

There are a few large estates, but the greater part small ones, many of which do not yield a free income equal to the ordi nary wages of labor. A few years ago, there were only 172 freeholders of 501. and upwards, out of nearly 6000, most of the considerable proprietors are absentees, and very little of the landed property is in the hands of Catholics.

Farms were so small a few years ago, as not to average ten Irish acres over the whole county; and the management, as might be expected, was exceedingly unskilful and unproduc. tive. The spade was used much more than the plough: the latter being an implement which, with the team required to work it, and the party to attend and direct it, could be brought into action only by the united efforts of several tenants. The

general term of leases is twenty-one years, and a life, or some, times three lives. The principal crops are oats, potatoes, and flax, with wheat and barley in a small propertion; the last, however, extend over a much greater tract new than the cas a few years ago. They make a good deal of batter, but there are no large dairies. Goats are in greater numbers than she which is of itself a sufficient proof of the low state of its agriculture.

The linen manufacture is said to have averaged twenty youn ago, about 200,000!. a year. It is carried on by the greater portion of the inhabitants of both sexes, all the call farms being also weavers.

7102. TYRONE. 813,440 acres in great part mountainous, and containing, among other mountains, Bessy Bell and Mary Gray, celebrated in song. The territorial value of this inland and northern distract is much inferior to that of most others. (M'Evoy's Survey of Tyrone, 1802. Sup. Encyc. Brit.)

Various valuable fossils found, but not worked: the best pottery in Ireland, near Dungannon. Lough Neagh, the largest lake in Ireland, covers 110,000 acres, but is not celebrated for its scenery.

Estates are of very great extent, many of them worth from 50001 to 70001. a year, and the productive or arable land divided into very small farms, not often exceeding twenty Irish acres. The chief proprietors are the Marquess of Abercorn, Lords Belmore, Northland, and Mountjoy. The leases are for various periods, thirty-one years and three lives, three lives, and twenty-one years and a life. On some estates the land passes through the hands of middlemen, in portions of various sizes, till it reaches the actual cultivator, for the most part, in very minute subdivisions. It is customary for several persons to be concerned in one townland, which is held in what is called rundale, the cultivated land being divided into shares, which are changed every year, and the cattle pasturing in common, a system utterly inconsistent with profitable occupation, or the amelioration of the soil and live stock. The cattle and

sheep are accordingly of a very inferior description; and the latter, which are not numerous, may frequently be seen teh ered upon the small patches of herhure which are reterpenesi among the shares of these partnership concETTS- The age land, too, is more frequently stirred with the spade than the plough; and where a plough is used, the train, cearing f horses, bullocks, and even milch cows, must be met b the contributions of three or four neighbor, who write come means for the purpose, each attending the operation, les b poor animal should have more than his proper share of the la bor. Potatoes, oats, and flax, are the principal crops.

The linen manufacture is carried on to a great extent, and the potteries and collieries employ a considerable number of hands; to which we may add illicit distillation, which preind throughout all the north-western counties of Irvined. The food of the lower classes is oat-meal and potatoes, wh bread and butcher meat never being used but on extract nary occasions.

7105. DONEGAL 1,100,000 acres of ragged, boggy, and mountainous surface, with a cold, wet chatt, and neither woods nor plantations to shelter from the blast. (MParlan's Survey of Donegal, 1802 Wakefield. Sup. Encyc, Brit.)

Landed property is in few hands.

Agriculture is in a very backward state in Donegal. The use of the plough is contined to a small proportion of the cultivated land, and is generally of a bad construction; spade labor is preferred in most places. Barley is the chief grain crop, and it is almost all used in distillation; oats are only grown for home consumption, and wheat is confined to a few favorite spots. There are only two flour mills in the county. The culture of flax is considerable in the barony of Raphoe, and is extending even in the mountain districts. Potatoes are cultivated every where; turnips, clovers, and other green crops, are almost unknown among the tenantry. Village or partnership farms still abound, but farms now begin to be let to individuals as separate holdings. In the low country they are from ten to fifty acres in extent, and from 40 to 500 in the mountains. The fences are commonly nothing better than ditches, with banks of turf or elay, so that the cattle require to be herded while the crops

1161

7104. LONDONDERRY. 510,720 acres, generally mountainous, fertile and beautiful in the vallies, and containing every variety of soil (Sampson's Survey of Londonderry, 1802. Wakefield. Sup. Encyc Brit.)

Landed property. With the exception of lands belonging to the church, and the towns of Londonderry and Coleraine, and certain portions reserved by the Crown to be afterwards erected into freeholds, the whole of Londonderry was granted by James I. to the twelve companies or guilds of London. The estates are therefore held from these companies, either in perpetuity, or on determinable leases. The principal proprietors or leaseholders are Lords Waterford and Londonderry, Conolly, Ogilby, and the families of Beresford and Ponsonby.

The average size of farms is from five to twenty Irish acres, or at a medium little more than fifteen acres English. Whole districts are sub-divided into patches of seven or eight acres, but in a few situations there are farms of upwards of 300 acres,

The leases are for a great many different periods, though most commonly for twenty-one years and one life.

The principal crops are potatoes, barley, oats, and flax. Wheat is not in general cultivation. Turnips are very rare, and sown grasses and clovers far from being common. No uniform rotation of crops is recognised in practice, but it is usual to take two crops of oats successively, and sometimes flax the year following. Fiorin is the predominating plant in the meadows, where it grows spontaneously with great luxuriance. The live stock presents nothing worthy of particular notice. Grazing groundsare not,extensive, and there are few dairies. On the east side of the Bawn there are two extensive rabbit-warrens. The principal manufacture is linen; the value exceeds half a million sterling, besides brown or unbleached linens.

7105. ARMAGH. 290,786 acres of varied and rather interesting surface of mountain, plain, and bog; with rivers, streams, and lakes, and a climate mild for the latitude. (Coote's Survey of Armagh, 1804. Wakefield. Sup. Encyc. Brit.)

Marble of an excellent quality, and of great beauty, is wrought in Armagh.

Estates in this county are not large, there being only seven or eight proprietors who possess them of the annual value of from G000l. to 10,000l. The farms also are small, being commonly from five to twenty acres, and seldom exceeding forty or fifty.

Neither the arable nor the pasture husbandry of this county present much that is worthy of notice. Potatoes, flax, and oats, are the chief produce of the arable districts; and those are cultivated in a very rude and inferior manner, in consequence of the ignorance of the farmers, and their want of capital.

There are no extensive dairy farms, nor are there any farmers exclusively in this branch of husbandry; nevertheless a considerable quantity of butter is made here. One hundred weight per cow is considered as the average produce. The proportion

of the milch cows to the size of the farms is, on small farms under tive acres, one cow; on farms exceeding five, and under ten acres, perhaps two cows, seldom more. number of cattle are reared. From the low country they are A considerable sent to the mountain farms, and frequently afterwards sold in the Scotch market. They are in general of a small stunted breed. The native sheep are an awkward breed; the wool coarse, and in small quantity; very little of it is exposed to sale, there being hardly sufficient for domestic use. Goats, swine, and poultry abound. Wild geese, swans, wild ducks, and several other species of aquatic birds, are indigenous to the lakes and rivers. Formerly bees were much attended to, but at present they are neglected.

The roads in general are bad; and, what is extraordinary, the turnpikes are the worst, and the cross roads the best. The principal manufacture is that of linen.

7106. DOWN. 558,289 acres, of which one-eighth are mountainous and waste, the remainder hilly and productive, cultivated by small manufacturers, and embellished by plantations, bleaching grounds, and neat white-washed habitations. The climate is variable, but not subject to extremes. (Dubourdieur's Survey of Down, 1802. Sup. Encyc. Brit.)

Landed property. There are some large estates, though in general it is much divided, and has all the different gradations, from the most opulent nobleman to the tenant in perpetuity who farms his own land. Most of it is freehold. The rental was above the average rental of the best counties in Scotland, as returned to the commissioners of the property-tax in 1811.

The farms may be divided into two kinds; the first, such as are possessed by farmers who have recourse to no other branch of industry; the second, such as are held by weavers and other tradesmen. The former run from twenty to fifty, and, in some instances, so far as 100 acres; the latter are of every size, from one to twenty acres. The rent is always paid in money; personal services are never exacted. Some leases are for lives and years, others for lives alone. Fences consist chiefly of a ditch and bank, without quicks of any kind, or sometimes with a few plants of furze stuck into the face of the bank; but drystone walls are frequent in the stony mountainous parts. Great improvement has been made in its agriculture within these twenty years. Threshing mills and two-horse ploughs have been introduced. But it cannot be said that a good system prevails generally, which the small size of the farms, indeed, render impracticable. A regular rotation is rarely followed in the crops; fallows, clovers, and turnips, are upon a very small scale; and from the greater part of the arable land, it is still the practice to take crops of grain in succession, only partially interrupted by potatoes, flax, and peas. Oats, the principal

grain, are grown on all soils; harley is usually sown after
potatoes, and also wheat to some extent on the coast.
they sow four bushels an Irish acre, and the medium produce
Of flax
is fifty stones. Rye and peas occupy but a small space." Lime,
marl, shelly-sand, and sea-weed, are used as manures. Paring
and burning are confined to the mountains.

There are extensive meadows on the banks of the Bann and the Laggan; but the soil, except on the mountains, is thought to be better adapted to tillage than pasture. A good many beasts are fatted, but cows are the prevailing stock, kept in small numbers on every farm. They are long-horned, thin in the sides, and deep in the belly, but yield much milk when well fed, and each of them from 60 to as much as 120 pounds of butter in the year, or about two-thirds of the medium produce of the butter dairies of England. Sheep, in flocks of any size, are confined to the mountain districts. They are very small, many of them, when fat, not weighing more than seven or eight pounds a quarter. On the low ground there are a few, seldom exceeding half a score, on almost every farm. A great number of hogs are fattened; many of them bred in the county, but not a few brought from the west of Ireland. The dry hills of this county, covered with heath and odoriferous herbs, are well adapted to bees, but the number of hives has greatly decreased within these twenty years.

The principal manufacture is linen, which is carried on in all its branches.

7107 ANTRIM. 622,059 acres; on the east and north mountainous, destitute of plantations, and abounding in bogs; the other parts more level and fruitful, and the climate drier than in some other counties. (Newenham's Statistical Survey. Wakefield. Dubourdieur's Survey of Antrim, 1812. Sup. Encyc. Brit.)

Minerals. Besides basalt, limestone, gypsum, coals, fossilwood, or wood-coal, sandstone, &c. are found. The fossilwood, or wood-coal, in most places, is covered with columns of basalt, and is curious as explanatory of the origin of coal. Notwithstanding the compressed state in which it is found, the bark and knots are quite distinct, and the rings denoting the annual growth of the wood may be counted. In some instances the roots of the trees may be traced. Of the only two coal mines which are wrought in the province of Ulster, there is one in Antrim, at Bally Castle. The coals are bituminous, and of a bad quality; a great part of them are exported.

Landed property. Estates are in general freehold, being either immediate grants from the Crown, or held under those grants. The exceptions are the properties under the see of Connor. Some of the estates are very large. The Marquess of Hertford, and the Antrim family, possess the fee of the major part of the county. The former has 64,000 green acres; that is, land capable of tillage, and independently of bog and mountain. Most of the Antrim estate is let on perpetuity, in farms worth 20001. or 3000l. per annum. proprietors are the Marquess of Donegal, Lord Templeton, and The other great Lord O'Neil. The estate of Lord Templeton, however, is only leasehold under the Marquess of Donegal, who lets his land for sixty-one years and a life, but renews at the end of a few years for a price.

The farms are in general very small. The principal feature in the tillage system is the potatoe fallow. The small size of the farms, and, in some places, the rockiness of the soil, precludes

the use of the ordinary means of culture, and therefore a part of the land is dug with the spade. The quantity of potatoe-land is regulated by the quantity of manure that can be collected. After potatoes, flax is sown, and the quantity of flax ground is regulated by the ability to purchase the seed. A crop of oats furnishes the regular rotation. When the ground is exhausted, it is turned to rest, that is, it is suffered to lie till it is covered with natural grass. Such is the most general plan of husbandry pursued in Antrim. In those parts where the farms are too large for the spade culture, the land is ploughed by three or four neighbors uniting their strength; one supplying the plough, and the others bringing a horse, bullock, or even a milch cow. Wheat is a plant of very modern introduction in Antrim, and very little of it is sown.

The most important crop is flax.

The cattle consist chiefly of milch cows, belonging to small
occupiers, of a small stunted breed. Sheep are very little
attended to; and the few that are kept are of a very inferior
kind. Goats are numerous in the mountainous parts of the
county. Pigs also are kept in great numbers.

This county by no means abounds with wood; nor are fruit-
trees cultivated in great abundance, or with very much success.
Of the apple, however, several new and valuable varieties
have lately been introduced, and advantageously cultivated.
Antrim has long been distinguished for its linen manufacture;
supplanted it, especially in the vicinity of Belfast.
but latterly the manufacture of cotton has, in some measure,

There is a considerable salmon-fishing on the coast.

.

CHAP. IV.

Of the Literature and Bibliography of Agriculture.

The first

7108. The first books on agriculture were written by the Greeks before the Christian æra, and by the Romans about the commencement of that period. Hesiod is the only writer of the former people exclusively devoted to husbandry: the earliest Roman author is Cato, and the latest, Palladius, in the fourth century A. D. The works of these and the other agricultural writers of antiquity have been already enumerated (18. and 44.), and the most interesting have lately been re-translated (7110. anno 1800). 7109. In the dark ages few books were written excepting on religion. author which appeared on the revival of the arts was Crescentius in Italy, in the fifteenth century; and soon after, in the sixteenth, Fitzherbert in England, Etienne and Liebault in France, Heresbach in Germany, and Herrera in Spain. Since these works appeared, many others have been published in every country in Europe, especially in England, France, and Germany. Though our business is chiefly with the works which have appeared in Britain, yet we shall, after enumerating the chief of them, notice also what has been done in other countries—many foreign works, especially of France, Germany, and Italy, being familiar, either in the original or by translations, to the reading agriculturists of this country.

SECT. I. The Bibliography of British Agriculture.

7110. A general view of the literature of British agriculture having been already given (781.), we have here only to supply the bibliographical enumeration confirmatory of that view. Of agricultural books very few at the present day are worth reading for their scientific information; they are chiefly to be considered as historical documents of the progress of opinions and practices; and this is the reason we have arranged them in the order of their appearance, instead of classing them according to the subjects treated of. Those who wish to see them so classed will be amply gratified by Watts's Bibliographia Britannica. In our list we have omitted many works on subjects belonging to political agriculture, as the corn laws, tithes, poor-rates, &c.; and also most of those on veterinary surgery, horsemanship, bees, hunting, planting, &c., as not strictly belonging to the subject, and as being for the greater part, those on the veterinary art in particular, worse than useless. In short, the improvements in chemistry, animal and vegetable physiology, and the comparatively clear views of political economy which have taken place chiefly since the commencement of the present century, have rendered most books on agriculture, whether political or professional, not published within the last ten years, of very little value, and a number of them more injurious than useful. In our list those authors who have merely written articles published in the transactions of societies, or in public journals or magazines, are seldom introduced, unless they have also written separate works, and translations are in general omitted.

1532. Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony, a very learned lawyer, and also known as the father of English husbandry, was born at Norbury, in Derbyshire, and died there in 1558. He was made judge of the Common Pleas in the 15th of Henry VIII., and wrote several books on law.

1. The Book of Husbandry, very profitable and necessary for all persons. Lond. 8vo.

2. Surveying; and Book of Husbandry. Lond. 1547. 8vo. 3. The Reading on the Statute 4 Edward I. De Extenta Manerii. Lond. 1539.

1535. Benese, Sir Richard, Canon of Martin Abbey, near London.

The Manner of Measuring all Manner of Land.

1557. Tusser, Thomas, styled the British Varro, was born near Witham, in Essex, 1515; received a liberal education at Eton School, and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge; lived many years as a farmer in Suffolk, and afterwards removed to London, and published his experience in agriculture and gardening. He died in 1580.

1. Five Hundred Points of good Husbandry. Lond. 4to. 2. Another edition entitled Five Hundreth Points of Good Husbandry, suited to as many of Good Huswifere; with divers approved lessons concerning Hops and Gardening. Lond. 1573.

1581. Mascall, Leonard, author of a work on sowing, planting, and grafting trees, &c. 1572.

1. The Husbandiye Ordering and Government of Poultrie, 2. The First Book of Cattel, &c. Lond. 1596. 4to.

&c.

Lond. 8vo.

3. A Booke of Fishing with Hooke and Line, and all other instruments thereunto belonging: another of Sundrie Engines and Trappes to take Polcats, Buzards, Rats, Mice, and all other kindes of Vermin and Beastes whatsoever; moste profitable for all Warriners, and suche as delight in this kinde of sporte and pastime. Lond. 1600, 4to.

1593. Markham, Gervase, Jarvise, or Gervas. An

2. The Country Farmer. Lond. 1616. fol. 3. Farewell to Husbandry. Lond. 1620. 4to. 4. Cheap and Good Husbandry, for the well ordering of all Beasts and Fowls, &c. Lond. 1631. 4to.

5. Enrichment of the Weald of Kent, &c. Lond. 163L 4to.

1609. Butler, Charles, Vicar of Wotton, in Hampshire, an ingenious writer on various subjects, was born 1550; died 1647.

Feminine Monarchy; or, The History of Bees, and the due ordering of them. Oxon. 8vo. 1626. Speed, Adam.

1. Adam out of Eden; or, An Abstract of divers exxSent Experiments, touching the Advancement of Actare. Lond. 12mo.

2. Husbandman, Farmer, and Grazier's Complete Instructor. Lond. 1697. 12mo.

1635. Calthorpe, Charles.

The Relation between a Lord of a Manor and the Copyholder, his Tenant. Lond. 4to.

Harte

1638. Plattes, Gabriel, author of some tracts o Gardening; a poor man but a useful writer. says, he had a bold adventurous cast of mind, and preferred the faulty sublime to faulty medierii, As great a genius as he was, he was allowed to cre down dead in London streets with hunger; ter had he a shirt upon his back when he died. He be queathed his papers to Hartlib, who seems to have published but few of them.

1. Treatise of Hu-bandry. Lond. 4to.

2. Discourse of infinite Treasure, hidden atonce the World's beginning, in the Way of Husbandry.

3. Discoveria of Subterraneal Treasure, viz. all manner of Mines and Minerals, from the Gold to the Coal, &c. with directions for the finding them. Lond. 1639. 4to.

4. Recreatio Agricole. Lond. 1640. 4to.
5. Observations and Improvements in Husbandry, with
Twenty Experiments. Lond. 1653. 4to.

1642. Vermueden, Sir C. a native of Holland, and a colonel in Cromwell's army.

Discourse touching the Dreyning the great Fenns lying within the several Counties of Lincolne, Northampton, Huntingdon, Norfolke, Suffolke, Cambridge, and the Isle of Ely. 4to.

1615. Hartlib, Samuel, an ingenious writer on agriculture, and author of several theological tracts. He was the son of a Polish merchant, and came to England, according to Weston, about 1640; but the time when he died is unknown. He was a great promoter of husbandry during the times of the Commonwealth, and was much esteemed by all ingenious men in those days. Milton addressed to him his treatise on education, and Sir William Petty inscribed two letters to him on the same subject. Cromwell allowed him a pension of a hundred pounds a year.

1. Discourse of Husbandry used in Brabant and Flanders, shewing wonderful Improvements of Land there. Lond. 4to. 2. Legacy; or, an Enlargement on the Discourse of Husbandry used in Brabant and Flanders. With an Appendix. 1651. 4to. Lond.

3. Appendix to the Legacy, relating more particularly to the Husbandry and Natural History of Ireland. Lond. 1651. 4to.

4. Essay on the Advancement of Husbandry and Learning, with propositions for erecting a College of Husbandry. Lond. 1651, 4to.

5. The Reformed Husbandman; or, a brief Treatise of the Errors, Defects, and Inconvenience of our English Husbandry, in ploughing and sowing for Corn; with the Reasons and general Remedies, and a large, yet faithful Offer or Undertaking for the Benefit of them that will joyn in this good and public Work. Lond. 1651. 4to.

6. Design for Plenty, by a Universal Planting of Trees; tendered by some well-wishers to the Public. Lond. 1652.

4to.

7. Discovery for Division or Setting out of Waste Land in England and Ireland. Lond. 1653. 4to.

S. The Complete Husbandman; or, a Discourse of Husbandry, both Foreign and Domestic. And a particular Dis course of the Natural History of Husbandry in Ireland. Lond. 1559. 4to.

1649. Blith, Walter, an officer in Cromwell's army, who, with other English gentlemen holding commissions at that time, was eminently useful in introducing improvements into Ireland and Scotland.

1. The English Improver, discovering that some Land, both Arable and Pasture, may be advanced Double and Treble, and some Five and Ten-fold. Lond. 4to.

2. The English Improver improved, or the Survey of Husbandry surveyed. Lond. 1652. 4to. 1661. Evelyn, John, F.R.S. sopher and patriot, particularly skilled in natural An eminent philohistory and the fine arts, was born at Wotton, his father's seat, in 1620; and died, and was interred there, in 1705-6.

1. Sylva; or, a Discourse of Forest Trees. Lond. 1664. fol. Dr. Hunter, of York, published an edition with copious notes and numerous engravings.

2. Terra; a Philosophical Discourse of Earth, relating to the Culture and Improvement of it for Vegetation, and the Propa gation of Plants, as it was presented to the Royal Society, April 29, 1675. Lond. 1675. fol.

3. Pomona; a Discourse concerning Cider. Lond. 1679. fol. (Phil. Trans. Abr. i. 457.)

4. A Spanish Drill Plough.

1670.

1663. Strangehopes, Samuel. Book of Knowledge, in Three Parts; concerning Astrology, Physic, and Husbandry. Lond. Svo.

1665. Dodson, Colonel William.

The Design for the perfect Draining of the great Level of the Fen, called Bedford Level, with Maps, &c. Lond. 4to. 1667. Cavendish, William, Marquis and Duke of Newcastle.

A New Method and extraordinary Invention to dress Horses, and work them according to Nature; as also to perfect Nature by the subtilty of Art. Lond. fol.

1669. Worlidge, John, gentleman, author of some works on gardening.

1. Systema Agricultura, &c. Lond. fol.
2. Treatise of Husbandry, Lond. 1675. fol.

1670. Smith, or Smyth, John, commonly called Captain John Smith, Governor of the English Plantations, was born at Willoughby, in the county of Lincoln; died 1631.

England's Improvement revived, plainly discovering the several ways of improving the several Sorts of waste and barren Grounds, and of enriching all Earths, with the natural Quality of all Lands, and the several Seeds and Plants which naturally thrive therein observed, together with the Manner of planting all Sorts of Timber Trees, and Underwoods, experienced in 30 Years' Practice; in 6 Books, Lond. 4to.

1670. Reeve, Gabriel.

Directions to his Son for the Improvement of Barren and Heathy Land in England and Wales, Lond. 4to.

1673. Kirby, Christopher.

Strange Effect of Thunder and Lightning on Wheat and Rye in the Granarics of Dantzic. (Phil. Trans. Abr. ii. 89.)

1674. Coze, Daniel. M.D.

Improvement of Cornwall by Sea sand. (Phil. Tran Abr. II. p. 206.) 679. Beal, Dr. John, an ingenious English divine and philosopher, was born in Herefordshire, 1603; died 1683.

Agrestic Observations and Advertisements. N. 374 and 384. 1678. Howard, Hon. Charles, of Norfolk.

On the Culture or Planting and Ordering of Saffron. (Phil. Trans. Abr. ii. 423.)

1681. Langford, T. author of some tracts on fruit trees.

Systema Agriculture; being the Mystery of Husbandry discovered. Lond. fol.

1681. Houghton, John, F.R.S.

1. A Collection of Letters for the Improvement of Husbandry and Trade. Lond. 4to.

2. Collections for the Improvement of Husbandry, relating

to Corn.

3. A Catalogue of all Sorts of Earths; the Art of Draining, of Brewing, the Instruments of Husbandry: revised by R. Bradley. Lond. 1727-8. 4 vols. 8vo.

1683. Lister, Martin, M.D. an eminent physician and natural philosopher, was born in Buckinghamshire about 1658, practised in London; died 1711-12. He wrote various works.

1. On the Salt Springs of Worcestershire, Staffordshire, and Cheshire, with speculations respecting Salt, &c. (Phil. Trans. Abr. iii. 10.)

2. Of Plants which may be usefully cultivated for grass or hay. 1696. (N. Abr, iv. 136.)

1684. Beaumont, John.

On a new way of Cleaving Rocks. (Phil. Trans. Abr. iii. p. 113.) 1685. Moore, Sir Jonas, Knight, F.R.S., a very respectable mathematician and surveyor general of his Majesty's ordnance, was born in Lancashire, 1617; died 1679.

1. History or Narrative of the great Level of the Fens called Bedford Level; with a large Map of the said Level, as drained, surveyed, and described. 8vo.

2. England's Interest, or the Gentleman and Farmer's Friend. Lond. 1703. 8vo.

1694. Floyd, Edward.

1. Account of Locusts in Wales. (Phil. Trans. Abr. iii. p. 617.) 2. On the spontaneous Combustion of several Hay Stacks, &c. (Ib. p. 618.)

1697. Donaldson, James, a native of Scotland, and one of the earliest and most useful writers on the agriculture of his country.

Enquiry into the present manner of Tilling and Manuring the Ground in Scotland. Edin. 12mo.

1699. Meager Leonard, author of The English Gardener and other works.

The Mystery of Husbandry. Lond. 12mo.

1707. Mortimer, John, author of some tracts on religious education. His works on husbandry were translated into Swedish, and published in Stockholm, in 1727.

The whole Art of Husbandry in the way of Managing and Improving Land. Lond. 8vo.

1717. Laurence, Edward, brother to John Laurence, a clergyman, author of a work on gardening. (See A. D. 1726.)

The Duty of a Steward to his Lord; with an Appendix on Farming. Lond. 1727, 4to.

1718. Barham, Henry.

1. Experiments and Observations on the Production of Silk Worms in England. (Phil. Trans. Abr. vi. p. 426.)

2. An Essay upon the Silk Worm. Lond. 1719. 8vo.

3. Observations on their Productions, and of the Silk in England. 1719. (Phil. Trans. Abr. vi. 426.)

1718. Switzer, Stephen, an eminent gardening author, layer out of gardens, and also a seedsman in Westminster; died 1745. (See Encyc. of Gard. page 1102.)

Directions for Burning Clay for Manure. Lond. Svo. with a plate of the Kiln.

1721. Bradley, Richard, F.R.S. and Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge, a most voluminous writer on gardening, botany, &c.; died 1732. (Encyc of Gard. p. 1102)

1. Philosophical Treatise of Husbandry and Gardening Lond. 4to.

2. The Country Gentleman and Farmer's Monthly Director. Lond. 1721. 8vo.

3. Treatise concerning the Manner of Fallowing Ground, raising of Grass, Seeds, and Training of Lint and Hemp. Lond. 1724, 4to.

4. A Survey of Ancient Husbandry and Gardening, collected from the Greeks and Romans; 4 Plates. Lond. 1725. 8vo.

5 General Treatise of Husbandry and Gardening. Lond.
1726. 2 vols. 8vo.
6. Experimental Husbandman and Gardener. Lond. 1726.
fol.

7. A Complete Body of Husbandry. Lond. 1727. Svo.
8. The Weekly Miscellany for the Improvement of Hus-
bandry, Arts, and Sciences. 21 Nos. 1727. 8vo.

9. The Science of Good Husbandry, or the Economy of Xe-
nophon, translated from the Greek. Lond. 1727. 8vo.

10. The Riches of a Hop Garden explained, with the Ob servations of the most celebrated Hop Planters in Britain. Lond. 1729. Svo.

1723. Salmon, William, M.D. a noted empiric, who lived about the latter end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th century.